The Mukje Agreement was a treaty signed on August 2, 1943 in the Albanian village of Mukje between the nationalist Balli Komb tar and the communist National Liberation Movement Albania National Liberation Movement on how to regulate the Albanian resistance in World War II and how to prepare for the future of Ethnic Albania . The agreement established a Committee of National Salvation which should take the lead over the Albanian resistance movement. One of its goals was the creation of Greater Albania . On the part of the Albanian communists, the agreement was signed by Ymer Dishnica , a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Albania . Balli Komb tar was represented by Sk nder Mu o , Hysni Lepenica , Mit hat Frash ri and Hasan Dosti . A dispute arose concerning the status of Kosovo . Whereas the National Front proposed to fight for the integration of Kosova into Albania, the Communist representatives objected fiercely. Since the agreement did not contain any provisions on fighting the occupying Italian forces, but rather promoted nationalism and collaborationism , it was considered counterrevolutionary by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia , whose delegate Svetozar Vukmanovi Tempo exerted considerable influence over the Albanian communists. Consequently, the agreement was formally denounced several days later in a meeting of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Albania. After failure of the agreement, Balli Komb tar chose to openly collaborate with the Germans after the capitulation of Italy, while the Communist Party of Albania continued to fight alongside the Partisans Yugoslavia Yugoslav Partisans . References cite book author Vladimir Dedijer title Jugoslovensko albanski odnosi 1939 1948 publisher Borba location Belgrade year 1949 language Serbo Croatian pages 86 91 cite journal author Stavro Skendi title Albania within the Slav Orbit Advent to Power of the Communist Party journal Political Science Quarterly volume 6 ... more details
Robert Jan Verbelen April 5, 1911, Herent , Belgium &ndash c. September 1990 was a Belgium Belgian Nazi Germany Nazi Collaborationism collaborator . After the liberation of Belgium in the World War II Second World War , Verbelen fled through Germany to Austria , where for eight years he worked for the Counter Intelligence Corps of the United States Army US Army , while he already was convicted as war criminal in Belgium. He obtained Austrian citizenship in 1959. He was charged with five murders in a 1965 war crime trial in Austria, but was acquitted of war crimes. During the last years of the War, Verbelen was head of the De Vlag Veiligheidscorps , a Nazi SS security force in Belgium. In that function he assassinated Alexandre Galopin , director of the Soci t G n rale de Belgique , and tried to murder Albert Dev ze , Minister of State , Charles Collard de Sloovere , Attorney General , and Robert de Foy , former Belgian State Security Service State Security director. He was sentenced to the death penalty by a Belgian court in 1947, who found him responsible for the deaths of 101 Belgian resistance fighters. Literature Gerald Steinacher, Nazis auf der Flucht. Wie Kriegsverbrecher ber Italien nach bersee entkamen . Studienverlag Wien Innsbruck M nchen 2008 ISBN 978 3 7065 4026 1 External links http www.usdoj.gov criminal publicdocs 11 1prior crm22.pdf Robert Jan Verbelen and the United States Government A Report to the Assistant Attorney General, Criminal Division Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Verbelen, Robert Jan ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1911 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1990 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Verbelen, Robert Jan Category 1911 births Category 1990 deaths Category Belgian Nazi collaborators Category Belgian Resistance Category Belgian people convicted of war crimes Belgium bio stub de Robert Jan Verbelen fr Robert Jan Verbelen nl Robert Verbelen no Robert Jan Verbelen ... more details
The Henneicke Column was a group of Netherlands Dutch Nazism Nazi Collaborationism collaborators working in the investigative division of the Central Bureau for Jewish Emigration Zentralstelle f r j dische Auswanderung , with headquarters in Amsterdam, during the Germany German occupation of the Netherlands in World War II . Between March and October 1943 the group, led by Wim Henneicke and Willem Bried , was responsible for tracking down Jews in hiding and arresting them. The group arrested and delivered to the Nazi authorities 8,000 9,000 Jew s. Most of them were deported to Westerbork concentration camp and later shipped to and murdered in Sobibor extermination camp Sobibor and other German extermination camps . The bounty paid to Henneicke Column members for each captured Jew was 7.50 guilders equivalent to about US 47.50 . The group, consisting of 18 core members, ended its work and was disbanded on October 1, 1943. However, the Column s leaders continued