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Encyclopedia results for Compton Gamma Ray Observatory

Compton Gamma Ray Observatory





Encyclopedia results for Compton Gamma Ray Observatory

  1. Compton Gamma Ray Observatory

    Infobox Space Telescope name Compton Gamma Ray Observatory background subheadings background colour don ... NASA Compton Gamma Ray Observatory as of stats ref The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory CGRO was a space ... rays within a time interval ranging from 0.1 s up to about 100 s. Image STS 37 Compton Gamma Ray Observatory deployment.jpg thumb right 230px The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory during deployment from ... thumb right The Moon as seen by the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, in gamma rays of greater than ... and application to Compton Gamma Ray Observatory work publisher Mission Operations Directorate ... Compton Gamma Ray Observatory site http heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov docs cgro images epo gallery cgro NASA CGRO images GSFC Space observatories Category Compton Gamma Ray Observatory Category 1991 in spaceflight ... ca Observatori de raigs gamma Compton cs Comptonova gama observato de Compton Gamma Ray Observatory es Observatorio de rayos gamma Compton eu Compton Gamma Izpien Behategia fr Compton Gamma Ray Observatory it Compton Gamma Ray Observatory hu Compton rt vcs ja no Compton Gamma Ray Observatory pl Teleskop kosmiczny Comptona pt Observat rio de raios Gama Compton ru ... cgro epo brochures compton bro5.html title Gamma Ray Astronomy in the Compton Era The Instruments accessdate 2007 12 07 work Gamma Ray Astronomy in the Compton Era publisher NASA GSFC ref It was deployed ... instrument 4 name Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope EGRET instrument 4 characteristics ... s Great Observatories series, with the Hubble Space Telescope , the Chandra X ray Observatory ..., for work involved with gamma ray physics. CGRO was built by TRW now Northrop Grumman Aerospace ... , BATSE by NASA s Marshall Space Flight Center searched the sky for gamma ray burst s 20 to 600 ... photomultiplier tube s, operated as a Phoswich Detector phoswich i.e., particle and gamma ray events ... a gamma ray source observation, one detector would take observations of the source, while the other ...   more details



  1. Gamma ray

    File Moon gamma rays egret instrument cgro.jpg thumb right The Moon as seen by the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory , in gamma rays of greater than 20 MeV. These are produced by cosmic ray bombardment ... as the Compton Observatory provide our only view of the gamma spectrum sky. Gamma induced molecular ... Decay.svg 240px thumb Illustration of an emission of a gamma ray &gamma from an atomic nucleus Gamma ... strike s and terrestrial gamma ray flash es, which produce high energy emissions from natural high ... ray source to be discovered historically was the radioactive decay process called gamma decay. In this type of decay, an excited nucleus emits a gamma ray almost immediately upon formation. Isomeric .....898A issue 2 ref Nuclear physics The distinction between X ray s and gamma rays has changed in recent ..., as well as far higher energies, the wavelengths characteristic of radioactive gamma ray sources vs ... X ray s are emitted by definition by electron s outside the nucleus, while gamma rays are emitted ... duration gamma ray burst s, which produce gamma rays by a mechanism not compatible with radioactive ... common gamma ray emitting isotopes used in diagnostic nuclear medicine , technetium 99m , produces gamma radiation of the same energy 140 keV as that produced by diagnostic X ray machines, but of significantly ... detectors.html title Gamma Ray Telescopes & Detectors publisher NASA GSFC date accessdate 2011 11 22 ... SN 1987A , which emits an afterglow of gamma ray photons from the decay of newly made radioactive ... literature tends to write gamma ray with a hyphen, by analogy to X rays, rather than in a way ... ray. For this reason, a lead shield is only modestly better 20 30 better as a gamma shield ... is used for shielding in portable gamma ray sources, but again the savings in weight over lead ... energy transfer mechanism for X ray and gamma ray photons with energies below 50 keV ... energy. Compton scattering is thought to be the principal absorption mechanism for gamma rays in the intermediate ...   more details



  1. Gamma-ray astronomy

    program in 1977, NASA announced plans to build a great observatory for gamma ray astronomy. The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory CGRO was designed to take advantage of the major advances in detector technology ... The space borne INTEGRAL observatory http swift.gsfc.nasa.gov NASA s Swift gamma ray burst .... Gamma ray astronomy is the astronomy astronomical study of the cosmos with gamma rays . Gamma .... For example, supernova SN 1987A emitted an afterglow of gamma ray photons from the decay of newly ... of gamma rays . Astronomical literature tends to hyphenate gamma ray by analogy with the term X ray. Image Cartoon CGRO.jpg thumb Compton Gamma Ray Observatory . Early history Long before experiments could detect gamma ray s emitted by cosmic sources, scientists had known that the universe should ... content 3064g7043r2t77k5 title On gamma ray astronomy journal Il Nuovo Cimento 1955 ... which were occurring in the universe would result in gamma ray emission. These processes included cosmic ... by the Earth s atmosphere, so gamma ray astronomy could not develop until it was possible ... cosmic gamma ray photons. They appeared to come from all directions in the Universe, implying some sort of uniform gamma ray background . Such a background would be expected from the interaction of cosmic ... gamma ray sources were solar flares, which revealed the strong 2.223 MeV line predicted by Morrison ... process. These first gamma ray line observations were from OSO 3 , OSO 7 , and the Solar Maximum ... science know l1 history gamma.html title The History of Gamma ray Astronomy accessdate 2010 11 14 ref Significant gamma ray emission from our galaxy was first detected in 1967 ref cite web url http www.scienceclarified.com Ga He Gamma Ray.html title Gamma ray accessdate 2010 11 14 work Science Clarified ... gamma rays. However, the field of gamma ray astronomy took great leaps forward with the Second Small ... . They confirmed the earlier findings of the gamma ray background, produced the first detailed map ...   more details



