The Commentariolus Little Commentary is Nicolaus Copernicus s forty page outline of an early version of his revolutionary Copernican heliocentrism heliocentric theory of the universe. ref Reference Koyre 1973 Koyr 1973, pp.18&ndash 28 Reference Rosen 2004 Rosen 2004, http books.google.com.au books?id ceSnipu4MykC&pg PA6 v onepage&q &f false pp.6&ndash 7 , http books.google.com.au books?id ceSnipu4MykC&pg PA57 v onepage&q &f false 57&ndash 90 . thoren 1990 Thoren 1990, http books.google.com.au books?id GxyA lhWL AC&pg PA99 p.99 gives the length of the manuscript as 40 pages. ref After further long development of his theory, Copernicus published the mature version in 1543 in his landmark work, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres . Copernicus wrote the Commentariolus some time before 1514 and circulated copies to his friends and colleagues. ref A reference to the Commentariolus is contained in a library catalogue, dated May 1st, 1514, of a 16th century historian, Matthew of Miechow, so it must have begun circulating before that date Koyr , Reference Koyre 1973 1973, p.85 Gingerich, Reference Gingerich 2004 2004, p.32 . ref It thus became known among Copernicus s contemporaries, though it was never printed during his lifetime. In 1533, Johann Albrecht Widmannstetter delivered a series of lectures in Rome outlining Copernicus theory. Pope Clement VII and several Cardinal Catholicism Catholic cardinals heard the lectures and were interested ..., Letter to Nicolaus Copernicus, translated by Edward Rosen . ref Although copies of the Commentariolus ... , 1890, http www.archive.org stream cu31924005641380 page n106 mode 1up search commentariolus p.83 ... copy of the Commentariolus was discovered in Vienna and published in 1878. According to Reference ... 1973 cite book title Three Copernican Treatises The Commentariolus of Copernicus The Letter against ... sci hist stub Link FA de de Commentariolus nl Commentariolus pl Ma y komentarz Kopernik zh ... more details
Year nav topic 1506 science The year 1506 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here. Astronomy Possible date Nicolaus Copernicus begins to write De revolutionibus orbium coelestium On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres . He sends an abstract, the Commentariolus , to other scientists interested in the matter before 1514 and is considered to have finished De revolutionibus in 1530 in science 1530 , but hesitates to publish before 1543 in science 1543 , the year of his death. ref cite book title The Book Nobody Read Chasing the Revolutions of Nicolaus Copernicus authorlink Owen Gingerich last Gingerich first Owen publisher Walker year 2004 isbn 0 8027 1415 3 location New York ref ref cite book title The Astronomical Revolution Copernicus Kepler Borelli last Koyr first Alexandre publisher Cornell University Press year 1973 authorlink Alexandre Koyr location Ithaca, NY isbn 0 8014 0504 1 ref Exploration Portugal Portuguese mariner Trist o da Cunha sights the islands of Tristan da Cunha . Deaths May 20 Christopher Columbus , Italian people Italian List of explorers explorer b. 1451 . References reflist Category 1506 in science fr 1506 en science hu 1506 a tudom nyban mk 1506 ... more details
File Narratio prima.jpg thumb Narratio Prima De libris revolutionum Copernici narratio prima , usually referred to as Narratio Prima lang la First Account , is an abstract of Nicolaus Copernicus Copernican heliocentrism heliocentric theory , written by Georg Joachim Rheticus in 1540 . It is an introduction to Copernicus s major work, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium , published in 1543, largely due to Rheticus s instigation. Narratio Prima is the first printed publication of Copernicus s theory. ref Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering & Technology 2004 . http www.lindahall.org services digital ebooks rheticus about.shtml About Narratio Prima . ref History Copernicus, born in 1473 and already well over 60 years old, had never published any astronomical work, as his only publication had been his translation of poems of Theophylact Simocatta , printed in 1509 by Johann Haller . At the same time, he had distributed his ideas among friends, with manuscripts called Commentariolus . In the 1530s, he was urged to publish by many, yet still hesitated when in 1539, Rheticus arrived in Frombork Frauenburg Frombork to become Copernicus first and only pupil. Philipp Melanchthon had arranged for Rheticus to visit several astronomers and study with them. In September 1539 Rheticus went to History of Gda sk Danzig Gda sk to visit the mayor who gave Rheticus some financial assistance to publish the Narratio Prima . ref Edward Rosen, Three Copernican Treatises The Commentariolus of Copernicus The Letter against Werner The Narratio Prima of Rheticus , Columbia University Press, 1939. ref This Narratio Prima , published by Franz Rhode in Danzig