The columnarphase is a class of mesophase s in which molecules assemble into cylindrical structures to act as mesogen s. Originally, these kinds of liquid crystal s were called discotic liquid crystals because the columnar structures are composed of flat shaped discotic molecules stacked one dimensionally. Since recent findings provide a number of columnar liquid crystals consisting of non discoid mesogens, it is more common now to classify this state of matter and compounds with these properties as columnar liquid crystals. Takuzo Aida and co workers recently reported cyclic peptides that self assemble into polar columnar organizations. These materials can be unidirectionally aligned over large areas by application of an external electric field. ref Kohei Sato, Yoshimitsu Itoh, and Takuzo Aida http pubs.acs.org doi abs 10.1021 ja203894r ref Classes Columnar liquid crystals are grouped by their structural order and the ways of packing of the columns. Nematic columnar liquid crystals have no long range order and are less organized than other columnar liquid crystals. Other columnar phases with long range order are classified by their two dimensional lattices hexagonal, tetragonal, rectangular, and oblique phases. The discotic nematic phase includes nematic liquid crystals composed of flat shaped discotic molecules without long range order. In this phase, molecules do not form specific columnar assemblies but only float with their short axes in parallel to the director a unit vector which defines the liquid crystalline alignment and order . Current topics of interest The first discotic liquid crystal was found in 1977 by the Indian researcher Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar . This molecule has one central benzene ring surrounded by six alkane alkyl chains. Since then, a large number of discoid mesogen ic compounds have been discovered in which triphenylene , porphyrin , phthalocyanine , coronene , and other aromatic molecules are involved. The typical columnar liquid crystalline ... more details
In biology, columnar refers to the shape of epithelial cells that are taller than they are wide. ref http cellbio.utmb.edu microanatomy default.htm Microanatomy Web Atlas Bot generated title ref Form follows function in biology, and columnar morphorphology hints at the functions of the cell. Columnar cells are important in absorption and movement of mucus. The cells may or may not bear microvilli involved in maximizing the surface area for intestinal absorption or cilia involved in moving mucus and trapped material up the respiratory passages to be expectorated or swallowed . Columnar epithelium may be simple or Stratified columnar epithelium stratified . Simple columnar epithelium is most common and involves one layer of cells attached to a basement membrane . The nucleus is closer to the Basal anatomy basal aspect of the cell than the Apical anatomy apical aspect. Single stratification tends to indicate absorptive function. Stratified columnar epithelium is rare but can be found in salivary glands . It consists of a layer of columnar epithelium resting on top of at least one other layer of epithelial cells, which may have any shape columnar, cuboidal , or squamous . Stratification in cuboidal tissue has a secretory function. References references Category Epithelial cells Category Cell biology ... more details
Orphan date October 2010 Columnar Valley Coord 77 59 S 161 58 E source GNIS display inline,title is a valley trending northwest between The Handle Antarctica The Handle and Table Mountain Antarctica Table Mountain in the northwest part of the Royal Society Range , Victoria Land . It was descriptively named by Alan Sherwood , New Zealand Geological Survey field party leader in the area, 1987 88, after the columnar jointed dolerite that forms the valley walls. References usgs gazetteer id 2984 Category Valleys of Victoria Land Category Scott Coast ScottCoast geo stub ... more details
wiktionary TOCright Phase or phases may refer to In science In physics Phase matter , a physically distinctive form of a substance, such as the solid, liquid, and gaseous states of ordinary matter Phase transition is the transformation of a thermodynamic system from one phase to another Phase separation science Mobile phase and stationary phase chemistry Stationary phase in chromatography Aqueous phase and organic phase in liquid liquid extraction Phase waves , the initial angle of a sinusoidal function ... in multiple conducting wires with definite phase offsets Single phase electric power Three phase electric power Three phase , the mathematics of three phase electric power Phase problem , the loss of information the phase from a physical measurement Phase factor , a complex scalar used in quantum mechanics Continuous Fourier transform , the angle of a complex coefficient representing the phase of one sinusoidal component Instantaneous phase , generalization for both cyclic and non cyclic phenomena In other sciences Archaeological phase , a discrete period of occupation at an archaeological site Lunar phase , the appearance of the Moon as viewed from the Earth Planetary phase , the appearance ... Color phase , in biology, a group of individuals within a species with a particular coloration Phase syntax , in linguistics, a cyclic domain proposed by Noam Chomsky In entertainment Phase ... monsters in the .hack franchise Phase IV , a 1974 science fiction movie directed by Saul Bass Phase, an incarnation of the DC Comics character usually known as Phantom Girl Phaze, an alternate world in Piers Anthony s Apprentice Adept series Other uses Phase 10 , a card game created by Fundex Games Phase video game , a music game for the iPod developed by Harmonix Music Systems Phase combat ... Phasor disambiguation FASOR disambiguation disambig bg ca Fase cs F ze da Fase de Phase es Fase fa fr Phase gl Fase hr Faza id Fase ia Phase it Fase he lv F ze ms Fasa nl Fase ... more details