working for the Central Bureau for Jewish Emigration tracking down hidden Jewish property. Before Germany retreated from the Netherlands May 1945 , Wim Henneicke was assassinated by the Dutch resistance in December 1944 in Amsterdam. Willem Bried escaped the country and settled in Germany. In 1949 he was tried by a Netherlands Dutch court in absentia and received the death penalty. The sentence was never carried out Bried died of natural causes in Germany in January 1962. The history of the Henneicke Column was researched by Dutch journalist Ad van Liempt , who in 2002 published in the Netherlands A Price on Their Heads, Kopgeld, Dutch bounty hunters in search of Jews, 1943 . References cite book first Ad last van Liempt authorlink Ad van Liempt title Hitler s Bounty Hunters the Betrayal of the Jews publisher Berg Publishers year 2005 isbn 1 84520 203 1 External links Ad van Liempt, http www.nlpvf.nl book book2.php?Book 84 A Price on Their Heads, Kopgeld, Dutch bounty hunters in search of Jews, 1943 , NLPVF ... more details
Colonel Georgios Poulos lang el was a Nazi collaborationism collaborator during the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II . A longtime ultra nationalist , Colonel Poulos was fanatically anti monarchist and Anti communism anti communist . In 1943, he organised and led the Poulos Verband , the most feared collaborationist death squad in occupied Greece. During 1944, his forces were reinforced by the Jagdkommando Schubert , a paramilitary unit raised in Crete by the notorious Friedrich Schubert . Poulos participated in Sonderkommando 2000 , a German counter intelligence unit which aimed at infiltrating the Greek resistance movement. Poulos also worked for the National Union of Greece EEE , an antisemitic party sponsored by the SS . He and his forces organised and committed many crimes in the rural areas of Greece the most notorious was the attack on Giannitsa in September 1944, during which about a hundred peasants were executed. The aim of the executions was to instill terror into the supporters of the left wing National Liberation Front Greece EAM ELAS , as Giannitsa was considered an important resistance centre. However, Poulos and his men killed in an indiscriminate fashion and it is probable that most of the victims had little to do with the Resistance. In March 1945, Poulos and his unit were transferred to Austria, where they remained until the end of the war. In 1947, Colonel Poulos was convicted of treason and executed. See also Security Battalions Sources Mark Mazower, Inside Hitler s Greece. The Experience of Occupation , 1941 44, Greek translation , Athens , 1994 1993 , pp. 365 9. External links http www.greekrealm.com forum modern greek history 1334 poulos verband.html The Poulos Verband Greece during World War II state collapsed Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Poulos, Georgios ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Poulos, Georgios ... more details
. With most of the political class discredited, and containing many members who had more or less Collaborationism ... of Collaborationism . Trade union independence was guaranteed by the 1946 Charter of Amiens . This program ... more details
unreferenced date February 2009 Fascism sidebar The Breton National Party French language French Parti National Breton , or PNB was a nationalist party in Brittany that existed from 1931 to 1944. The party was disbanded after the liberation of France in World War II, because of ties to the Nazi party . The PNB was formed in the aftermath of split between federalist s and nationalists within the Breton Autonomist Party PAB , following the Congress of Guingamp in August 1931. Following the collapse of the PAB, the federalists led by Morvan Marchal formed the Breton Federalist League the nationalist faction, led by Olier Mordrel , decided to found a new party with a clearly nationalist agenda, namely seeking Breton independence from France. This revived the programme of the previous Breton Nationalist Party , which had existed from 1911 1914. A congress was held in Landerneau on December 27, 1931. The following year, activists led by C lestin Lain bombed a sculpture in Rennes representing Breton unity with France. The creation of this sculpture had spurred the foundation of the earlier party in 1911. The party was influenced by international celticism Celticist ideas, and modelled its aspirations on Irish independence movements. It was also closely associated with fascist ideology. Because of its connections with Nazi Germany the party was banned in France on the outbreak of World War II in 1939, but after the defeat of France it was revived, becoming closely associated with Breton nationalism and World War II Breton collaborationism . An explicitly Nazi faction broke away in 1941 under the name Breton Social National Workers Movement . During its existence, the PNB published a newspaper, L Heure Bretonne . See also Breton nationalism and World War II Category Breton Nazi collaborators Category Breton nationalism Category National liberation movements Category Political parties in Brittany Category Nationalist parties ca Partit Nacional Bret es Partido Nacional Bret ... more details