  1. Gamma ray (disambiguation)

    Gamma ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation. Gamma Ray may also refer to Gamma Ray band , power metal band Gamma Ray song , Beck single dab nl Gamma ray ...   more details



  1. Gamma-ray burst

    launch of the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory and its Burst and Transient Source Explorer CGRO Instruments BATSE instrument, an extremely sensitive gamma ray detector. This instrument provided crucial ...Image Gamma ray burst.jpg thumb 300px Artist s illustration showing the life of a star Massive stars ..., energy may be released during the collapse along the axis of rotation to form a gamma ray burst. Gamma ray bursts GRBs are flashes of gamma ray s associated with extremely energetic explosions ... Way. It has been hypothesized that a gamma ray burst in the Milky Way, pointing directly towards ... of gamma ray burst research Gamma ray bursts were first observed in the late 1960s by the U.S. Vela ... team continued to find inexplicable gamma ray bursts in their data. By analyzing the different ... Ray Bursts of Cosmic Origin . ref cite journal bibcode 1973ApJ...182L..85K title Observations of Gamma ... left 250px Positions on the sky of all gamma ray bursts detected during the BATSE mission. The distribution ... of GRBs provided strong evidence that gamma ray bursts must come from beyond the Milky Way. ref VedrenneAtteia ... ray burst progenitors Magnetar giant flares giant flare , more related to soft gamma repeater SGR flares than true gamma ray bursts. ref and in a few cases particularly well localized bursts those ... gamma ray bursts would require both new satellites and faster communication. ref name CFishman Image ... accurate positions of gamma ray bursts, allowing follow up observations and identification of the sources. Afterglow Several models for the origin of gamma ray bursts postulated ref Pac93 Paczynski ... burst. The breakthrough came in February 1997 when the satellite BeppoSAX detected a gamma ray burst ... thumb NASA s Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission Swift Spacecraft launched in November 2004 BeppoSAX functioned ... of gamma ray bursts motivated the development of a number of additional instruments designed specifically ... successful space missions to date, Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission Swift , was launched in 2004 ...   more details



  1. Terrestrial gamma-ray flash

    ref Discovery Terrestrial gamma ray flashes were first discovered in 1994 by BATSE , or Burst and Transient Source Experiment, on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory , a NASA spacecraft Fishman et al. 1994 ... 2005JD006987.shtml Terrestrial Gamma Ray Flashes Observed Aboard Compton Gamma Ray Observatory Burst ...Image Tgf.jpg thumb right Artist s conception of gamma ray flash and related phenomena. Credit NASA Terrestrial gamma ray flashes TGFs are bursts of gamma rays in the Earth s atmosphere. TGFs have been ... and electrons produced by terrestrial gamma ray flashes. ref http www.bbc.co.uk news science environment ... by such electron positron beams, but such events are very unusual. See also Gamma ray bursts ... Barrington Leigh AGU2001poster.pdf Terrestrial Gamma ray Flashes after CGRO prospects for HESSI ... and implications of the relationship between lightning and terrestrial gamma ray flashes , Geophys ... simulations of runaway breakdown and terrestrial gamma ray flash observations , Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, CiteID L22804 Dwyer, J. R. 2008 , Source mechanisms of terrestrial gamma ray flashes, J. Geophys ... cgi content abstract sci 264 5163 1313 Discovery of intense gamma ray flashes of atmospheric ... www.agu.org pubs crossref 2005 2005GL023702.shtml Production of terrestrial gamma ray flashes by an electromagnetic ... 2006GL027085.shtml Terrestrial gamma ray flashes and lightning discharges , Geophys. Res. Lett., 33 ...?id dn7025 Earth creates powerful gamma ray flashes . http www.newscientis.com New Scientist . Smith ... content abstract sci 307 5712 1085 Terrestrial gamma ray flashes observed up to 20 MeV , Science , 307 ... observations of terrestrial gamma ray flashes reveal surprising features of mysterious blasts ... Atmosphere de Terrestrischer Gammablitz eo Tera gamo radia ekbrilo it Terrestrial Gamma Ray Flash ... years 76 , due to its having been constructed to study gamma rays from outer space, which last much ... number of TGFs may be generated at altitudes too low for the gamma rays to escape the atmosphere ...   more details



  1. Book:Gamma-Ray Bursts

    saved book title Gamma Ray Bursts subtitle cover image GRB080319B illustration NASA.jpg cover color black Gamma Ray Bursts Overview Gamma ray astronomy Gamma ray burst Gamma ray burst emission mechanisms Gamma ray burst progenitors Gamma ray generation Soft gamma repeater History of gamma ray burst research Individual bursts List of gamma ray bursts GRB 970228 GRB 970402 GRB 970508 GRB 971214 GRB 980425 GRB 990123 Beethoven Burst GRB 991216 GRB 991216 GRB 000131 GRB 011211 GRB 020813 GRB 030329 GRB 031203 GRB 050509B GRB 050709 GRB 050904 GRB 051221A GRB 060218 GRB 060614 GRB 070125 GRB 070714B GRB 080319B GRB 080913 GRB 080916C GRB 090423 GRB 100621A Soft gamma repeaters SGR 0501 4516 SGR J1550 5418 SGR 1627 41 SGR 1806 20 SGR 1900 14 Miscellany Gamma ray Burst Coordinates Network InterPlanetary Network Category Wikipedia books on astronomy Gamma Ray Bursts ...   more details