Refimprove date December 2010 S phase synthesis phase is the part of the cell cycle in which DNA is DNA replication replicated , occurring between G1 phase G sub 1 sub phase and G2 phase G sub 2 sub phase . Precise and accurate DNA replication is necessary to prevent genetic abnormalities which often lead to cell death or disease. Due to the importance, the regulatory pathways that govern this event in eukaryotes are highly conserved. This conservation makes the study of S phase in model organisms such as Xenopus laevis embryos and budding yeast relevant to higher organisms. S Phase Regulation The G1 S transition is a major checkpoint in the regulation of the cell cycle . Depending on levels of nutrients, energy and external factors, cells must decide to enter the cell cycle or move into a non dividing state known as G0 phase . This transition, as with all of the major checkpoint transitions in the cell cycle, is signaled by cyclins and cyclin dependent kinase CDKs . The pulse of G1 S cyclins causes CLN3 Cdk1 to activate Cln1 2, Start point yeast as well as Clb5 6 at the initiation of S phase. This pathway contains 2 positive feedback loops, allowing for rapid, unidirectional movement into S phase. Redundant pathways like this are not uncommon because they allow for tuning the output of the system and often lead to faster genetic evolution. ref name Bell Bell, S.P. and Dutta, A. DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. Annu.Rev.Biochem. 2002,71 333 374. ref DNA Replication The major event in S phase is DNA replication . The goal of this process is to create exactly two identical ... replication complexes onto the DNA at replication origins during G1 phase which are dismantled in S phase ... DNA Damage Damage to DNA is detected and fixed during S phase. When the replication fork comes upon ... DNA replication. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2005, 17 568 575. ref See also S phase index SPI S fraction or S phase fraction oncology pathology prognosis References reflist Cell cycle DEFAULTSORT S Phase ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber Code TerminologiaHistologica 2 00 02.0.01012 Columnar epithelia are epithelium epithelial cells whose heights are at least four times their width. Columnar epithelia are divided into simple or unilayered , and stratified or multi layered . Simple columnar epithelia Stratified columnar epithelia Pseudostratified columnar epithelia Epithelial types DEFAULTSORT Columnar Epithelia Category Epithelial cells Anatomy stub es Epitelio cil ndrico pt Epit lio colunar ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Illu epithelium.jpg Caption Types of epithelium Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber Code TerminologiaHistologica 2 00 02.0.02032 Stratified columnar epithelia is a rare type of epithelial tissue composed of column shaped cells arranged in multiple layers. Stratified columnar epithelia are found in the ocular conjunctiva of the human eye eye , in parts of the pharynx and anus , the female s uterus , the male urethra and vas deferens . Also found in intralobular ducts in salivary glands . The cells function in secretion and protection . References reflist External links http www.cytochemistry.net microanatomy epithelia stratified columnar.htm Stratified columnar epithelium at cytochemistry.net AnatomyAtlasesMicroscopic 02 23 Stratified Columnar Epithelium anatomy stub Epithelial types Category Epithelial cells pt Epit lio colunar estratificado ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Simple columnar epithelium Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Gray1059.png Caption Vertical section of a villus from the dog s small intestine. X 80. Simple columnar epithelium labeled at right, third from top. Image2 Gray1060.png Caption2 Transverse section of a villus , from the human intestine . X 350. BR a. Basement membrane , here somewhat shrunken away from the epithelium. BR b. Lacteal . BR c. Columnar epithelium . BR d. Its striated border. BR e. Goblet cells . BR f. Leucocytes in epithelium. BR f . Leucocytes below epithelium. BR g. Bloodvessels . BR h. Muscle cells cut across. Code TerminologiaHistologica 2 00 02.0.02020 A simple columnar epithelium is a columnar epithelium that is uni layered. In humans, a simple columnar epithelium lines most organs of the digestive tract including the stomach , small intestine , and large intestine . Simple ciliated columnar epithelia line the uterus . Simple columnar epithelia are further divided into two categories non ciliated and ciliated. Ciliated Ciliated columnar epithelia move mucus and other substances via cilia, and are found in the upper