Capital punishment in Belgium was formally abolished on August 1, 1996 for all crimes, in both peacetime and wartime. The last execution for crimes committed in peacetime took place in July 1863, when in Ypres a farmer was executed for murder. The last execution for an ordinary crime took place on 26 March 1918 at Veurne Prison when Emile Ferfaille, a military officer found guilty of killing his pregnant girlfriend, was Guillotine guillotined . This was the first execution to be carried out since 1863. The guillotine that was used had to be imported from France . Between November 1944 and August 1950 around 242 people were executed by firing squad for crimes committed during the Second World War . 241 of them had been convicted as Collaborationism collaborators . A total of 2940 persons were sentenced to death in this period, but only 242 executions were carried out. The last person ever to be executed in Belgium was the Germany German War crime war criminal Philipp Schmitt, the camp commander of the Nazi concentration camps concentration camp Fort Breendonk . Although the Belgian Penal Code stipulated that the death penalty had to be carried out by decapitation , because the 242 persons executed following the Second World War were tried by a military court they were Execution by firing squad executed by firing squad . Quote box quote The death penalty is abolished. source Article 14bis of the Belgian Constitution On 1999 01 01 protocol number six, forbidding the death penalty in all circumstances, of the European Convention of Human Rights came into force and Belgium has also signed the second optional protocol of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights . On 2 February 2005, the prohibition of the death penalty was included in the Constitution of Belgium Belgian Constitution by inserting an Article 14bis. References Capital punishment in Europe Category Capital punishment by country Belgium Category Human rights in Belgium Category Belgian law law ... more details
Saide Arifova c. 1916 &ndash 9 August 2007 ref name goloskrima Cite web url http www.goloskrima.com ?p 5038 title Side Arifov Crimean Tatar world The righteous accessdate 2012 01 03 work goloskrima ref was a Crimean Tatars Crimean Tatar woman from Bakhchisaray , Crimea , Ukraine who saved more than 88 Crimeans Jews in 1942 1943. ref ru icon http poisk.vid.ru ?p 2&do showair&code D70D2C17 A9E7 44A3 B121 7691498314B0 ref She was one of the Righteous Among the Nations . During the Nazi occupation of Crimea she worked as a kindergarten director and managed to forge documents, sourcing Jewish children s ethnicity . She also managed to conceal children from Kerch orphanage, who were prepared to be sent to Germany for inhuman medical experiment. Nazis tortured her, considering her suspect. Despite her heroic behavior during the occupation and the Holocaust , she was deported to Uzbek SSR during S rg n , as the Crimean Tatars were founded collectively guilty of collaborationism . Only after Perestroika did she return to Crimea . ref ru icon http www.e slovo.ru 172 4POL1.htm see photo ref References reflist Holocaust Ukraine Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Arifova, Saide ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH c. 1916 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 9 August 2007 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Arifova, Saide Category 1910s births Category 2007 deaths Category Crimean Tatar people Category Ukrainian Righteous Among the Nations Category Muslim Righteous Among the Nations Ukraine bio stub ru , ... more details
Italic title File L Illustration.jpg thumb 300px L Illustration was a weekly French language French newspaper published in Paris. ref French Wartime Magazines and Periodicals http www.greatwardifferent.com Great War French Magazines Illustration 00.htm L Illustration. ref It was founded by Edouard Charton the first issue was published on March 4, 1843. In 1891, L Illustration became the first French newspaper to publish a photograph , and in 1907, the first to publish a color photography color photograph . It also published Gaston Leroux novel Le myst re de la chambre jaune as a Serial literature serial a year before its 1908 release. During the Second World War , L Illustration was published by Jacques de Lesdain , a collaborationism collaborator after the Liberation of Paris , the newspaper was shut down. It re opened in 1945 as France Illustration , but went bankrupt in 1957. Notes reflist References Marchandiau Jean No l. 1987 . http books.google.com books?id ejFbOwAACAAJ&dq L 27Illustration vie et mort d 27un journal, 1843 1944&client firefox a L Illustration vie et mort d un journal, 1843 1944. Toulouse ditions Privat. 10 ISBN 2 708 95335 4 13 ISBN 978 2 708 95335 2 http www.worldcat.org oclc 17695376&referer brief results OCLC 17695376 External links commonscat inline L Illustration L Illustration http www.lillustration.com Official website of L Illustration company which have published L Illustration DEFAULTSORT Illustration Category Defunct newspapers of France Category Publications established in 1843 france newspaper stub cs L Illustration de L Illustration es L Illustration eo L Illustration fr L Illustration pt L Illustration ... more details
