wiktionary codingCoding may refer to Channel coding in coding theory Line coding Computer programming , the process of designing, writing, testing, debugging troubleshooting, and maintaining the source code of computer programs The process of Statistical classification of information Coding social sciences , refers to an analytical process in which data, in both quantitative form such as questionnaires results or qualitative such as interview transcripts are categorised to facilitate analysis Coding therapy , a controversial therapy used to treat addictions Legal coding , the process of creating summary or keyword data from a document. It is widely used in the legal profession to create a fast search index or database of documents for use in litigation A coding strand of DNA is translated into a protein product Present progressive tense for Code Blue emergency code Code Blue , which is a patient in Cardiac Arrest or Respiratory Arrest See also Code , a rule for converting a piece of information for example, a letter, word, phrase, or gesture into another form or representation one sign into another sign , not necessarily of the same type Entropy encoding , a lossless data compression scheme that is independent of the specific characteristics of the medium Source coding Medical coding disambiguation ... more details
Elias coding is term used for one of two types of lossless coding schemes used in digital communications Shannon Fano Elias coding , a precursor to arithmetic coding , in which probabilities are used to determine codewords Universal code data compression Universal coding using one of Elias three universal codes, each with predetermined codewords Elias delta coding Elias gamma coding Elias omega coding Disambig cs Eliasovy k dy ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Legal coding is the process of creating summary or keyword data from a document. It is widely used in the legal profession to create a fast search index or database of documents for use in litigation . Objective coding Objective coding is creating an index of Objectivity philosophy objective summary data from a document, and if discoverable , would include such information as dates, author, recipient and title. Subjective coding Subjective coding is the indexing of documents around subjectivity subjective data. This may be gleaned from templates, or more usually from a subjective reading by someone familiar with the topic. This is the more realiable way to determine factors such as importance of the document. External links Please do not add links for coding companies, Wikipedia is not for commercial promotion, and these links will be removed thank you DEFAULTSORT Legal Coding Category Legal citation Category Document management systems ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2008 Notability Notability date December 2008 Diversity coding is a particular technique for antenna diversity and is implemented by Space time code space time coding . Category Radio resource management wireless stub ... more details
Merge to Neural coding discuss Talk Neural coding Merger possibilities date July 2010 Temporal coding is a type of neural coding which relies on precise timing of action potential s or inter spike interval s. Combined with traditional rate coding models, temporal coding can provide additional information with the same rate. There is no precise definition of temporal code. Actually almost any coding scheme that is not rate coding can be referred to as a temporal code. Unlike rate coding, the temporal coding model tries to account for short term stimuli producing a small number of spikes and for fast decisions, in which upstream cells don t have adequate time to integrate rate. For example, if a neuron is capable of firing at a maximum rate of 100 spikes per second, then a stimulus 10ms would likely elicit only a single spike. This model is especially important for sound localization , which occurs within the brain on the order of milliseconds. Additionally, if low firing rates on the order of 10 spikes per second must be distinguished from arbitrarily close rates coding for different stimuli, then a neuron trying to discriminate these two stimuli may need to wait for a second or more to accumulate enough information. The discovery of spike timing dependent plasticity , where synaptic efficacy is modulated by the precise timing of spikes, provides strong evidence that temporal codes are used for cortical information transmission. It should not be confused with the coding of temporal information. See also Sparse coding Independent spike coding Correlation coding Population coding Neural synchronization References Vanrullen, R., Guyonneau, R., and Thorpe, S. 2005 . Spike times make sense. Trends in Neurosciences , 28 1 1 4. Rullen, R. V. and Thorpe, S. J. 2001 . Rate Coding Versus Temporal Order Coding What the Retinal Ganglion Cells Tell the Visual Cortex. Neural Computation ... coding neuroscience stub ... more details