respiratory tract , the Fallopian tubes , the uterus , and the central part of the spinal cord . A ciliated columnar epithelium lines the lumen anatomy lumen of the uterine tube , where currents generated by the cilia propel the egg cell toward the uterus . Additional images gallery Image Illu epithelium.jpg Types of epithelium. Image Gallenblase Schnitt.jpg Histology of gallbladder . Image Illu stomach layers.jpg Layers of stomach wall. Image Gray1169.png Vertical section of mucous membrane of human uterus . Image Deroceras laeve epithelium 400 saturn.jpg skin of slug Deroceras laeve Image Simple columnar.jpg lining of gallbladder gallery References references External links KansasHistology epithel epith05 Gall bladder Simple columnar epithelium UIUCHistologySubject 1061 Uterine tube lumen Epithelial types Category Epithelial cells anatomy stub nl Cilindrisch ... more details
Cutaneous columnar cysts are a cutaneous condition, a group of different cysts lined by columnar epithelium . ref name Andrews cite book author James, William D. Berger, Timothy G. et al. title Andrews Diseases of the Skin Clinical Dermatology publisher Saunders Elsevier location year 2006 pages isbn 0 7216 2921 0 oclc doi accessdate ref rp 682 Types of cysts included in this group are ref name Andrews rp 682 3 Bronchogenic cyst Branchial cyst Thyroglossal duct cyst Cutaneous ciliated cyst Median raphe cyst See also Pseudocyst of the auricle List of cutaneous conditions References reflist Epidermal growth stub Category Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, cysts ... more details
cells. Columnar consists of elongated cells. they are many layers also Examples Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia are found in the lines of the Vertebrate trachea trachea as well as the upper respiratory tract . Non ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia are located in the membranous part of male vas deferens . Pseudostratified columnar epithelia with stereocilia are located in the epididymis ... columnar ciliated epithelium lining the bronchus Light Microscope, Hematoxylin and Eosin ... more details
Phase 4 or Four phase may refer to Phase 4 Films Phase IV , 1974 film The fourth of the phases of clinical research Phase 4 Stereo , record label Four Phase Systems Four phase logic Four phase model disambig de Phase IV ... more details
The term stationary phase may refer to Stationary phase biology , a phase in bacterial growth Stationary phase chemistry , a medium used in chromatography Stationary phase approximation in the evaluation of integrals in mathematics mathdab es Fase estacionaria ... more details
Phase 1 , Phase I or Phase One may refer to The first of the phases of clinical research Canadian Phase I , a powered parachute design Phase I reaction s , in drug metabolism Phase I environmental site assessment , a report prepared for a real estate holding which identifies potential or existing environmental contamination liabilities Phase 1 bar , a lesbian bar and nightclub at 525 8th Street, Southeast in Washington, D.C Phase One company , a Danish camera equipment company Phase One Art Ensemble of Chicago album Phase One Art Ensemble of Chicago album , 1971 Phase One Saga album Phase One Saga album , 1998 Phase One film Phase One film , an upcoming American Canadian thriller League of Legends Clan aus Deutschland. Phase 1 die Besten der Besten See also Phase disambiguation disambiguation it Phase One nl Phase One ... more details
Phase 5 may refer to Phase5 , a hardware manufacturer for the Amiga computer Deployment phase 5 , a final deployment phase of a U.S. Marine Corps reconnaissance force Pandemic phase 5 , the second highest level of a pandemic alert disambig ... more details
Reverse phase RP refer to Reversed phase chromatography , any chromatographic method that uses a non polar stationary phase Reverse phase protein lysate microarray , a micro cell lysate dot blot that allows measurement of protein expression levels disambiguation ... more details
Phase perturbation is the shifting, from whatever cause, in the phase waves phase of an electronics electronic Signalling telecommunication signal . The shifting is often quite rapid, and may appear to be random or cyclic. The phase departure in phase perturbation usually is larger, but less rapid, than in Jitter phase jitter . Phase perturbation may be expressed in degrees, with any cyclic component expressed in hertz . References FS1037C MS188 Category Telecommunications terms Telecomm term stub ... more details
Linear phase is a property of a filter signal processing filter , where the phase response of the filter is a linear function of frequency , excluding the possibility of wraps at math pm pi math . In a causal system , perfect linear phase can be achieved with a discrete time Finite Impulse Response FIR filter. Linear phase system has the property of the true time delay . Since a linear phase or Linear phase Generalized linear phase generalized linear phase filter has constant group delay , all frequency components have equal delay times. That is, there is no distortion due to the time delay of frequencies relative to one another in many applications, this constant group delay is advantageous. By contrast, a filter with non linear phase has a group delay that varies with frequency, resulting in phase distortion . Some examples of linear and non linear phase filters are given below. The plots below represent the phase response as a function of frequency in radians math w math . Image Phase Plots.svg Generalized linear phase Systems with generalized linear phase have an additional frequency independent constant added to the phase. Because of this constant, the phase of the system is not a strictly linear function of frequency, but it retains many of the useful properties of linear phase systems. ref Oppenheim & Schafer first edition, chapter 5 ref See also Minimum phase References reflist Category Electronics terms Category Digital signal processing signal processing stub nl Lineaire fase ... more details