  1. Cosmic-ray observatory

    File Shower detection.png 400px right A cosmic ray observatory is a scientific installation built to detect high energy particles coming from space called cosmic ray s. This typically includes photons ... Schwarschild Mirror Systems For Use at Glancing Incidence for X ray Imaging author Wolter, H. journal Ann. Physik volume 10 pages 286 year 1952 ref although some cosmic ray observatories also look for high energy gamma rays and x rays. Ultra high energy cosmic ray s UHEC pose further detection ... ray Air shower physics air shower . Methods of detection for Gamma rays. ref name gsgamma http imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov docs science how l2 gamma detectors.html GSFC Gamma Ray Telescopes & Detectors ref Scintillation Detectors Solid State Detectors Compton Scattering Pair Telescopes Air Cerenkov Detectors For example, while a visible light photon may have an energy of a few eV, a cosmic gamma ray may exceed a TeV 1,000,000,000,000 eV . ref name gsgamma Sometimes cosmic gamma rays photons are not grouped ..., but are not limited to Ground Experiment ALBORZ Observatory CHICOS GAMMA High Resolution Fly s Eye Cosmic Ray Detector MAGIC telescope MARIACHI Pierre Auger Observatory Telescope Array Project ... on Long Island, USA. GRAPES 3 Gamma Ray Astronomy PeV EnergieS 3rd establishment is a project for cosmic ... with MARIACHI . See also Extragalactic cosmic ray Category Gamma ray telescopes Gamma ray telescopes Alphabetic list Gamma ray astronomy & X ray astronomy X rays from lightning References reflist ... M ller tube , designed by Dr. George Ludwig of Iowa s Cosmic Ray Laboratory, detected cosmic ray ... the instrument was Saturated absorption saturated ref name cosmic ray detector cite web url http nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov nmc experimentDisplay.do?id 1958 001A 01 title Cosmic Ray Detector accessdate 2008 ... cosmic ray count approximately thirty counts per second but sometimes it would show a peculiar ... between flashes seen by astronauts in space and cosmic rays, the cosmic ray visual phenomena . ref ...   more details



  1. Formation evaluation gamma ray

    The formation evaluation gamma ray log is a record of the variation with depth of the natural radioactivity ... wells are useful because shale s and sandstone s typically have different gamma ray levels. Shales and clay s are responsible for most natural radioactivity, so gamma ray log often is a good indicator ... gamma ray radiation is one form of spontaneous radiation emitted by unstable nuclei. Gamma &gamma ... radioactivity in rocks image PTK gamma ray spectra 1.png thumb Fig1 Gamma ray Spectra Isotopes naturally ... sup years, which emits 0 &alpha , 1 &beta , and 1 &gamma ray Thorium sup 232 sup Th with half life of 1.4 x 10 sup 10 sup years, which emits 7 &alpha , 5 &beta , and numerous &gamma ray with different ... &beta , and numerous &gamma ray with different energies Each of these elements emits gamma rays with distinctive energy. Figure 1 shows the energies of emitted gamma ray from the three main isotopes. Potassium 40 decays directly to stable argon 40 with the emission of 1.46 MeV gamma ray. Uranium 238 ... isotope. The spectrum of the gamma rays emitted by these two isotopes consists of gamma ray of many ... and igneous rocks, sands containing volcanic ash, and clays. Gamma ray measurement has the following applications Well to well correlation gamma ray log fluctuates with changes in formation mineralogy. As such, gamma ray logs from different wells within the same field or region can be very ... Gamma ray tools is typically run in every logging tools runs in a well. Being a common measurement, logging data can be put on depth with each other by correlating the gamma ray feature of each ... concentration in shales than in other sedimentary lithologies, the total gamma ray measurement is frequently ... are present in the sand. Interpretation Gamma ray detected by Gamma ray detector in an oil or gas wells ... sections, resulting in an increase in gamma ray activity. Tubing, Casing, etc. Their effect depend ... and thickness Bed Thickness Gamma ray reading does not reflect the true value in a bed with a thickness ...   more details



  1. List of gamma-ray bursts

    The following is a list of significant gamma ray burst s GRBs listed in chronological order. GRBs are named ... GRB detected GRB 790305b The first observed Gamma ray burst progenitors Magnetar giant flares SGR ... detected by the Chandra X ray Observatory ref cite web url http imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov docs features ... thoroughly studied afterglow to date. GRB 050509B z    0.225 Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission Swift ... counterpart. GRB 050724 z    0.258 ref group Ref Berger Berger 2005 ref Swift Gamma Ray ... Ref Mirabal Mirabal 2006 ref Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission Swift First GRB with an accompanying supernova ... br Decl.  DEC 53 02 02 z    0.125 Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission Swift Either a long duration ... long lasting gamma ray emission. GRB 080319B z    0.937 Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission ... the brightest optical afterglow of any gamma ray burst. GRB 080916C z    4.35 ref group Ref Greiner Greiner 2009 ref Fermi Gamma ray Space Telescope Fermi The most energetic gamma ray burst observed ... 18 08 58.9 z    8.2 Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission Swift Current record holder for most distant ....   44 36 01.1 0.33 Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission Swift 28 minutes duration. Also known as the Christmas ... 1 5 5 0 file 8.pdf The Incredible Gamma Ray Burst of 2008 922  KB , T. Dockweiler , Science Newsletter ... , http www.ing.iac.es PR newsletter news2 gamma.html Gamma Ray Burst Afterglows Surprises from ... of a Classical Gamma Ray Burst and its Afterglow , A. Connors, G. J. Hueter , 9 Jun 1998 doi 10.1086 ... Gamma Ray Bursts and Hypernovae Conclusively Linked , Jun 22, 2003 . Retrieved 2009 11 November. ref ... article dn7989 blazing gammaray burst is most distant ever.html Blazing gamma ray burst is most ...?fobjectid 24887 Yet another record Ulysses detects most distant gamma ray burst , 19 Oct 2000 . Retrieved ... Hunting Gamma Ray Bursts in the Lyman Forest GRB 000131 at z 4.50 , Michael I. Andersen, Jens Hjorth ... of the region of the Gamma ray burst GRB 970402 url http www.asdc.asi.it bepposax first grb970402.html ...   more details