Merge to Neural coding discuss Talk Neural coding Merger possibilities date July 2010 The rate coding model of neuron al firing communication states that as the intensity of a stimulus increases the frequency or rate of action potential s, or spike firing , increases. Rate coding is sometimes called frequency coding . This phenomenon was originally shown by Edgar Adrian ED Adrian and Yngve Zotterman Y Zotterman in 1926. ref cite journal title The impulses produced by sensory nerve endings Part II The response of a single end organ. author Adrian ED & Zotterman Y. journal J Physiol Lond. year 1926 volume 61 pages 151 171 http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc articles PMC1514782 ref In this simple experiment different weights were hung from a muscle . As the weight of the stimulus increased, the number of spikes recorded from sensory nerves innervating the muscle also increased. From these original experiments Adrian and Zotterman concluded that action potentials were unitary events, and that the frequency of events, and not individual event magnitude, was the basis for most inter neuronal communication. See also Neural coding Temporal coding Sparse coding Independent spike coding Correlation coding Population coding References references Dayan P & Abbott LF. Theoretical Neuroscience Computational and Mathematical Modeling of Neural Systems . Cambridge, Massachusetts The MIT Press 2001. ISBN 978 0 262 04199 7 Rieke F, Warland D, de Ruyter van Steveninck R, Bialek W. Spikes Exploring the Neural Code . Cambridge, Massachusetts The MIT Press 1999. ISBN 978 0 262 68108 7 Category Neural coding neuroscience stub ... more details
cleanup date May 2011 Zen Coding is a set of Plug in computing plug ins for text editors that allow for high speed coding and editing in HTML , XML , Extensible Stylesheet Language XSL , and other structured code formats. The project was created by Sergey Chikuyonok in 2009 and continues to be actively developed by Chikuyonok and Zen Coding users. The tools have been incorporated into a number of high profile text editor s, some plug ins developed by the Zen Coding team and others implemented independently. However, Zen Coding is primarily independent from any text editor, as the engine works directly ... 21 zen coding a new way to write html code Smashing Magazine Zen Coding A Speedy Way To Write HTML CSS Code ref Zen Coding is an open source code distributed under an MIT License . Functions Expand abbreviations Zen Coding uses a specific syntax in order to expand small snippets of code, similar to CSS selectors, into full fledged HTML code. ref http mondaybynoon.com 2009 08 17 the art of zen coding bringing snippets to a new level Monday By Noon The Art of zen coding Bringing Snippets to a New ... www.downloadsquad.com 2010 04 30 if you code html zen coding will change your life Download Squad Review ... at the current cursor position. Unlike other HTML pair matchers, Zen Coding searches from the cursors ... 2009 11 21 zen coding a new way to write html code Smashing Magazine Zen Coding A Speedy ... Coding team Eclipse software Aptana Eclipse cross platform . TextMate Mac . Coda web development ... with the official Zen Coding engine Adobe Dreamweaver Dreamweaver Windows, Mac AkelPad Windows Sublime ... Zen Coding engine Emacs cross platform IntelliJ IDEA WebStorm PHPStorm cross platform ... links http code.google.com p zen coding Zen Coding Google Project Page http www.emeditor.com modules feature1 rewrite tc 37.html How to Use Zen Coding Category Application programming interfaces ko ru Zen Coding ... more details
Merge to Neural coding discuss Talk Neural coding Merger possibilities date July 2010 The correlation coding model of neuron al firing claims that correlations between action potential s, or spikes , within a spike train may carry additional information above and beyond the simple timing of the spikes. It has been theoretically demonstrated that correlation between spike trains can only reduce, and never increase, the total mutual information present in the two spike trains about a stimulus feature. ref KO Johnson, J Neurophysiol. 1980 Jun 43 6 1793 815. ref Any degree of correlation reduces the total entropy thus, by Fisher information Fisher s Information Theorem , correlations can only reduce information. However, this does not prevent correlations from carrying information not present in the average firing rate of two pairs of neurons. A good example of this exists in the pentobarbital anesthetized marmoset auditory cortex, in which a pure tone causes an increase in the number of correlated spikes, but not an increase in the mean firing rate, of pairs of neurons. ref Nature. 