Refimprove date October 2009 File Compulsory voting.svg thumb 400px Color sample ff5555 Compulsory voting, enforced. br Color sample ffaaaa Compulsory voting, not enforced. br Color sample ff9955 Compulsory voting, enforced only men . br Color sample ffccaa Compulsory voting, not enforced only men . br Color sample ffdd55 Historical the country had compulsory voting in the past. Compulsory voting is a system ... helsinki ws7 Malkopoulou.pdf Compulsory Voting in Greece a history of concepts in motion , p. 4 ref Arguments in favour Compulsory voting ensures a large voter turnout. This means a victorious candidate ... of society that are less active politically. Victorious political leaders of compulsory systems may claim a higher degree of political legitimacy than those of non compulsory systems with lower voter turnout. Another important benefit is that compulsory voting prevents interference with access to the vote ... with compulsory voting generally hold elections on a Saturday or Sunday as evidenced in nations ... to support any given choice, they may cast spoilt vote s or blank vote s. According to compulsory ... process. Compulsory voting may encourage voters to research the candidates political positions more ... or to influence mainstream candidates. Under a non compulsory voting system, if fewer people ... where voting is compulsory reflects more of the will of the people Who do I want to lead ... to cast a vote Do I even want to vote today? . Political scientist Arend Lijphart writes that compulsory ... duties also exist, like paying taxes , attending Compulsory education school and, in some democracies ... and effort than voting does, thus compulsory voting can be seen as constituting a much smaller intrusion ..., Lijphart lists other advantages to compulsory voting. First, the increase in voting participation may ..., compulsory voting acts as a sort of civil education and political stimulation, which creates a better ... , The American Political Science Review 91 1 8 11 ref Arguments against Compulsory voting can be seen ... more details
Compulsory education refers to a period of education that is required of every person. History Antiquity ... the concept of compulsory education in Western intellectual thought, every parent in Judea since ... town and made formal education compulsory from the age of 6 or 7. ref Wikipedia Jewish education Primary schooling ref The Aztec s AD 1325 1521 had one of the first compulsory educational systems. All ... compulsory schooling so that all parishioners would be able to read the Bible themselves, and Strasbourg ... , the Reformation prompted the establishment of the first national compulsory system of education ... of the age meant that in 1661 there was a temporary reversion to the less compulsory 1633 position. However, in 1696 a new Education Act 1696 Act re established the compulsory provision of a school ... and the Eighteenth Century Origins of Compulsory Schooling in Prussia and Austria . p. xiv. ref Prussia can claim the first modern compulsory system that was widely recognised and copied. It was introduced ... and serfs. Modern Era Compulsory school attendance on this model gradually spread to other countries ... until, in 1917, Mississippi was the last state to enact a compulsory attendance law. ref cite web url ... the first compulsory education law in the American colonies in 1647. contradict date November 2011 ... Purify Theocracy in Massachusetts publisher Arlington House Publishers ref Compulsory education ... 06 ref The spread of compulsory attendance in the Massachusetts tradition throughout America, especially ... to adopt a compulsory system was England and Wales , where the Elementary Education Act 1870 Elementary ... that did not have adequate provision. Attendance was made compulsory until age 10 in 1880. Current status by country Some kind of education is compulsory to all people in most countries, but different ... and the proliferation of compulsory education, UNESCO has calculated that in the next 30 years more ... monitored for adherence to national standards. Australia Education is compulsory between ... more details
Compulsory arbitration . In labour economics labor disputes , some law s of some communities force the two sides labor and management , to undergo arbitration . These laws mostly apply when the possibility of a Strike action strike seriously affects the public interest . Some labor contract s make specific provisions for compulsory arbitration should the two sides fail to reach agreement through the regular system of collective bargaining . ref http www.superiorcourt.maricopa.gov SuperiorCourt CivilDepartment Arbitration index.asp Arbitration Guide . The Superior Court of Maricopa. Accessed March 31, 2012. ref Compulsory arbitration in Australia Since 1906 the Commonwealth of Australia has enforced a system of compulsory arbitration between employers and employees. This statutory system of arbitration, the Industrial Relations Court or Commission, and the Harvester Judgment Harvester court case underpin the Australian industrial relations system. This system has been weakened since 1983, and the former Liberal Party of Australia Liberal Party government, led by John Howard sought to further weaken or abolish it through WorkChoices . ref http www.britannica.com EBchecked topic 432094 organized labour 66938 Compulsory arbitration and union growth in Australasia Organized Labor in Australia . Britannica Online. Accessed March 31, 2012. ref The current Labor government, led by Julia Gillard , and previously Kevin Rudd , has not sought to re establish compulsory arbitration, instead seeking to streamline and modernize Australia s industrial relations regime through other means. citation needed date March 2012 References references See also Trade union DEFAULTSORT Compulsory Arbitration Category Australian labour law Category Labour relations Law term stub NO Tvungen l nnsnemd ... more details
, Rich examines the forces that have allowed compulsory heterosexuality to grow. Factors Compulsive ... of Working Women A Case of Sex Discrimination to illustrate compulsory heterosexuality in the workplace ... in the workplace as a significant influence in society s compulsory heterosexuality. The heterosexual ... themselves as sexual prey that influences compulsory heterosexuality, but women s acceptance of the male ..., and popular songs. Consequently, compulsory heterosexuality reinforces these standards of abuse, Rich claims. Compulsory heterosexuality in relation to lesbianism The concept of compulsory heterosexuality ... lesbianism . Compulsory heterosexuality as a means of assuring male right of physical, economics, and emotional .... Rich suggests the lie of compulsory female sexuality female heterosexuality today afflicts not just ... that counteracts compulsory heterosexuality in that it encourages female relationships, regardless ... more details