  1. Gamma ray logging

    open hole petrophysics gamma ray gamma ray tools.aspx GR Logging Tools by Schlumberger for the Oil and Gas ... gamma ray gamma radiation . In particular, shale s usually emit more gamma rays than other sedimentary .... A common gamma ray log records the total radiation, and cannot distinguish between the radioactive elements, while a spectral gamma ray log see below can. For standard GR logs the value measured is calculated ... to appear shaley. Spectral Gamma ray is used to provide an individual reading for each element ... this is the case, spectral gamma ray logging can be done to identify these anomalies. Spectral logging ... gamma ray line that is associated with each component Potassium Gamma ray energy 1.46 MeV Thorium series Gamma ray energy 2.62 MeV Uranium Radium series Gamma ray energy 1.76 MeV Another example of the use of spectral gamma ray logs is to identify specific clay types, like Kaolinite or Illite ... rock. Use in mineral exploration Gamma ray logs are also used in mineral exploration, especially exploration for phosphates, uranium , and potassium salts. References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Gamma Ray Logging ...original research date December 2010 refimprove date October 2011 Well logging Image Gama Ray Log.GIF thumb right Example gamma ray log. Blue and black lines indicate the measured gamma rays. Sand section of interest is located at bottom of log where the log moves to the left. Gamma ray logging is a method of measuring naturally occurring gamma radiation to characterize the rock or sediment in a borehole ... and sandstones carbonate rocks allows the gamma tool to distinguish between shales and non shales. The gamma ray log, like other types of well logging , is done simply by lowering an instrument down the hole and recording gamma radiation variation with depth. In the United States , the device most commonly records measurements at 1 2 foot intervals. Gamma radiation is usually recorded in API unit s, a measurement originated by the petroleum industry. Gamma logs are affected by the diameter of the borehole ...   more details



  1. AGATA (gamma-ray detector)

    is 4 gamma ray detector which is a combination of several Germanium detectors Ge detector . It is a major instrument to study nuclear structure ray tracking by measuring the radiation . AGATA ... charged particles or neutron . Gamma Ray Tracking Correlating and constructing the multiple interactions of a single ray in a segmented detector is the main technique of ray tracking. The new generation ... and weight the field resolution. Gamma Ray Path Reconstructing Algorithm Reconstructing the path of the ray interaction is one of the main problems of the ray tracking. There are several proposed methods for constructing the path of the ray and two of them are dominating the back tracking ... ref A dvance GA mma T racking A rray AGATA is a highly developed detector system to track the gamma ray . It is a European collaboration project funded by twelve countries in Europe . The project ... power of ray spectroscopy. The tracks of the rays in the Ge detector can be constructed in 3D ... to know the position of the ray interaction inside the detector with high accuracy 1 2  mm ... in the detector signal we can more accurately localize the ray interaction than is possible by the geometry of the segments. A photoelectron or Compton electron generates electrons and holes which ... are digitized with the analog to digital converter ADC . The ray tracking system required a compact ... the pulse shape of the ray which contains the information about the three dimensional position .... This is done experimentally using tightly collimated ray sources with an external collimated detector for the Compton scattered coincidence. The conductivity of the Ge detector influences the magnitude ... of the ray one needs to consider the shapes of the induced real and mirror signals. The electrodes .... The influence of the initial momentum of the Compton scattering on the reconstruction results are need to be investigated. AGATA is the most efficient ray tracking array ever developed and position ...   more details



  1. Gamma Ray (song)

    Infobox single Name Gamma Ray Cover Gamma Ray Beck.jpg Artist Beck Album Modern Guilt A side B side Bonfire Blondes Gamma Ray Jay Reatard Version Released 11 August 2008 ref cite web url http www.whiskeyclone.net disco releaseinfo.php?discoID 316 7 title Disco Quebrado Beck Discography Gamma Ray publisher Whiskeyclone.net date 2008 08 11 accessdate 2010 09 21 ref br 30 September 2008 Music download Digital Download ref cite web url http www.amazon.com dp B001GPV7A0 title Bonfire Blondes Beck MP3 Downloads publisher Amazon.com date accessdate 2010 09 21 ref ref cite web url http www.amazon.com dp B001GPV77S title Gamma Ray Beck MP3 Downloads publisher Amazon.com date accessdate 2010 09 21 ref Format Music download Digital Download 7 Vinyl CD Genre Indie rock , garage rock Length 2 58 Label XL Recordings Writer Beck Producer Audio sample? Certification Last single Chemtrails song Chemtrails br 2008 This single Gamma Ray br 2008 Next single Youthless br 2008 Misc Extra album cover Upper caption Alternative covers Type single Cover Gamma Ray JR Verison.JPG Lower caption Cover for the A version Extra album cover Cover Gamma Ray BB Verison.JPG Lower caption Cover for the B version Gamma Ray is a song by Beck . It is seemingly inspired by the surf rock songs of the 1960s, but with ghostly ... MZStore.woa wa viewAlbum?id 291699706&s 143441 title Gamma Ray Jay Reatard Version Single by Beck Download Gamma Ray Jay Reatard Version Single on iTunes publisher Phobos.apple.com date 2008 09 30 ... Reatard publisher Insound.com date accessdate 2010 09 21 ref Gamma Ray 2 58 Gamma Ray 2 59 cover by Jay Reatard B ref cite web url http www.insound.com Beck Gamma Ray bw Bonfire Blondes 7inch productmain p INS50695 title Beck Gamma Ray b& 124 w Bonfire Blondes 7 publisher Insound.com date accessdate 2010 09 21 ref Gamma Ray 2 58 Bonfire Blondes 2 25 Music video The 1st version of the music video ... with an afro. References references External links youtube Z25 T wkAV4 Gamma Ray Official music ...   more details