1996 Jun 13 381 6583 610 3 ref Contrast this with independent spike coding . See also Rate coding Temporal coding Sparse coding Independent spike coding Population coding References Dayan P & Abbott LF. Theoretical Neuroscience Computational and Mathematical Modeling of Neural Systems . Cambridge, Massachusetts The MIT Press 2001. ISBN 978 0 262 04199 7 Rieke F, Warland D, de Ruyter van Steveninck R, Bialek W. Spikes Exploring the Neural Code . Cambridge, Massachusetts The MIT Press 1999. ISBN 978 0 262 68108 7 references Category Neural coding neuroscience stub uk ... more details
unref date December 2007 essay date November 2011 Speech coding is the application of data compression of digital audio signals containing speech . Speech coding uses speech specific parameter estimation using audio signal processing techniques to model the speech signal, combined with generic data compression algorithms to represent the resulting modeled parameters in a compact bitstream. The two most important applications of speech coding are mobile telephony and Voice over IP . The techniques used in speech coding are similar to that in audio data compression and audio coding where knowledge ..., in voiceband speech coding, only information in the frequency band 400 Hz to 3500 Hz is transmitted but the reconstructed signal is still adequate for intelligibility. Speech coding differs from other forms of audio coding in that speech is a much simpler signal than most other audio signals ..., some auditory information which is relevant in audio coding can be unnecessary in the speech coding context. In speech coding, the most important criterion is preservation of intelligibility and pleasantness ... require low coding delay, as long coding delays interfere with speech interaction. Sample companding viewed as a form of speech coding From this viewpoint, the A law algorithm A law and law ... speech coding scheme is Code Excited Linear Prediction CELP coding, which is used for example in the GSM ... predictive model. In addition to the actual speech coding of the signal, it is often necessary to use channel coding for transmission, to avoid losses due to transmission errors. Usually, speech coding and channel coding methods have to be chosen in pairs, with the more important bits in the speech data stream protected by more robust channel coding, in order to get the best overall coding results .... Major subfields Wide band speech coding AMR WB for WCDMA networks VMR WB for CDMA2000 networks G.722 , G.722.1 , Speex and others for VoIP and videoconferencing Narrow band speech coding FNBDT ... more details
Merge to Neural coding discuss Talk Neural coding Merger possibilities date July 2010 The sparse code is a kind of neural code in which each item is encoded by the strong activation of a relatively small set of neurons. For each item to be encoded, this is a different subset of all available neurons ... coding from Olshausen et al. is that sparse coding of natural images produces wavelet like oriented ... a potentially large set of input patterns, sparse coding algorithms attempt to automatically find a small ... input patterns. The sparse coding for the input then consists of those representative patterns ..., and so a sparse coding for English would be those symbols. Linear Generative Model Most models of sparse coding are based on the linear generative model. ref name Rehn cite journal first1 Martin ... numbered input vectors math vec xi in mathbb R k math , the goal of sparse coding is to determine ... Raina first3 Rajat last4 Ng first4 Andrew Y. title Efficient sparse coding algorithms journal Advances ... to the distribution of basis vector coefficients for typical inputs. A coding with soft sparseness has ... Another measure of coding is whether it is critically complete or overcomplete . If the number of basis vectors n is equal to the dimensionality k of the input set, the coding is said to be critically ..., and the coding is not able to gracefully handle small scalings, small translations, or noise ... set, the coding is overcomplete . Overcomplete codings smoothly interpolate between input vectors ... David J. last2 Field title Sparse Coding with an Overcomplete Basis Set A Strategy Employed by V1 ... space is coded by roughly 100,000 neurons. ref name Rehn See also Rate coding Independent spike coding Correlation coding Population coding Grandmother cell References references Bibliography F ldi k P, Endres D, http www.scholarpedia.org article Sparse Coding Sparse coding , Scholarpedia ..., jun 1996. Category Neural coding neuroscience stub ... more details