Infobox Film name Annychka image Annychka.jpg image size caption director Borys Ivchenko producer writer Viktor Ivchenko narrator starring Lyubov Rumyantseva br Grigore Grigoriu br Ivan Mykolaychuk br Konstantin Stepankov br Ivan Havrylyuk br Borislav Brondukov music cinematography editing distributor studio Dovzhenko Film Studios released 1968 runtime 89 min country FilmUSSR language Ukrainian language Ukrainian , Russian language Russian budget gross preceded by followed by Annychka lang uk is a 1968 Ukrainian cinema Ukrainian drama . The film, which was produced at the Dovzhenko Film Studios , takes place in 1943 and is about a Hutsuls Hutsul girl played by Lyubov Rumyantseva. In 1969 it received a Golden Tower award at the Phnom Penh Film Festival in Cambodia . The director received a special prize at the Kyiv Film Festival. In USSR alone, in 1969 25.1 million people saw it. Synopsis The film dwells of the love story in the midst of the Second World War in 1943. A Hutsul girl Annychka finds herself in the middle of hostilities and gets acquainted with a wounded soldier in the forest. Looking after the soldier, she falls in love with him and turns against her boyfriend in the village, who became a Nazi Collaborationism collaborator . Having told her father of the decision to elope with the soldier she drives her father to despair and eventual insanity. The story ends on a tragic note, when the father kills his daughter. See also Propala Hramota 1972 other work of Borys Ivchenko References http www.imdb.com title tt0312363 Annychka at the Internet Movie Database http obereg.at.ua load 11 1 0 21 Annychka the movie. 1968 http movies.nytimes.com movie 168362 Annychka overview Annychka 1968 New York Times movies External links imdb title 0312363 Annychka Category Dovzhenko Film Studios films Category 1968 films Category Soviet films Category Soviet era Ukrainian films Category Ukrainian films Category Ukrainian language films Category Films set in 1943 USSR fi ... more details
Infobox military person name Max Johannes Arildskov birth date February 17, 1896 death date 1986 birth place death place image caption nickname allegiance Nazi Germany serviceyears 1941 1945 rank branch commands unit battles awards relations laterwork Max Johannes Arildskov February 17, 1896 1986 was a Denmark Danish National Socialist political activist and Collaborationism collaborator prior to and during World War II . Biography In 1932 he meets Frits Clausen and joins his political grouping National Socialist Workers Party of Denmark DNSAP . He quickly advance through the ranks, first as district leader, later member of the party staff and eventually becomes a candidate for the parliamentary elections in 1943. When DNSAP loses the election he blames Fritz Clausen for his failures. May 5, he starts up his own grouping, New Denmark political party New Denmark lang da Nye Danmark , and on June 4, he is excluded from DNSAP. In October 1943, he is co founder of the Schalburg Corps in collaboration with the Danish People s Defence . Later he contributes to the creation of the Landstormen , a paramilitary militia , who have reached the size of about 200 people. January 9, 1944 he becomes commander of this militia. In July 1944, he dismantles the Schalburg Corps together with the corps administrator Jens Peter Krandrup . After the war he is arrested, and after trial sentenced to 8 years in prison. However he is pardoned May 9, 1948. He dies in 1986. External links http ditt.almanet.dk Arildskov.html Webpage about Max Johannes Arildskov da icon Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Arildskov, Max Johannes ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH February 17, 1896 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1986 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Arildskov, Max Johannes Category 1896 births Category 1986 deaths Category Danish Nazi collaborators denmark mil bio stub Germany mil bio stub da Max Arildskov pl Max Arildskov ... more details
Soldiers of the Turkic, Caucasian, Cossack, and Crimean collaborationism with the Axis powers Arabian ..., and Crimean collaborationism with the Axis powers Arabian volunteers Free Arabian Legion . References ... more details