in 1540, is still considered to be the best introduction to Copernicus De revolutionibus orbium coelestium . As the full ref AD CLARISSMUM VIRUM D. IOANNEM SCHONERUM, DE LIBRIS REVOLUTIONUM eruditissimi viri & Mathematici excellentissimi, Reverendi D. Doctoris Nicolai Copernici Torunnaei, Canonici Varmiensis, per quendam Iuvenem, Mathe ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Jacob Anton Zallinger zum Thurn was a philosopher and canonist, born in Bozen , 26 July 1735, died there, 11 January 1813. He studied at Innsbruck and Munich , entered the Jesuit order on 9 October 1753, was ordained priest on 1 June 1765, then taught philosophy at Munich, Dillingen an der Donau Dillingen , and Innsbruck. Shortly after the suppression of the Jesuits in 1773, Prince bishop Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony engaged him as professor of canon law at Augsburg . He held this position for thirty years 1777 1807 , with the exception of four months, during which he was theologian at the papal nuncio papal nunciature at Ratisbon , and sixteen months, which upon invitation of Pius VII he spent in Rome as papal councillor in German affairs 1805 6 . In 1807 he returned to Bolzano, devoting the rest of his life to literary labours. As a canonist he defended the papal rights again the Febronian tendencies in Germany , and as a philosopher he endeavoured to replace the Scholasticism scholastic method by the empiricism of Isaac Newton Newton . Works His chief canonical works are Institutionum juris naturalis et ecclesiastici publici libri V Augsburg, 1784 Ghent, 1823 Rome, 1832 De usu publici commentariolus Augsburg, 1784 Ghent, 1823 Historische Bemerkungen uber das sogenannte Resultat des Emser Congressus Frankfort and Leipzig, 1787 Institutiones juris ecclesiastici, maxime privati, ordine Decretalium 5 vols., Augsburg, 1792 3 3 vols., Rome, 1832 . His chief philosophical works are Lex gravitatis universalis ac mutuae cum theoria de sectione coni Munich, 1769 Interpretatio naturae, seu philosophia Newtoniana methodo exposita 3 vols., Augsburg, 1773 and Disquisitiones philosophiae Kantianae 2 vols., Augsburg, 1799 . References catholic Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Zallinger zum Thurn, Jacob Anton ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION German philosopher DATE OF BIRTH 1735 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1813 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAU ... more details
Use dmy dates date April 2012 Hieronymus Schreiber died 1547 in Paris, thus also called Jer me Schreiber was Germans German doctor, mathematician and astronomer from Nuremberg . Schreiber has studied at the University of Wittenberg at Philipp Melanchthon . There, he was considered a candidate for the succession to Georg Joachim Rheticus , but with Erasmus Flock 1514 1568 , another scholar from Nuremberg was appointed Professor. In 1542 Schreiber travelled to Italy, then went to study in Paris, where he died in 1547. Few of his works are preserved. In an almanac by Johann St ffler 1452 1543 and Jacob Pflaum , he had noted weather observations made in Saxony . Another book annotated by Schreiber, a copy of the original 1543 edition of De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium by Nicolaus Copernicus , helped to solve a riddle that of the book s preface, which contradicted its contents. Rheticus had begun to publish it in Nuremberg , but the process was completed by Andreas Osiander . The printer Johannes Petreius had sent a copy to Schreiber, and after he died, it came via Michael Maestlin Michael M stlin 1550 1631 into the possession of Johannes Kepler 1571 1630 . In Schreiber s book, Kepler found a note attributing the authorship of the anonymous preface to Osiander. ref Edward Rosen Three Copernican Treatises The Commentariolus of Copernicus, The Letter Against Werner, The Narratio Prima of Rheticus , Courier Dover Publications, 2004 ISBN 0486436055, http books.google.com books?id ceSnipu4MykC&pg PA24&dq jerome schreiber&sig aJ7m5S Jn2 PvyMaQZ9I7tUB0G4 S. 24 ref ref Arthur Koestler The Sleepwalkers http books.google.com books?id skMBAAAAMAAJ&dq 22Jerome Schreiber 22&q Jerome Schreiber&pgis 1 search S. 169 ref Osiander had adjusted the preface written by the Catholic Church canon Copernicus enough to be acceptable at Protestant Nuremberg, as well as having kept it off the Papal forbidden list until 1620 . Literature Kurt Pilz 600 Jahre Astronomie in N rnberg . N rnberg Han ... more details