Universal Coding can refer to one of two concepts in data compression Universal code data compression , a fixed prefix code that, for any probability mass function , has a data compression ratio within a constant of the optimal prefix code Universal source coding , a data compression method that limit mathematics asymptotically approaches the data compression ratio of the optimal data compression method, e.g., LZ77 and LZ78 disambig ... more details
Multiple issues wikify March 2012 orphan February 2009 context April 2008 Motion coding is a technique that can be viewed as extensions of the standard block matching techniques in other MPEG standard to image sequences of arbitrary shape. Advanced motion compensation such as overlapped motion compensation and coding of motion vectors for 8x8 blocks, could be used. Category Film and video technology design stub Compu stub ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Cover coding is a technique for obscuring the data that is transmitted over an insecure link, to reduce the risks of snooping. An example of cover coding would be for the sender to perform a bitwise Exclusive or XOR exclusive OR of the original data with a password or random number which is known to both sender and receiver. The resulting cover coded data is then transmitted from sender to the receiver, who uncovers the original data by performing a further bitwise Exclusive or XOR exclusive OR operation on the received data using the same password or random number. DEFAULTSORT Cover Coding Category Cryptography crypto stub ... more details
Merge from Correlation coding Independent spike coding Phase of firing code Population coding Rate coding Sparse coding Temporal coding NeuroElectroDynamics discuss Talk Neural coding Merger possibilities date July 2010 Neural coding is a neuroscience related field concerned with how sensory and other ... neural coding is to characterize the relationship between the Stimulus physiology stimulus and the individual ... coding scheme for neural networks , SJ Thorpe Parallel processing in neural systems, 1990 ref . Overview ... , amplitude and shape , they are typically treated as identical stereotyped events in neural coding ... Temporal coding ISI s between two successive spikes in a spike train often vary, apparently randomly ...? Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6 389 397 ref The study of neural coding involves measuring and characterizing ..., or certain aspects of that stimulus, from the spike sequences it evokes. Coding schemes A sequence, or train , of spikes may contain information based on different coding schemes. In motor neurons ... of the United States of America 94 12740 12741 ref Whether neurons use rate coding or temporal coding is a topic of intense debate within the neuroscience community, even though there is no clear definition of what these terms mean. Rate coding Rate coding is a traditional coding scheme, assuming ..., rate coding is inefficient but highly robust with respect to the ISI noise . ref name Stein The concept ... rate coding, precisely calculating firing rate is very important. In fact, the term firing rate ... over time or an average over several repetitions of experiment. In rate coding, learning is based on activity ... problem with this approach is that it can not be the coding scheme used by neurons in the brain ... neuron and average over N repeated runs. Thus, the time dependent firing rate coding relies on the implicit assumption that there are always populations of neurons. Temporal coding Image with unknown ... in neural coding. ref name thorpe ref name Daniel Daniel A. Butts, Chong Weng, Jianzhong Jin ... more details
Network coding is a technique where, instead of simply relaying the Packet information technology packets ... flow network flow in a Network theory network . Network coding is a field of information theory and coding ... In 2003, Li, et al. proved that linear code linear coding is enough to achieve the upper bound in multicast problems ref S. Li, R. Yeung, and N. Cai, Linear Network Coding http pdos.lcs.mit.edu decouto .... ref In 2005, Randall Dougherty , Chris Freiling , and Ken Zeger showed that the linear coding is not sufficient ... of linearity such as convolutional coding , filter bank coding , etc. ref Dougherty, Freiling, and Zeger. Insufficiency of Linear Coding in Network Information Flow. http code.ucsd.edu zeger publications ... coding In a Linear Network coding problem, a group of nodes math P math are involved in moving ... for the cost of 2 messages, a 100 improvement . Random network coding Random Network Coding relies on using random