  1. Ultrahigh energy gamma-ray

    title BL Lac A new ultrahigh energy gamma ray source journal Astronomy Reports publisher Springer ... March 1998 title Blazar 3C 66A Another extragalactic source of ultra high energy gamma ray photons ... 26 November 2011 ref Markarian 501 has so far produced the highest measured energy for a gamma ray of 16 ... creates a beam of several 10 sup 17 sup eV gamma ray photons heading in the same direction as the original UHE photon. This beam is less than 0.1  m wide when it strikes the atmosphere. These gamma ... certainly produce gamma rays as well, as the cosmic ray particles interact with nuclei or electrons ... The ratio of primary cosmic ray hadron s to gamma rays also gives a clue as to the origin of cosmic rays. Although gamma rays could be produced near the source of cosmic rays, they could also be produced ... of gamma rays compared to cosmic rays above 10EeV was under 2 as measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory . ref name Dar References reflist Category Gamma rays ... can be detected for gamma rays above 100  Tev. Water scintillation detectors or dense ... of elementary particles made by gamma rays can also be distinguished from those produced by cosmic ... Phenomena In The Universe pages 3 4 accessdate 3 December 2011 ref Ultra high energy gamma rays interact ... Ultrahigh energy gamma rays are of importance because they may reveal the source of cosmic rays. They travel ... title Ultra High Energy Gamma Rays in Geomagnetic Field and Atmosphere last Vankov first H. P. coauthors ...   more details



  1. Gamma Ray (band)

    Refimprove date January 2008 br Infobox musical artist name Gamma Ray image Gamma Ray band .jpg caption Gamma Ray after a show in Barcelona, Spain. image size 250 background group or band landscape Yes ... Jan Rubach br Thomas Nack Gamma Ray is a heavy metal music heavy metal band from Hamburg , northern ... . Hansen is the current lead vocalist, guitarist as well as the chief songwriter of Gamma Ray ... Wessel on bass and Mathias Burchardt on drums. This was the first line up of Gamma Ray, bearing ... house in Denmark . With some brand new songs written, Gamma Ray entered the studio under the supervision of producer Tommy Newton and recorded their second album Sigh No More Gamma Ray album Sigh No More ... worldwide tour followed. After the Japanese tour at the beginning of 1991, Gamma Ray underwent another ... for Tomorrow than Sigh No More . In September 1993 Gamma Ray, along with Rage band Rage , Helicon band ... More changes in the lineup were to follow for Gamma Ray. Vocalist Ralf Scheepers, who lived far away ... countries. After two years of touring came the album Power Plant Gamma Ray album Power Plant , which .... For Gamma Ray greatest hits album, Hansen decided to do things differently from the usual compilation ... albums and made remixed versions for the songs on the later ones. Blast from the Past Gamma Ray album ... of the album No World Order Gamma Ray album No World Order , which was stylistically similar to NWOBHM ... Skeletons in the Closet Gamma Ray album Skeletons in the Closet . File Gamma Ray Agglutination 2007.jpg thumb left Gamma Ray in concert in 2007 Kai Hansen and Henjo Richter also participated in Tobias ... s official website. Recent activities In recent years Gamma Ray have made use of touring keyboard ... also plays in a Gamma Ray tribute band named Guardians of Mankind . ref name cover band cite web title ... Ray cite web title Gamma Ray Official Website url http www.gammaray.org tour.html ref Kasperi Heikkinen ... news 134898 title AMBERIAN DAWN Guitarist Kasperi Heikkinen To Assist GAMMA RAY On Upcoming ...   more details



  1. Gamma Ray discography

    Infobox artist discography Artist Gamma Ray band Gamma Ray Image Gamma Ray band .jpg Caption Gamma Ray after a show in Barcelona, Spain Alt Studio 10 Live 4 Compilation 2 Video 3 Music videos 8 Tribute EP 3 Singles 7 B sides Soundtrack The following is a comprehensive discography of Gamma Ray band Gamma Ray , a Germany German power metal band, formed in 1988 in Hamburg , Germany. They have released ...?cat a&search gamma ray title Austria Top 40 Hitparade sterreich publisher austriancharts.at ...?interpret Gamma Ray&titel To The Metal 21&cat a title Gamma Ray To The Metal publisher ultratop.be ...?cat a&search gamma ray title The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community publisher Swisscharts.com ... web url http www.charts.de search.asp?search gamma ray&cat a&country de&x 9&y 5 title Gamma Ray ...?interpret Gamma Ray&titel To The Metal 21&cat a title Gamma Ray To The Metal publisher greekcharts.com ... for Tomorrow 29 31 24 45 1991 Sigh No More Gamma Ray album Sigh No More 12 1993 Insanity and Genius ... Power Plant Gamma Ray album Power Plant 45 32 25 31 51 2001 No World Order Gamma Ray album No World ... Alive 95 1996 Skeletons in the Closet Gamma Ray album Skeletons in the Closet 2003 Hell Yeah The Awesome Foursome 2008 Compilation albums The Karaoke Album 1997 Blast from the Past Gamma Ray album Blast ...?newsid 66576 Gamma Ray Announces Skeletons & Majesties Compilation Release ref Extended plays Heaven ... Live in Montreal 2008 References Reflist 2 Gamma Ray DEFAULTSORT Gamma Ray Discography Category Heavy metal groups discographies Category Gamma Ray albums Category Discographies of German artists ... search.asp?search gamma ray&cat a title Spanish charts portal publisher spanishcharts.com ...?search gamma ray&cat a title Finnish charts portal publisher finnishcharts.com date accessdate 2012 02 17 ref FRA ref cite web author Steffen Hung url http lescharts.com search.asp?search gamma ... SWE ref cite web author Steffen Hung url http swedishcharts.com search.asp?search gamma ray&cat a title ...   more details