William Baxter 1650 1723 was a Welsh scholar. Life He was born at Lanhigan in Shropshire , son of a brother of Richard Baxter . When he went to Harrow School at the late age of eighteen, he could neither read nor understand one word of any language but Welsh. He soon, however, acquired much classical learning. He carried on an extensive correspondence with all the prominent men of his generation. His profession was that of a schoolmaster, first in a boarding school at Tottenham High Cross Middlesex , and later as master of the Mercers School, London, where he remained for upwards of twenty years. He died 31 May 1723. Works His first publication was a Latin grammar, called De Analogia, sive arte Linguae Latinae Commentariolus ... in usum provectioris adolescentiae , 1679. He made his mark at abound by his Anacreon , published in 1695. Later opinion pronounced it over bold in its readings. It was reprinted in 1710. Joshua Barnes charged Baxter with borrowing largely in the second edition from his edition of Anacreon of 1705, but Barnes afterwards retracted the charge. In 1701 appeared Baxter s Horace , which J. M. Gesner made the basis of his edition, published in 1752 and also in 1772. Baxter s edition was republished in 1725 and in 1798. Robert Lowth pronounced it the best edition of Horace ever yet delivered to the world. In 1788 Zeunius incorporated in an edition of Horace all Baxter s and Gesner s notes. Baxter s Horace includes abuse of Richard Bentley . In 1719 he published his dictionary of British antiquities under the title of Glossarium Antiquitatum Britannicarum, sive Syllabus Etymologicus Antiquitatum Veteris Britanniae atque Iberniae temporibus Romanorum. This work was republished by Moses Williams . The same editor brought out Baxter s fragmentary posthumous work, his glossary of Roman antiquities, under the title of Reliquiae Baxterianae, sive W. Baxteri Opera Posthuma. It went only through the letter A. There is a life of the author written by himself ... more details
Year nav topic 1512 science The year 1512 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here. Astronomy Possible date Nicolaus Copernicus begins to write Commentariolus , an abstract of what will eventually become De revolutionibus orbium coelestium he sends it to other scientists interested in the matter by 1514. ref cite book first Bernard last Grun title The Timetables of History edition 3rd location New York publisher Simon & Schuster year 1991 isbn 0 671 74919 6 page 229 ref ref cite book title The Book Nobody Read Chasing the Revolutions of Nicolaus Copernicus authorlink Owen Gingerich last Gingerich first Owen publisher Walker year 2004 isbn 0 8027 1415 3 location New York ref ref cite book title The Astronomical Revolution Copernicus Kepler Borelli last Koyr first Alexandre publisher Cornell University Press year 1973 authorlink Alexandre Koyr location Ithaca, NY isbn 0 8014 0504 1 ref Exploration Ant nio de Abreu discovers Timor Timor island and reaches the Banda Islands and Seram . Francisco Serr o reaches the Moluccas . Juan Ponce de Le n discovers the Turks and Caicos Islands . Pedro Mascarenhas discovers Diego Garcia and reaches Mauritius in the Mascarene Islands . Pharmaceutics Hieronymus Brunschwygk s Big Book of Distillation describes medicinal herb s and the construction of still s for processing them. Births March 5 Gerardus Mercator , Flemish people Flemish cartographer d. 1594 in science 1594 approx. date Robert Recorde , Wales Welsh born mathematician and physician d. 1558 in science 1558 ref cite web first Stephen last Johnston title Recorde, Robert c.1512 1558 work Oxford Dictionary of National Biography publisher Oxford University Press year 2004 url http www.oxforddnb.com view article 23241 accessdate 2012 01 26 doi 10.1093 ref odnb 23241 ODNBsub ref Deaths February 22 Amerigo Vespucci , Italian people Italian List of explorers explorer b. 1454 August 2 Alessandro Achillini , Italian anatomist b. 1463 Refe ... more details
Dionysius Thrax lang grc 170 BC 90 BC was a Hellenization Hellenistic Philologist grammarian and a pupil of Aristarchus of Samothrace . His place of origin was not Thrace as the epithet Thrax denotes, but probably Alexandria. He lived and worked in this city but later taught at Rhodes around 144BC . The first extant grammar of Greek language Greek , Art of Grammar T khn grammatik , Greek language Greek lang grc is attributed to him but many scholars today doubt that the work really belongs solely to him due to the difference between the technical approach of most of the work and the more literary approach similar to the 2nd century s Alexandrian tradition of the first few sections. It concerns itself primarily with a morphology linguistics morphological description of Greek, lacking any treatment of syntax . The work was translated into Armenian language Armenian and Syriac in the early Christian era. Thrax defines grammar at the beginning of the T khn as the practical knowledge of the general usages of poet s and prose writers. Thus Thrax, like contemporary Alexandrian scholars who edited Attic Greek and Homer Homeric texts , was concerned with facilitating the teaching of classic Greek literature to an audience who spoke Koine Greek. ref There are extensive scholia to the Techne, which have been edited by A. Hilgard in 1901 Scholia in Dionysii Thracis Artem Grammaticam, recensuit et apparatum criticum indicesque adiecit Alfredus Hilgard, Lipsiae in aedibus B.G. Teubneri 1901. The collections of scholia are the following Prolegomena Vossiana p.1 Commentarius Melampodis seu Diomedis p. 10 Commentarius Heliodori p. 67 Scholiorum collectio Vaticana p. 106 Scholiorum collectio Marciana p. 292 Scholiorum collectio Londinensis p. 442 Commentariolus Byzantinus pp. 565 586 . ref References Wikisourcelang el Dionysius Thrax Dionysius Thrax, http www.fh augsburg.de harsch graeca Chronologia S ante02 DionysiosThrax dio tec ... more details