coding random code s at nodes for multicast or in cast networks. It was originally proposed in T. Ho, R. Koetter, M. Medard, D. R. Karger and M. Effros, The Benefits of Coding over ... network coding, interior network nodes independently choose random linear mappings from inputs to outputs ... as the number of source processes. Applications Network coding is seen to be useful in the following ... id 24 Sigcomm 2006 Form XORs in The Air Practical Wireless Network Coding Bot generated title ref Coding aware routing ref http arena.cse.sc.edu papers rocx.secon06.pdf ref ref http www.cs.wisc.edu ... to IEEE Xplore 2.0 Looking at Large Networks Coding vs. Queueing Bot generated title ref Reduce ... Cai, An Efficient Network Coding based Retransmission Algorithm for Wireless Multicasts, IEEE PIMRC ... ref Network coding and Peer to Peer Networks Network coding may be used in a peer to peer network ... scenarios such as the butterfly network example above, network coding does not increase the maximum ... dmchiu p2pnetcoding.pdf ref However there are several difficulties when utilising network coding ... more details
Merge to Neural coding discuss Talk Neural coding Merger possibilities date July 2010 Population coding is a means by which information is coded in a group of neurons. In population coding, each neuron has a distribution of responses over some set of inputs, and the responses of many neurons may be combined to determine some value about the inputs. In one classic example in primary motor cortex, Georgopoulos and colleagues trained monkeys to move a joystick towards a lit target. ref http homepage.psy.utexas.edu homepage class psy394U hayhoe IntroSensoryMotorSystems week6 Ch38.pdf Intro to Sensory Motor Systems Ch. 38 page 766 ref ref Science. 1986 Sep 26 233 4771 1416 9 ref They found that a single neuron would fire for multiple target directions. However it would fire fastest for one direction and more slowly depending on how close the target was to the neuron s preferred direction. Kenneth Johnson originally derived that if each neuron represents movement in its preferred direction, and the vector sum of all neurons is calculated each neuron has a firing rate and a preferred direction , the sum points in the direction of motion. In this manner, the population of neurons codes the signal for the motion. This particular population code is referred to as population vector coding. This particular study divided the field of motor physiologists between Evarts upper motor neuron group, which followed the hypothesis that motor cortex neurons contributed to control of single muscles, and the Georgopoulos group studying the representation of movement directions in cortex. Typically ... in the set of neurons. The Johnson Georgopoulos vector coding is an example of simple averaging ... postscript none ref . Contrast this with sparse coding . See also Rate coding Temporal coding Sparse coding Independent spike coding Neural coding References Dayan P & Abbott LF. Theoretical ... Category Neural coding ... more details
In coding theory and related engineering problems, coding gain is the measure in the difference between the signal to noise ratio SNR levels between the uncoded system and coded system required to reach the same bit error rate BER levels when used with the error correcting code ECC . Example If the uncoded BPSK system in AWGN environment has a Bit error rate BER of math 10 2 math at the SNR level 4 decibel dB , and the corresponding coded e.g. , BCH code BCH system has the same BER at an SNR level of 2.5dB, then we say the coding gain 4dB 2.5dB 1.5dB, due to the code used in this case BCH . Power limited regime In the power limited regime where the nominal spectral efficiency math rho le 2 math b 2D or b s Hz , i.e. the domain of binary signaling , the effective coding gain math gamma eff A math of a signal set math A math at a given target error probability per bit math P b E math is defined ... Pulse amplitude modulation PAM or 2× 2 Quadrature amplitude modulation QAM i.e. no coding . The nominal coding gain math gamma c A math is defined as math gamma c A d 2 min A over 4E b . math ... number of nearest neighbors per transmitted bit math K b A math is equal to one, the effective coding gain math gamma eff A math is approximately equal to the nominal coding gain math gamma c A math . However, if math K b A 1 math , the effective coding gain math gamma eff A math is less than the nominal coding gain math gamma c A math by an amount which depends on the steepness of the math P b ... is math rho 2k n math and the nominal coding gain is kd n . Example The table below lists the nominal spectral efficiency, nominal coding gain and effective coding gain at math P b E approx 10 ... coding gain math gamma eff A math of a signal set math A math at a given target error rate ... QAM i.e. no coding . The nominal coding gain math gamma c A math is defined as math gamma c A 2 rho ... II, Lecture Notes sections 5.3, 5.5, 6.3, 6.4 Category Coding theory Category Error detection and correction ... more details