Joseph Barth lemy 8 July 1874, Toulouse 14 May 1945 was a France French jurist, politician and journalist. Initially a critic of Nazi Germany , he would go on to serve as a minister in the collaborationism collaborationist Vichy regime . Early years The son of Aim Barth lemy, a left wing mayor of Toulouse , Joseph Barth lemy followed the legal profession and rose to become professor of law at the University of Paris . ref name Webster P. Webster, Petain s Crime , London Pan Books, 2001, p. 122 ref As one of the leading French Roman Catholic Church Catholic intellectuals of the 1930s, Barth lemy was initially noted as a strong critic of Nazism , in particular the anti Semitism of the movement. ref M. Curtis, Verdict on Vichy , London Phoenix Press, 2004, p. 311 ref Vichy Although Barth lemy was position on the moderate right wing politics right he was attracted to Vichy because of the initial approval of the new regime shown by his mentor Charles Maurras . ref Curtis, Verdict on Vichy , p. 43 ref Like his ally Pierre tienne Flandin , Barth lemy supported pacifism in relation to Nazi Germany and was also firmly anti communist , two factors that saw both men move towards collaborationism. ref Curtis, Verdict on Vichy , p. 79 ref Active as a Democratic Republican Alliance member of parliament from before the war, he succeeded Rapha l Alibert as Ministry of Justice France Minister of Justice in February 1941. ref name Webster In this role he signed the 1941 law that brought in the section sp ciales , a supposedly counter terrorist measure that in fact gave these new bodies the power to pass down life imprisonment and death sentences without the right of appeal. After the war Barth lemy would claim that he had only signed this law under pressure from Interior Minister Pierre Pucheu . ref Curtis, Verdict on Vichy , p. 92 ref Indeed Barth lemy sought to portray Pucheu as a hard line Nazism Nazi and a man with a taste for intrigue, conspiracy and violence and as such passe ... more details
Image Monument to Kalmyk deportations.JPG 290px right thumb Commemorative monument to the Kalmyk victims of the deportation of 1943. Elista , Kalmykia The Kalmyk deportations of 1943 , codename Operation Ulussy , was the ethnic cleansing deportation of most people of the Kalmyk people Kalmyk nationality in the Soviet Union USSR , and Russian women married to Kalmyks, but excepting Kalmyk women married to another nationality. The decision was made in December 1943, when NKVD agents entered the homes of Kalmyks, or registered the names of those absent for deportation later, and packed them into cargo wagons and transported to various locations in Siberia Altai Krai , Krasnoyarsk Krai , Omsk Oblast , and Novosibirsk Oblast . ref name bugai Under the USSR, the Kalmyks were forcibly settled from the nomad ic lifestyle and Kalmyk Buddhist monks and nuns Persecution of Buddhists were persecuted . Thus, during the Nazi Invasion of the Soviet Union invasion and occupation of Kalmykia in 1942, German forces uniquely found volunteers among the Kalmyks for the Kalmykian Voluntary Cavalry Corps , which killed many Soviet partisan s. The occupying Germans and their puppet regime also destroyed much of the agriculture of the region and executed close to 20,000 people in Kalmykia, ref name otto Cite book title Ethnic cleansing in the USSR, 1937 1949 author Pohl, J. Otto publisher Greenwood Publishing Group year 1999 isbn 9780313309212 pages 61 71 ref including 100 Jews. ref Cite news url http www.freitag.de 2004 03 04031801.php title Eine Karawanserei publisher Der Freitag first Nellja last Veremej date 2004 09 01 accessdate 2010 11 14 language German ref After the war, Kalmyks were one of the punished peoples who were officially accused of military collaborationism with the Nazi army against the Red Army during World War II , of providing the Germans with livestock, of dismantling kolkhoz es and sovkhoz es with the Germans, of terrorizing the population, etc. At the same time, the ... more details
file R. Beran.JPG thumb Rudolf Beran Rudolf Beran December 28, 1887, Pracejovice, Strakonice District &ndash April 23, 1954, Leopoldov Prison was a Czechoslovakia n politician who served as prime minister of the country before its occupation by Nazi Germany and shortly thereafter, before it was declared a Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia protectorate . A leader of the Agrarian Party from 1933, he was appointed prime minister by President Emil H cha on December 1, 1938, and served until April 27, 1939. After he retired, he settled on his farm. During World War II , he had contacts with members of the Czech resistance to Nazi occupation Czech resistance . After the war, Beran was arrested as a Collaborationism collaborator by the Communist authorities, and in a manipulated political trial was sentenced to twenty years in prison. He died in Leopoldov Leopoldov Prison prison in 1954. start box s off succession box title Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia before Jan Syrov after Alois Eli small Protectorate small br Jan r mek small in exile small years 1938&ndash 1939 end box CzechoslovakPMs External links http web.archive.org web 20080317183049 http zivotopisyonline.cz