  1. Gamma ray spectrometer

    Spectrum.JPG thumb right 250 px Spectrum of sup 60 sup Co, peaks at 1.17 and 1.33 MeV A Gamma Ray ... photon . Gamma ray s are electromagnetic radiation at the short wavelength , or high frequency , end ... and analysis of gamma ray spectra for scientific and technical use is called gamma spectroscopy , and gamma ... that they are typically observed by counting individual photons. Gamma ray spectroscopy Atomic atomic ... gamma ray range 10 MeV to 10 keV so that the terminology used to distinguish X rays from gamma rays ... 10 MeV, gamma ray instruments looking to still higher energies generally observe only continuum ... of investigations have been performed to observe the gamma ray spectra of the Sun and other astronomical source s, both galactic and extra galactic. The Hard X ray Low Energy Gamma ray experiment ... Spectrometer Experiment on CGRO , the C1 germanium Ge gamma ray instrument on HEAO 3 , and the Ge gamma ray spectrometer SPI on the ESA INTEGRAL mission are examples of cosmic spectrometers, while ... have been devoted to solar observations. Planetary gamma ray spectrometers Image Moonthorium med.jpg thumb Source of image data Los Alamos National Laboratory Gamma ray spectrometers have been widely ... The Lunar Prospector Gamma Ray Spectrometer author D. J. Lawrence, W. C. Feldman, B. L. Barraclough ... surface, the Mars experiment used a gamma ray spectrometer and two neutron detectors. GRS ... works Some constructions of scintillation counter s can be used as gamma ray spectrometers. The gamma ... of energy in the form of gamma rays. The gamma ray spectrometer looks at these signatures, or energies ... water, is likely on the Moon. The gamma ray spectrometer used on the Odyssey spacecraft consists of four ... of water to set up a civilization. GRS specifications for the Odyssey mission main Gamma Ray Spectrometer Image Grs draw.jpg right 150px The Gamma Ray Spectrometer weighs 30.5 kilograms 67.2  .... ref cite journal title The Mars Odyssey Gamma Ray Spectrometer Instrument Suite author W.V. Boynton ...   more details



  1. Gamma Ray Spectrometer

    Image Grs draw.jpg thumb right 200px 2001 Mars Odyssey instruments File Grsradiation med.jpg thumb right 200px How GRS collects data from surface Gamma Ray Spectrometer GRS is a gamma ray spectrometer on the 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft, a space probe orbiting the planet Mars since 2001. Part of the United States NASA s Mars Surveyor Program, it returns geological data about Mars surface such as identifying elements and the location of water. It is managed by the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory at the University of Arizona in the United States. GRS specfications The Gamma Ray Spectrometer weighs 30.5 kilograms 67.2  lb and uses 32 watts of power. Along with its cooler, the it measures 468 by 534 by 604  mm 18.4 by 21.0 by 23.8 in . The detector is a photodiode made of a 1.2  kg germanium crystal, reverse biased to about 3 kilovolts, mounted at the end of a six meter boom to minimize interferences from the gamma radiation produced by the spacecraft itself. Its spatial resolution is about 300  km. ref cite journal title The Mars Odyssey Gamma Ray Spectrometer Instrument Suite author W.V. Boynton, W.C. Feldman, I.G. Mitrofanov, L.G. Evans, R.C. Reedy, S.W. Squyres, R. Starr, J.I. Trombka, C. d Uston, J.R. Arnold, P.A.J. Englert, A.E. Metzger, H. W nke, J. Br ckner, D.M. Drake, C. Shinohara, C. Fellows, D.K. Hamara, K. Harshman, K. Kerry, C. Turner, M. Ward1, H. Barthe, K.R. Fuller, S.A. Storms, G.W. Thornton, J.L. Longmire, M.L. Litvak, A.K. Ton chev journal Space Science Reviews volume 110 issue 1 2 doi 10.1023 B SPAC.0000021007.76126.15 year 2004 accessdate 2007 04 22 pages 37 bibcode 2004SSRv..110...37B ref http nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov database MasterCatalog?sc 2001 014A&ex 2 The neutron spectrometer is 173 by 144 by 314  mm 6.8 by 5.7 by 12.4 in . The high energy neutron detector measures 303 by 248 by 242  mm 11.9 by 9.8 by 9.5 in . The instrument s central electronics box is 281 by 243 by 234  mm 11.1 by 9.6 by 9.2 in . References reflist E ...   more details



  1. Chandra X-ray Observatory

    Telescope second the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory , launched in 1991 and last is the Spitzer Space ...Infobox Space Telescope name Chandra X ray Observatory image File Chandra X ray Observatory inside the Space Shuttle payload bay.jpg 250px caption Chandra X ray Observatory and Inertial Upper Stage sit ... NASA , Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory SAO , Chandra X ray Center CXC major contractors TRW , Northrop ... www.nasa.gov centers marshall news background facts cxoquick.html Chandra X ray Observatory Quick ... website http chandra.harvard.edu chandra.harvard.edu as of stats ref The Chandra X ray Observatory .... History In 1976 the Chandra X ray Observatory called AXAF at the time was proposed to NASA by Riccardo ... launched the first imaging X ray telescope, Einstein Observatory Einstein HEAO 2 , into orbit. Work ... at the Chandra X ray Center indicated that the observatory could last at least 15 years. ref http arxiv.org abs astro ph 0402275v1 The Development and Scientific Impact of The Chandra X Ray Observatory ref On 24 July 2008 the International X ray Observatory , a joint project between ESA , NASA and JAXA , was proposed as the next major X ray observatory but has now been cancelled. ref http constellation.gsfc.nasa.gov ... International X ray Observatory ref Challenges 1976 saw Dr. Giacconi and Dr. Tananbaum s proposal to NASA . The next year, NASA took the project, sending a 1.2 meter X ray observatory, into consideration ... lower left in false color as observed through the Chandra X Ray Observatory. File PSR B1509 58 full.jpg ... . Griffiths, et al. , 2000 X ray emission line s were associated for the first time with a gamma ray ... and BeppoSAX suggest that gamma ray bursts occur in star forming region s. Chandra data suggested ... astro ph 0512012 Recent and Future Observations in the X ray and Gamma ray Bands ref The Hand of God ... T, Yoshida A title Observation of X ray lines from a gamma ray burst GRB991216 evidence of moving ... category Chandra X ray Observatory Audio Cain Gay 2010 http www.astronomycast.com missions 192 chandra ...   more details