Shape coding is a method of design of a control that allows the control s function to be signified by the shape of the control. It was used successfully by Alphonse Chapanis on airplane controls to improve aviation safety . External links http ergo.human.cornell.edu studentdownloads DEA325pdfs controls.pdf A paper on the design of controls pdf file MPEG 4 Video Object Plane Decoder and the functionality The shape information is referred to as alpha planes. The techniques to be adopted by the standard will provide lossless coding of alpha planes and lossy coding of shapes and transparency information since the shape size scalable, thus allowing a tradeoffs between bit rate and accuracy of shape representation. Furthermore, intra and inter shape prediction is envisioned so as to allow both efficient random access operations as well as efficient compression of shape and transparency information. Alpha planes Binary each pixel is either 0 or 255 . Grey scale each pixel is 8 bit . Category Design design stub ... more details
. Disadvantages of cowboy coding In cowboy coding, the lack of formal software project management ... developers Cowboy coding can be common at the hobbyist or student level where developers may initially ... more than just the basic coding a software project requires. This can result in time required ... with the client concerning requirements. Cowboy coding can accentuate this problem by not scaling ... an incomplete project unusable. Advantages of cowboy coding Developers maintain a free form working ... can begin with cowboy coding techniques before later selling them to commercial use or creating ... cowboy coding removes this burden. By coding in their own time, a hobby project may come to fruition ... cgi wiki?CowboyCoding Cowboy Coding definition at Wards Wiki http cowboyprogramming.com 2007 01 11 delving ... Coding Category Software development philosophies it Cowboy coding uk ... more details
cleanup rewrite date February 2010 Coding theory is the study of the properties of code s and their fitness ... and more recently also for network coding . Codes are studied by various scientific disciplines ... two aspects to Coding theory Data compression or, source coding Error correction code Error correction or, channel coding . These two aspects may be Joint source and channel coding studied in combination ... channel. The ordinary user may not be aware of many applications using channel coding ... also use coding techniques to correct for the fading and noise of high frequency radio transmission. Data modems, telephone transmissions, and NASA all employ channel coding techniques to get the bits through, for example the turbo code and LDPC code s. Source coding main data compression The aim of source coding is to take the source data and make it smaller. Principle Entropy information theory ... assumed probability model is called entropy encoding . Various techniques used by source coding ... bitrate , and C x is the bitrate after compression. In particular, no source coding scheme can ... encoding run length code . Source coding includes also removal of all data that superfluous the need of transmitter, this decreases the bandwidth required for the transmission process. Channel coding main Forward error correction The aim of channel coding theory is to find codes which transmit quickly ... algebraic coding theory denotes the sub field of coding theory where the properties of codes are expressed in algebraic terms and then further researched. Citation needed date July 2008 Algebraic coding ... is the dimensions refer to the length of the codeword as defined above. The theory of coding ... coding author Christian Schlegel and Lance P rez publisher Wiley IEEE year 2004 isbn 9780471227557 ... coding Convolutional codes Main Convolutional code The idea behind a convolutional code is to make ... devices. Other applications of coding theory misleading Another concern of coding theory ... more details