ceskoslovenska vlada beranova 1938 1939 clenove.php Members of Beran s government before occupation, 1.12.1938 15.3.1939 cs icon http web.archive.org web 20080526131852 http zivotopisyonline.cz protektoratni vlada 1939 clenove.php Members of Beran s government after the occupation, 16.3.1939 27.4.1939 cs icon Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Beran, Rudolf ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH December 28, 1887 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH April 23, 1954 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Beran, Rudolf Category 1887 births Category 1954 deaths Category People from Strakonice District Category Republican Party of Agricultural and Smallholder People politicians Category Prime Ministers of Czechoslovakia Category Czech people of World War II Category Protectorate of Bohemia and Mora ... more details
Refimprove date July 2010 Infobox person name Karel Dillen image image size alt caption birth name Karel Cornelia Constentijn Dillen birth date birth date df yes 1925 10 16 birth place Antwerp , Belgium death date death date and age df yes 2007 4 27 1925 10 16 death place Schilde , Belgium nationality BEL other names known for occupation politician Use dmy dates date August 2010 Karel Cornelia Constantijn Dillen 16 October 1925, Antwerp &ndash 27 April 2007, Schilde was a Flanders Flemish politician and a Flemish people Flemish nationalist. In 1977 he established the Vlaams Nationale Partij Flemish National Party , which became Vlaams Blok at the elections of 1978. He was president of the Vlaams Blok later reformed as Vlaams Belang until he appointed Frank Vanhecke as his successor in 1996. Karel Dillen was a Member of the European Parliament between 1994 and 2004, and vice chairman of the Technical Fraction of the European Right , together with among others Jean Marie Le Pen and Franz Sch nhuber . Karel Dillen had a history of associating with far right figures. Though he was not an active Nazism Nazi Collaborationism collaborator himself, he described himself as a passive collaborator. He also translated in 1951 the pamphlet Nuremberg ou la terre promise Nuremberg or the Promised Land , a Holocaust denial book by Maurice Bard che . Afterwards, Dillen maintained regular contact with the author. The book states that the Nazi concentration camp s were mock ups built with the help of Cinema of the United States Hollywood after World War II . ref http www.vho.org aaargh fran livres7 BARDECHEnureng.pdf Nuremberg or the promised land First English translation ref According to Paul Belien , editor of the Brussels Journal , Dillen came from a non political background. His father, an Antwerp labourer, abandoned his wife and their two sons when Dillen was still a baby. He was raised by his mother. Neither he, nor his brother nor his mother were involved in any political acti ... more details
The Breton Liberation Front lang br Talbenn Diebi Breizh , lang fr Front de Lib ration de la Bretagne or FLB is a militant group founded in 1963 to promote the liberation of Brittany from France . Brittany is a province in northwest France, and formed an independent Duchy of Brittany until the treaty of union in 1532. Breton Nationalism had been a significant force in the early 20th century through the Breton National Party , but it has been discredited by its association with collaborationism in World War II . The FLB represented a new wave of nationalist politics associated with anti colonialist ideology. The group claimed that Brittany was oppressed by France acting as a colonial power. ref Jack E. Reece, The Bretons against France ethnic minority nationalism in twentieth century Brittany , University of North Carolina Press , 1977, p.204. ref The group was linked to surviving members of earlier nationalist groups, notably Yann Goulet , who was operating from Ireland. ref Michael John Christopher O Callaghan, Separatism in Brittany, Dyllansow Truran, 1983, p.77 83 ref The first known FLB attack occurred in June 1966 when a municipal tax office in Saint Brieuc was bombed, and a note signed by the FLB claimed that they would continue to carry out a campaign of violence against these occupying symbols of Brittany. In the following years, the FLB carried out attacks against administrative structures, such as electrical installations, police barracks and statues mainly by bombing them. The number of attacks peaked in 1968. However, the FLB ensured that no physical injuries or deaths would result from their attacks, which they wished to remain purely symbolic. In this they followed the model of the earlier group Gwenn ha du terrorism Gwenn ha du . They thus gained a reputation in the international community as the smiling terrorists. There are even reports that the only two known FLB victims during this period were two FLB members themselves, who were killed while try ... more details