Refimprove date March 2011 A Phase in combat is usually a period within a military operation of a longer duration that is a part of a serial chain of logically connected activities planned to culminate in a defined Goal objective or goal. A phase is usually marked by achievement of significant intermediary objective s, such as Tactical objective tactical within an Engagement military engagement . A phase may be either limited by time allocated for its execution, or unlimited in time, and defined only by achievement of the objective. At the Strategy strategic level, a phase continue for years. Not all phases of combat include fighting between armed forces . Phases can, and usually do overlap, and sometimes can be planned for parallel execution, often as part of deception plan ning. Phases typically found in Offensive military offensive military operations are Preparation Intelligence information gathering Intelligence gathering phase ref Also known as reconnaissance ref Operations planning phase Logistics Management Logistics management phase Deception and Counter intelligence counterintelligence phase Assembly phase Conduct Initial combat assault phase Breakthrough military Breakthrough phase Exploitation military Exploitation Follow on support phase Pursuit combat Pursuit phase Objective security phase Position consolidation phase Defense military Defensive phase Reorganisation phase A lull in combat usually unplanned Stability Enable civil authorities Citations and notes reflist References Category Military theory Category Military strategy Category Military tactics mil stub ... more details
no footnotes date September 2011 In signal processing , phase distortion or phase frequency distortion is distortion that occurs when a a filter s phase response is not linear over the frequency range of interest, that is, the Phase waves phase shift introduced by a electrical network circuit or device is not directly proportional to frequency, or b the zero frequency intercept of the phase frequency characteristic is not 0 or an integral multiple of 2 radians. See also Audio system measurements References FS1037C MS188 Noise Category Electrical parameters physics stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 The Acute phase of an injury is the period of time in between when the injury is sustained, and the beginning of the sub acute phase . Depending on the severity of injury, and the age and health of the patient, this phase can take up to four or five days. The acute phase is characterised by some or all of the following immediate pain , tenderness, swelling, inflammation and oedema , contour deformity, bleeding , and loss of normal function of the injured area. See also Acute phase protein DEFAULTSORT Acute Phase Category Injuries ... more details
wiktionary beta Beta phase may refer to the second phase in a software release life cycle see Software release life cycle Beta . the second phase of pharmacokinetics see Pharmacokinetics Stages of Pharmacokinetic Processes . Disambiguation ... more details
A phase line may refer to Phase line mathematics , used to analyze Autonomous system mathematics autonomous ordinary differential equation s Phase line cartography , used to identify phases of military operations or changing borders over time disambig ... more details
Moorehead Phase Moorehead Phase Cahokia An archaeological phase of the Cahokia and environs from years 1200 1275 CE. Moorehead Phase of the Laurentian Tradition or the Moorehead burial tradition The Red Paint People , who used large quantities of ochre, normally red, to cover both bodies and grave goods, 3000 BCE and 1000 BCE. dab ... more details
other uses In the context of vectors and Phasor electronics phasors , the term phase angle refers to the angular component of the polar coordinate representation. The notation math A ang theta, math for a vector with magnitude or amplitude A and phase angle , is called angle notation . In the context of periodic phenomena, such as a Sine wave wave , phase angle is synonymous with Phase waves phase . See also Phasor sine waves Phase waves External links http www.sengpielaudio.com calculator timedelayphase.htm Calculation of phase angle phase difference from time delay time of arrival ITD and frequency Connection between phase, phase angle, frequency, and time of arrival delay FS1037C DEFAULTSORT Phase Angle Category Angle Category Wave mechanics ar de Phasenverschiebung fr D phasage lv F u nob de pl K t fazowy ru fi Vaihekulma th tr Faz a s ... more details
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