Live coding ref Collins, N., McLean, A., Rohrhuber, J. & Ward, A. 2003 , Live Coding Techniques for Laptop Performance , Organised Sound 8 3 321 30. doi 10.1017 S135577180300030X ref sometimes referred to as on the fly programming , ref Wang G. & Cook P. 2004 http soundlab.cs.princeton.edu publications on the fly nime2004.pdf On the fly Programming Using Code as an Expressive Musical Instrument , In Proceedings of the 2004 International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression NIME New York NIME, 2004 . ref just in time programming is a performance practice centred upon the use of improvisation improvised interactive programming and Real time computing Real time in Digital Signal Processing real time computing RTC in creating sound and image based digital media . Live coding is particularly prevalent in computer music , combining algorithmic composition with improvisation. ref Collins, N. 2003 Generative Music and Laptop Performance , Contemporary Music Review 22 4 67 79. ref Typically, the process of writing is made visible by projecting the computer screen in the audience space, with ways of visualising the code an area of active research. ref McLean, A., Griffiths, D., Collins ... live coding in improvised dance . ref cite news url http news.bbc.co.uk 1 hi technology 8221235.stm ... around live coding environments. ref Ward, A., Rohrhuber, J., Olofsson, F., McLean, A., Griffiths, D ... PRS Foundation for its UK activities. Academic research into live coding is ongoing ... live coding environments are generally free open source software efforts and so are in part or wholly ... coding performance in Impromptu programming environment Impromptu by Andrew Sorensen. The first two ... Study in keith.ogv alt A Study in Keith a live coding performance in Impromptu by Andrew Sorensen Live coding environments SuperCollider ChucK http www.pawfal.org fluxus Fluxus Impromptu programming ... 6 . http vimeo.com 9790850 A short film on live coding and the TOPLAP manifesto , Stephen Ramsay, Critical ... more details
Unary coding , sometimes called thermometer code , is an entropy encoding that represents a natural number , n , with n ones followed by a zero if natural number is understood as non negative integer or with n &minus 1 ones followed by a zero if natural number is understood as strictly positive integer . For example 5 is represented as 111110 or 11110. Some representations use n or n &minus 1 zeros followed by a one. The ones and zeros are interchangeable without loss of generality. table border 1 cellpadding 2 tr th n non negative th n strictly positive th Unary code th Alternative tr td 0 td 1 td 0 td 1 tr td 1 td 2 td 10 td 01 tr td 2 td 3 td 110 td 001 tr td 3 td 4 td 1110 td 0001 tr td 4 td 5 td 11110 td 00001 tr td 5 td 6 td 111110 td 000001 tr td 6 td 7 td 1111110 td 0000001 tr td 7 td 8 td 11111110 td 00000001 tr td 8 td 9 td 111111110 td 000000001 tr td 9 td 10 td 1111111110 td 0000000001 table Unary coding is an optimally efficient encoding for the following discrete probability distribution math operatorname P n 2 n , math for math n 1,2,3,... math . In symbol by symbol coding, it is optimal for any geometric distribution math operatorname P n k 1 k n , math for which k &ge &phi 1.61803398879&hellip , the golden ratio , or, more generally, for any discrete distribution for which math operatorname P n ge operatorname P n 1 operatorname P n 2 , math for math n 1,2,3,... math . Although it is the optimal symbol by symbol coding for such probability distributions, Golomb coding achieves better compression capability for the geometric distribution because it does not consider input symbols independently, but rather implicitly groups the inputs ... index schemes like the Golomb Rice code . Unary coding is Prefix free code prefix free , and can ... ed, Morgan Kaufmann. Professor K.R Rao, EE5359 Principles of Digital Video Coding . Compression Methods Category Coding theory Category Data compression Category Lossless compression algorithms es C digo ... more details
In optics and signal processing , wavefront coding refers to the use of a cubic phase modulating element in conjunction with deconvolution to extend the depth of field of a digital imaging system such as a video camera. Wavefront coding falls under the broad category of computational photography as a technique to enhance the depth of field. Encoding Linear phase mask Wavefront Coding with linear phase masks works by creating an optical transfer function that encodes distance information. ref name LinearPhasePatent http www.patentstorm.us patents 7218448 description.html US Patent 7218448 Extended depth of field optical systems ref Cubic phase mask Wavefront Coding with cubic phase masks works to blur the image uniformly using a cubic shaped waveplate so that the intermediate image, the optical transfer function, is out of Focus optics focus by a constant amount. Digital image processing then removes the blur and introduces noise depending upon the physical characteristics of the processor. Dynamic range is sacrificed to extend the depth of field depending upon the type of filter used. It can also correct optical