Image DK Froslev Camp 2004 01.jpg thumb right 250px Central guard tower and barracks Fr slev Camp lang da Fr slevlejren , lang de Polizeigefangenenlager Fr slev was an internment camp in Nazi Germany German military occupation occupied Denmark during World War II . In order to avoid deportation of Danes to German concentration camp s, Danish authorities suggested, in January 1944, that an internment camp be created in Denmark. The German occupation authorities consented, and the camp was erected near the village of Fr slev in the south west of Denmark, close to the German border. From mid August until the end of the German occupation in May 1945, 12,000 prisoners passed through the camp s gates. Most of them were suspected members of the Danish resistance movement , Communism Communist s and other political prisoner s. Living conditions in the camp were generally tolerable, but 1,600 internees were deported to German concentration camps, where 220 of them died approximate numbers . Towards the end of the war, the Swedish count Folke Bernadotte tried to get all Scandinavian concentration camp prisoners to Sweden. Simultaneously the Danish administration negotiated with the Germans about rescue of the Danish prisoners in Germany. As a result of these efforts many Scandinavian prisoners came with the white buses from the German camps. In March and April 1945 10,000 Danish and Norwegian captives were brought home from Germany. Some of the returning prisoners came to Fr slev Prison Camp. Among those were some of the Deportation of the Danish police 1,960 deported Danish policemen , which had been arrested and deported on 19 September 1944. After the war When the German occupation ended, the prisoners were released, only to be immediately replaced with suspected Nazi collaborationism collaborators , and the camp s name was changed to F rhus Camp F rhuslejren . The internment camp was now run by the Danish resistance movement, and among those interned was Frits Clausen , f ... more details
Paal Olav Berg 18 January 1873 &ndash 24 May 1968 , born in Hammerfest , ref http mediabase1.uib.no krigslex b b1.html berg paal Paal Berg , Norgeslexi Encyclopedia no icon ref was a Norway Norwegian politician for the Venstre Norway Liberal Party . He was Minister of Social Affairs 1919 1920, and Minister of Justice 1924 1926. He was the 12th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Norway Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1929 to 1946. ref name snl cite encyclopedia year 2007 title Paal Olav Berg encyclopedia Store norske leksikon editor Henriksen, Petter publisher Kunnskapsforlaget location Oslo url http www.snl.no Paal Olav Berg language Norwegian accessdate 24 June 2009 ref ref name nbl cite encyclopedia title Paal Berg encyclopedia Norsk biografisk leksikon publisher Kunnskapsforlaget location Oslo editor Knut Helle Helle, Knut first Peter last L drup url http www.snl.no .nbl biografi Paal Berg utdypning language Norwegian accessdate 24 June 2009 ref Paal Berg was instrumental in the German Dismissal of pro Nazi puppet regime of Vidkun Quisling to be replaced by a council of Norwegian citizens, including himself on April 15, 1940. This was overseen after April 24 by Hitler s appointee Josef Terboven . Despite holding this position in the occupied government, Berg was far from a Collaborationism collaborator . Indeed, William L. Shirer names him the secret leader of the Norwegian Resistance . ref Shirer 1990 pg. 935 ref He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1947. ref name AAAS cite web title Book of Members, 1780 2010 Chapter B url http www.amacad.org publications BookofMembers ChapterB.pdf publisher American Academy of Arts and Sciences accessdate 16 June 2011 ref Notes Reflist Literature William L. Shirer The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich , Simon & Schuster , New York 1990 ISBN 0 671 72868 7 start box s off succession box before Lars Kristian Abrahamsen title Minister of Social Affairs Norway Norwegian ... more details
Lehideux and Isorni v. France case no. 55 1997 839 1045, application no. 24662 94, Publication 1998 VII, no. 92 , was a case heard by the European Court of Human Rights on punishing statements praising Collaborationism collaborators . In a judgement handed down 23 September 1998, the court has held by fifteen votes against six that the conviction of applicants for their article in favour of Philippe P tain was prescribed by law and pursued a legitimate aim, but wasn t necessary in a democratic society and therefore violated Article 10 freedom of expression . Besides, the court has ruled that the case does not belong to the category of clearly established historical facts such as the Holocaust whose negation or revision would be removed from the protection of Article 10 by Article 17 Para. 47 . In doing so the court has ruled that the protections in Article 17, the prohibition of abuse of rights, could restrict the right of free speech granted under Article 10. This ruling has had a direct influence on International treaty law. The Additional