  1. Gamma-ray burst progenitors

    candidates for a hypernova Gamma ray burst progenitors are the types of celestial objects that can emit gamma ray bursts GRBs . GRBs show an extraordinary degree of diversity. They can last anywhere ..., M. year 1975 title Theories of gamma ray bursts journal Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics ... name hyper cite web url http cerncourier.com cws article cern 28913 title Gamma ray burst supports ... conditions are required for a star to evolve all the way to a gamma ray burst under this theory the star ... so the jets can reach the surface. As a result, gamma ray bursts are far rarer than ordinary core ..., long gamma ray bursts are found without exception in systems with abundant recent star formation, such as in irregular ... 2002 title The Observed Offset Distribution of Gamma Ray Bursts from Their Host Galaxies A Robust ... several observed cases where a supernova has immediately followed a gamma ray burst. While most GRBs ... from the unusual supernova 1998bw and its association with the gamma ray burst of 25 April 1998 ... two nearby long gamma ray bursts journal Nature bibcode 2006Natur.444.1047F doi 10.1038 nature05375 ..., 2006 ref of two nearby long gamma ray bursts that lacked the signature of any type of supernova both ... gamma ray bursts appear to be an exception. Until 2007, only a handful of these events have been ... of Short Hard Gamma Ray Bursts journal Astrophysical Journal volume 641 issue 2 pages 989 doi ... bibcode 2005Sci...309.1833B author Burrows, D. N. et al. year 2005 title Bright X ray Flares in Gamma ... quickly realized to be a separate class of object from normal gamma ray bursts and excluded ... gamma ray bursts ref While still significantly less luminous than normal gamma ray bursts short or long ... and, at this distance, would be difficult to distinguish from other types of short gamma ray burst on the basis of the light curve alone. To date, three gamma ray bursts have been associated with SGR ... ref Diversity in the origin of long GRBs HETE II and Swift observations reveal that long gamma ray ...   more details



  1. Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope

    as seen in high energy gamma rays. The Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope EGRET was one of four instruments outfitted on NASA s Compton Gamma Ray Observatory satellite. Since lower energy gamma rays cannot be accurately detected on Earth s surface, EGRET was built to detect gamma rays while in space. EGRET was created for the purpose of detecting and collecting data on gamma rays ranging in energy ... The Third EGRET Catalog observatory stub Category Gamma ray telescopes Category Compton Gamma Ray Observatory ... Advances in Space Research Results from the Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope EGRET on the Compton ... a process called electron positron pair production as a gamma ray entered the telescope. The calorimeter ... of the Fermi Gamma ray Space Telescope LAT. Design The basic design of EGRET was basically a chamber ... the gamma ray into a way that it could be recorded. The sensor would capture and record the characteristics of the gamma ray. Finally the protective covering would block out any unwanted energy ... such as helium or neon. Finally to record the data from the electron or positron about the gamma ray ... chamber. As the gamma ray travels through the spark chamber, it has of striking one of the metal plates within the spark chamber. Once the gamma ray comes in contact a plate of metal, it initiates the process ... energy level is recorded. With each gamma ray having to pass all of these systems of checks, the results ..., D. J. Morris, and R. Mukherjee. Energetic gamma ray experiment telescope high energy gamma ray ... rays it collected and recorded were done one at a time. From each individual gamma ray that entered EGRET, scientists were able to create a detailed map of the entire high energy gamma ray sky. From ..., D. J. Morris, and R. Mukherjee. Energetic gamma ray experiment telescope high energy gamma ray observations ... rays. The telescope was calibrated to only record gamma rays entering the telescope at certain angles. As these gamma rays entered the telescope, the rays went through the telescopes spark chamber ...   more details



  1. Gamma-ray Burst Coordinates Network

    Image GCN.PNG 300px thumb right Diagram of the Gamma ray burst Coordinates Network. NASA GSFC The Gamma ray burst Coordinates Network GCN is a system that distributes information about the location of a Gamma ray burst GRB , called Notices , when a burst is detected by various spacecraft. The GCN also automatically receives and distributes messages, called Circulars , about follow up observations to interested individuals and institutions. Follow up observations may be made by ground based and space based optical, radio, and X ray observatories. GCN has its origins in the BATSE COordinates DIstribution NEtwork BACODINE . The Burst And Transient Source Experiment BATSE was a scientific instrument on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory CGRO , and BACODINE monitored the BATSE real time telemetry from CGRO. The first function of BACODINE was calculating the right ascension RA and declination dec locations for GRBs that it detected, and distributing those locations to sites around the world in real ... information about the GRB back to the GCN. In the case of Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission Swift , the GRB ... Explorer WMM and SXC INTErnational Gamma Ray Astrophysics Laboratory INTEGRAL InterPlanetary Network IPN Position Notices from WIND Konus and Ulysses probe Ulysses . Rossi X ray Timing Explorer PCA and ASM Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission Swift provides data products not previously available from ... include AGILE spacecraft AGILE and Gamma ray Large Area Space Telescope . External links http gcn.gsfc.nasa.gov GCN Homepage at GSFC Category Gamma ray telescopes Category Gamma ray bursts Category ... starts when gamma rays from a GRB hit a detector on a spacecraft. The spacecraft sends the GRB location ... s. Past spacecraft and instruments that participated in GCN include Array of Low Energy X ray Imaging Sensors ALEXIS , BeppoSAX , the Imaging Compton Telescope COMPTEL on CGRO, and the X Ray Gamma Ray Spectrometer XGRS on NEAR Shoemaker . GCN Circulars The GCN system has the capability to receive ...   more details