aberration . ref name StanfordPaper http graphics.stanford.edu courses cs448a 06 winter dowski wavefront coding optics95.pdf Extended depth of field through wave front coding ref The mask was developed by using the ambiguity function and the stationary phase method History The technique was pioneered by radar engineer Edward Dowski and his thesis adviser Thomas Cathey at the University of Colorado at Boulder University of Colorado in the United States in the 1990s. After the university showed little interest in the research ref name KeepingFocus http optics.org cws article articles 18342 Wavefront coding keeps a focus on applications ref they have since founded a company ... Technologies , which has released wavefront coding based mobile camera chips as TrueFocus sensors ... Display.cfm?Section ARTCL&ARTICLE ID 197348&VERSION NUM 1 Wavefront coding finds increasing use Laser ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 In computing , hand coding means editing the underlying representation of a document or a computer program , when tools that allow working on more sophisticated representation also exist. Typically this means editing the source code , or the textual representation of a document or a program, instead of using a WYSIWYG editor that always displays an approximation of the final product. It may also mean translating the whole or parts of the source code into machine language manually instead of using a compiler or an automatic translator. The reasons to use hand coding include the ability to Use features or refinements not supported by the graphical editor or compiler Control the semantics of a document beyond that allowed by the graphical editor Produce more elegant source code to help maintenance and integration Produce better performing machine code than that produced by the compiler see optimization computer science optimization Avoid having to pay for expensive WYSIWYG Editors. Note that there are some open source editors available on the web, however. Develop an understanding of the methods underlying a common level of abstraction. For example, although it has become rare in real life scenarios, computer science students may be required to write a program in an assembly language to get a notion of processor register s and other basal elements of computer architecture . Escape abstractions and templated code. Hand coding allows more refined control of code, which may improve efficiency, or add functionality that is otherwise unavailable. Hand coding may require more expertise and time than using automatic tools. See also HTML Markup language DEFAULTSORT Hand Coding Category Computer programming Comp sci stub ... more details
orphan date February 2009 Axial coding is the disaggregation of core themes during qualitative data analysis . Axial coding in Grounded Theory is the process of relating codes categories and concepts to each other, via a combination of inductive and deductive thinking. The basic framework of generic relationships is understood, according to Strauss and Corbin 1990, 1998 who propose the use of a coding paradigm , to include categories related to 1 the phenomenon under study, 2 the conditions related to that phenomenon context conditions, intervening structural conditions or causal conditions , 3 the actions and interactional strategies directed at managing or handling the phenomenon and 4 the consequences of the actions interactions related to the phenomenon. As Kelle underlines, the implicit or explicit theoretical framework necessary to identify categories in empirical data is derived, in the procedures explicited by Strauss and Corbin 1990 , from a general model of action rooted in pragmatist and interactionist social theory Kelle, 2005, para. 16 . This model or theoretical framework underlines the importance of analysing and modelling action and interaction strategies of the actors para. 16 . Axial coding is a cornerstone of Strauss and Corbin s 1990, 1998 approach but is regarded by Charmaz 2006 as highly structured and optional. References Charmaz, K. 2006 . Constructing grounded theory A practical guide through qualitative analysis . London Sage. Gatrell, A.C. 2002 Geographies of Health an Introduction , Oxford Blackwell. Kelle, Udo 2005 . Emergence vs. forcing of empirical data? A crucial problem of grounded theory reconsidered 52 paragraphs . Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung Forum Qualitative Social Research, 6 2 , Art. 27, http nbn resolving.de urn nbn de 0114 fqs0502275. Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. M. 1990 . Basics of qualitative research grounded theory procedures ... Axial Coding Category Qualitative research ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