Protocol to the Convention on cybercrime, concerning the criminalisation of acts of a racist and xenophobic nature committed through computer systems requires participating States to criminalize the dissemination of racist and xenophobic material through computer systems, as well as of racist and xenophobic motivated threats and insults. ref http www.usdoj.gov criminal cybercrime COEFAQs.htm topicE Frequently asked questions and answers Council of Europe Convention on cybercrime by the United States United States Department of Justice Department of Justice ref Article 8, Section 1 of the protocol specifically covers the denial of the Holocaust and other genocides recognised as such by other international courts set up since 1945 by relevant international legal instruments. The Council of Europe Explanatory Report of the protocol states European Court of Human Rights has made it clear that the denial or revision of clearly establ ... more details
Jean Louis Tixier Vignancour 12 October 1907 in Paris 29 September 1989, Paris was a lawyer and French nationalism nationalist politician. He was a candidate in the French presidential election, 1965 1965 French presidential election when his campaign manager was Jean Marie Le Pen . He won 1,260,208 votes, which was 5.2 of the total, giving him fourth place after Charles de Gaulle De Gaulle , Fran ois Mitterrand Mitterrand and Jean Lecanuet . In the second round, he supported Fran ois Mitterrand. He was general assistant secretary on Information for the tat fran ais the Vichy government . Deputy of Basses Pyr n es from 1936 to 1940, he was re elected in 1956 and sat at the French national assembly National Assembly during two last years of the Fourth Republic. He was not affiliated to any of the parliamentary groups. He was a candidate of liste r publicaine d action sociale et paysanne . As a lawyer, he defended General Raoul Salan in 1962, Jean Marie Bastien Thiry in 1963, and a number of other Organisation arm e secr te OAS defendants. In the French presidential election, 1965 1965 presidential election , he ran for the presidency as the candidate of the national Right against de Gaulle Jean Marie Le Pen and Jean Pierre Stirbois were his campaign managers. In June 1979, in the first universal suffrage election to European Parliament , he took the first place in Euroright Eurodroite list, constituted by the Party of New Forces PFN . Quotation Tixier Vignancour, that is Vichy regime Vichy , the Collaborationism Collaboration proud of itself, the Milice Militia , the Organisation arm e secr te OAS . Charles De Gaulle Bibliography Alexandre Croix, Tixier Vignancour, ombres et lumi res... Saint Ouen ditions du Vieux Saint Ouen, coll. Les Cahiers contemporains , 1965. 320 pages. Without ISBN Tixier Vignancour, Shadows and Light Louis Ferdinand C line , Lettres Tixier 44 lettres in dites Me Tixier Vignancour , texte tabli et pr sent par Fr d ric Monnier. Paris la ... more details
Zrzeszenie Wolno i Niezawis o WiN Freedom and Independence was a Poland Polish underground anticommunism anti communist organisation founded on September 2, 1945 and active to 1952. The main goal of its activity was to avoid Soviet Union Soviet domination over Poland and to fight communism . Its primary method was not military action against the state but rather to provide protection false documents, money for former soldiers of Armia Krajowa and other Polish resistance movement in World War II Polish resistance organizations not allied to the Soviets and thus treated by them as enemies. WiN announced the falsification of the Polish people s referendum, 1946 to the United Nations Security Council . It was persecuted by both the Soviets and the Polish communists . NKVD soldiers and Ministerstwo Bezpiecze stwa Publicznego agents carried out a bloody war with its 30,000 men in Mazowsze and Lublin Lubelskie region. WiN s soldiers liberated many Russian jails in Poland, and killed those it regarded as Collaborationism collaborator s and communist agents. The organization was penetrated by Urz d Bezpiecze stwa agents, its security compromised as early as late 1945. In April 1947, many WiN fighters came out of hiding in an apparent amnesty . ref cite news url http www.time.com time magazine article 0,9171,853099,00.html work Time title POLAND Out of the Woods date April 21, 1947 ref WiN s presidents September 2, 1945 to November 5, 1945 colonel Jan Rzepecki November 1945 to October 18, 1946 colonel Franciszek Niepok lczycki October 1946 to January 5, 1947 lieutenant colonel Wincenty Kwieci ski January 1947 to November 1947 lieutenant colonel ukasz Ciepli ski See also Cursed soldiers Emilia Malessa Attack on Hrubiesz w See also Public Execution in Debica 1946 References Reflist Pl icon cite book last Wnuk first Rafa chapter Polska konspiracja antysowiecka na Kresach Wschodnich II RP w latach 1939 1941 i 1944 1952 Polish Anti Soviet Conspiracy in the Eastern Borderland ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