  1. International X-ray Observatory

    Infobox Space Telescope name International X ray Observatory background subheadings background colour ... The International X ray Observatory IXO was a planned X ray telescope from about 2008 to 2011 by NASA ... X ray Observatory IXO NASA ref ref name Announcing IXO ESA http sci.esa.int science e www object index.cfm?fobjectid 43185 Announcing the International X ray Observatory IXO ESA ref ref name ... The International X ray Observatory Activity submission in response to the Astro2010 Program Prioritization ... The International X ray Observatory Activity submission in response to the Astro2010 ... 3.pdf Mechanical Overview of the International X Ray Observatory, David W. Robinson, IEEE Aerospace ... press.pdf Design Concept for the International X Ray Observatory Flight Mirror Assembly, Ryan S. McClelland ... resources Published Papers F1580 3.pdf Mechanical Overview of the International X Ray Observatory ... X Ray Observatory, Ralf K. Heilmann et al., Proc. of SPIE Vol. 7437 74370G 8, 2009 ref A fraction of the beam ... 35em External links http ixo.gsfc.nasa.gov NASA International X Ray Observatory Mission Site http sci.esa.int science e www object index.cfm?fobjectid 43968 ESA International X Ray Observatory Mission ... March 2011 DEFAULTSORT International X Ray Observatory Category Space telescopes Category X ray telescopes ... ENergy Astrophysics ru International X ray Observatory ... length deorbit date wavelength X ray mass style diameter area convert 3 m2 sqft focal length ... of exploring a joint mission merging the ongoing XEUS and Constellation X Observatory Constellation ... with IXO X ray observations are crucial for understanding the structure and evolution of the stars , galaxies , and the Universe as a whole. X ray images reveal hot spots in the Universe regions where ... explosions, and intense Gravitation gravitational forces . X ray sources in the sky are also associated ... IXO Science Performance Requirements ref IXO will explore X ray Astronomy X ray Universe and address ...   more details



  1. Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope

    it may be thought of as a sequel to the EGRET instrument on the Compton gamma ray observatory . The GBM ... instrument on NASA s Compton Gamma Ray Observatory satellite in the 1990s. Several countries produced ... Diagram of the GLAST instrument.jpg thumb Artist s conception of Fermi in orbit The Fermi Gamma ray Space Telescope , formerly referred to as the Gamma ray Large Area Space Telescope GLAST , is a space observatory being used to perform gamma ray astronomy observations from low Earth orbit . Its main ...Infobox space telescope name Fermi Gamma ray Space Telescope image File GLAST on the payload attach fitting.jpg ... Area Telescope instrument 2 name GBM instrument 2 characteristics Gamma ray Burst Monitor website ... aboard Fermi, the Gamma ray Burst Monitor GBM formerly GLAST Burst Monitor , is being used to study gamma ray burst s. ref cite web url http www.nasa.gov mission pages GLAST news glast gbm.html title ... Area Telescope LAT and the Gamma ray Burst Monitor GBM . The LAT is an imaging gamma ray detector a pair ... MeV , and can detect gamma ray bursts in that energy range across the whole of the sky not occluded ... the data is also available. GLAST renamed Fermi Gamma ray Space Telescope Fermi gained its new name ... of GLAST s mission and call attention to gamma ray and high energy astronomy... something ... galactic nuclei AGN , pulsars, and supernova remnants SNR . Resolve the gamma ray sky unidentified sources and diffuse emission. Determine the high energy behavior of gamma ray bursts and transients ... ray burst s ref http www.nasa.gov mission pages GLAST science gammay ray bursts.html NASA GLAST Gamma ray Bursts . Nasa.gov 2008 08 28 . Retrieved on 2010 11 16. ref Study gamma ray bursts with an energy ... new data to help improve upon existing theoretical models of our own galaxy. Gamma ray burst progenitors Gamma ray background radiation ref http www.nasa.gov mission pages GLAST science gamma ray background.html NASA The Gamma ray Background . Nasa.gov 2008 08 28 . Retrieved on 2010 11 16. ref Study ...   more details



  1. History of gamma-ray burst research

    of the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory and its Burst and Transient Source Explorer CGRO Instruments BATSE instrument, an extremely sensitive gamma ray detector. This instrument provided crucial data indicating ... observatory capable simultaneously observing objects at gamma ray, X ray, and visible ...Orphan date October 2010 Refimprove date January 2010 The history of gamma ray burst research began with the serendipitous detection of a gamma ray burst GRB on July 2, 1967 by the U.S. Vela satellite ... National Laboratory published the first paper on the subject, Observations of Gamma Ray Bursts of Cosmic .....85K Observations of Gamma Ray Bursts of Cosmic Origin Ray Klebesadel Klebesadel R.W., Strong ... Gamma ray bursts were discovered in the late 1960s by the U.S. Vela satellite Vela nuclear test detection ... were what made the satellites capable of detecting gamma ray bursts. ref name KatzVela Katz Katz ... the instruments on Vela 4, the Los Alamos team expected these new satellites to detect more gamma ray ... team successfully traced sixteen gamma ray bursts. The random distribution of bursts across the sky ... of California Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory published Observations of Gamma Ray Bursts of Cosmic .... ref Hurley Hurley 2003 ref Early research missions Shortly after the discovery of gamma ray bursts ... X ray astronomy . This method would require far more accurate positions of several gamma ray bursts ... by the IPN to accurately determine the position of gamma ray bursts with an accuracy of a few minutes ... the existence of gamma ray bursts, many speculative theories were advanced, most of which posited ... Way galaxy has a very flat structure, if gamma ray bursts were to originate from within the Milky Way ... suggested that the satellite s four protective shields could easily serve as gamma ray burst detectors .... ref Schilling Schilling 2002 , p. 56 ref The goal was for HETE to be able to localize gamma ray bursts ... under which the satellite would be equipped with four gamma ray detectors, an X ray camera, and four ...   more details




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