Image Johannes Petreius.jpg thumb 176px Johannes Petreius Johann es Petreius Hans Peterlein , Petrejus , Petri c. 1497 in Langendorf near Bad Kissingen March 18, 1550, Nuremberg was a Germans German Printer publisher printer in Nuremberg. Life He studied at the University of Basel, receiving the Master of Arts in 1517. Two years later, he worked as a proofreader for his relative Adam Petri . He became a citizen of Nuremberg in 1523, where he began working as a printer by at least 1524, though his name is only officially entered into the records in 1526. After his death the company was run by Gabriel Hayn. ref name Grove GroveOnline Johann Petreius Marie Louise G llner May 10 2011 ref Works About 800 publications by him are known, including works in theology, science, law and the classics. He also printed music, using Pierre Attaingnant s single impression technique. Though the amount of music was small, it was distinguished by its high quality. ref name Grove Image De revolutionibus 1543.png thumb Original edition, Nuremberg 1543 His most famous work is the original edition of Nicolaus Copernicus s De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium in 1543, after an initiative of Georg Joachim Rheticus and Tiedemann Giese . The inclusion of a foreword anonymously written by the Lutheran philosopher Andreas Osiander , stating that the whole work is only a simple hypothesis and intended to facilitate computation, which contradicts the content of Copernicus work, is a rather controversial feature of the edition by Petreius. Petreius had sent a copy to Hieronymus Schreiber , an astronomer from Nuremberg who died in 1547 in Paris, but left a note in the book about the authorship of Osiander. Via Michael M stlin , the book came to Johannes Kepler , who uncovered Osiander s deed. ref Edward Rosen Three Copernican Treatises The Commentariolus of Copernicus, The Letter Against Werner, The Narratio Prima of Rheticus , Courier Dover Publications, 2004 ISBN 0486436055, http books.google.com b ... more details
Image Iohannes Werner.jpg thumb Johannes Werner Johann es Werner 14 February 1468 in Nuremberg , Germany &ndash May 1522 also Ioannis Vernerus was a Germany German parish priest in Nuremberg and a mathematician . His primary work was in astronomy , mathematics , and geography , although he was also considered a skilled Luthier instrument maker . Mathematics His mathematical works were in the areas of spherical trigonometry , as well as conic section s. He published an original work on conic sections in 1522 and is one of several mathematicians sometimes credited with the invention of prosthaphaeresis , which simplifies tedious computations by the use of trigonometric formulas, sometimes called Werner s formulas. ref Howard Eves, An Introduction to the History of Mathematics , Sixth Edition, p. 309, Thompson, 1990, ISBN 978 0030295584. ref Astronomy In 1500 he observed a comet , and kept observations of its movements from June 1 until the 24th. This work further developed the suggestion of Regiomontanus that the occurrences of eclipse s and cometary orbits could be used to find longitude , giving a practical approach for this method by means of the cross staff. The approach did not actually solve the problem as the instrument was not sufficiently accurate. His trepidations method to describe precession of the equinoxes De motu octau Sph r was posthumously challenged in 1524 by Nicolaus Copernicus in The Letter against Werner . ref Edward Rosen , Three Copernican Treatises The Commentariolus of Copernicus, The Letter against Werner , The Narratio Prima of Rheticus , Columbia University Press, 1939 ref Geography He is most noted for his work, In Hoc Opere Haec Continentur Nova Translatio Primi Libri Geographicae Cl Ptolomaei , written in 1514, a translation of the work Geographia Ptolemy , written by Ptolemy . He refined and promoted the Werner map projection , a cordiform heart shape projection map that had been developed by Johannes Stabius Stab of Vienna around 150 ... more details
he spent two years with Copernicus. It is unknown whether he had prior access to Copernicus Commentariolus ... in Edward Rosen , Three Copernican Treatises The Commentariolus of Copernicus The Letter against Werner ... more details
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