Infobox Film name The Compulsory Wife image image size caption director Arthur B. Woods producer Irving Asher writer John Dighton br Reginald Purdell starring Henry Kendall actor Henry Kendall br Joyce Kirby music cinematography Basil Emmott editing distributor Warner Bros. Warner Brothers First National First National Productions released March 1937 runtime 57 minutes country FilmUK language English The Compulsory Wife is a 1937 British comedy film, directed by Arthur B. Woods and starring Henry Kendall actor Henry Kendall and Joyce Kirby . The film was a quota quickie production with a plot dealing with the farcical complications arising when a pair of strangers have to spend a night alone together in a country cottage when their hosts are detained in town. Overnight all their luggage is stolen by a burglar, leaving them with nothing but their nightclothes. Then the next morning their hosts and the other guests start arriving. It is now classed as a lost film . ref http www.britishpictures.com articles missing.htm Missing Believed Lost British Pictures Article Archive. ref Cast Henry Kendall actor Henry Kendall as Rupert Sinclair Joyce Kirby as Bobbie Carr George Merritt actor George Merritt as Thackeray Margaret Yarde as Mrs. Thackeray Robert Hale as Craven Agnes Lauchlan as Mrs. Craven References reflist External links imdb title 0028734 The Compulsory Wife http ftvdb.bfi.org.uk sift title 29835 The Compulsory Wife at BFI Film & TV Database Arthur B. Woods DEFAULTSORT Compulsory Wife, The Category British films Category 1937 films Category 1930s comedy films Category Films directed by Arthur B. Woods Category Lost films Category Black and white films ... more details
File Bundesarchiv Bild 183 K1217 0035, Sonja Morgenstern.jpg thumb right Sonja Morgenstern skates a compulsory figure Compulsory figures or school figures were formerly an aspect of the sport of figure ... was the original focus of the sport . The patterns of compulsory figures all derive from the basic figure ... Moves in the field MIF discipline of figure skating. Compulsory figures in competition Up until 1947 ... the weight of compulsory figures began when the Olympic Games and other skating competitions began to be widely shown on television . Television coverage posed major problems to the compulsory ... who excelled at compulsory figures often were not the most talented at free skating, but at times ... little or no knowledge of or interest in the compulsory figures. To address this, and to put more emphasis ... on the effect of the elimination of figures. From the 1973 to 1975 seasons, the weights of compulsory ..., this changed to 30 , 20 , and 50 and then to 20 , 30 , and 50 in the 1989 and 1990 seasons. Compulsory ... higher quality of basic skating technique. ref name gs020203 Today, compulsory figures are no longer ... multiple levels of proficiency. Compulsory figures also remain a part of artistic roller skating . Compulsory figure terminology Figures are composed of either two or three circular lobes. The simplest ... of compulsory figures is sometimes referred to as patch because each skater is assigned a defined area or patch of ice on which to skate. Classification of compulsory figures Figures were formerly ... shops, and also directly from the ISI. Judging of compulsory figures The criteria that are used to judge ... of the circles to check their sizes. Equipment for compulsory figures Somewhat paradoxically, compulsory ... accidental flats caused by touchdown of the other edge. Blades for compulsory figures don t need the large toe picks necessary for jumping, so blades made specifically for skating compulsory figures ... blades this helps the skater avoid accidentally dragging the toe picks on the ice. Compulsory figures ... more details
A compulsory license, also known as statutory license or mandatory collective management , provides that the owner ... 2009 In a number of countries copyright law provides for compulsory licenses of copyrighted works for specific ... compulsory license are specified by local law, but may also be subject to negotiation. Compulsory licensing may be established through negotiating licenses that provide terms within the parameters of the compulsory ... gbs navlinks s isbn 9789280512717 ref Essentially compulsory licensing provide that copyright owners ... Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works provide the legal basis for compulsory ... through compulsory licensing. The Berne Convention states that member states are free to determine ... provide for the minimum requirements to be set when compulsory licenses are applied, such as that they must ... gbs navlinks s isbn 978 90 411 2724 2 ref United States There are several different compulsory license ... digital audio transmission such as Internet radio . ref USCSub 17 114 d 1 ref The compulsory license ... 115 a 1 ref There is no requirement that the new recording be identical to the previous work, as the compulsory ... of the work. ref USCSub 17 115 a 2 ref In order to take advantage of this compulsory license ... owner. This royalty is set by three copyright royalty judges. ref USCSub 17 115 c ref Though the compulsory ... of compulsory licenses in a variety of situations. The Paris Convention of 1883 provides that each contracting State may take legislative measures for the grant of compulsory licenses. Article ... measures providing for the grant of compulsory licenses to prevent the abuses which might result ... Johns, the idea of compulsory licensing seems to have originated as a serious proposition in the 1830s ... 2012, India granted its first compulsory license ever. The license was granted to Indian generic ... 12 india grants first compulsory licence for bayer cancer drug title India Grants First Compulsory ... sets out specific provisions that shall be followed if a compulsory license is issued, and the requirements ... more details
italic title The Compulsory Husband is a 1930 Cinema of the United Kingdom British comedy film directed by Monty Banks and starring Banks, Lillian Manton and Clifford Heatherley . ref http ftvdb.bfi.org.uk sift title 29833 ref It was based on a novel by John Glyder . Cast Monty Banks Monty Lillian Manton Joy Clifford Heatherley Mr Pilluski Gladys Frazin Mrs Pilluski Trilby Clark Gilda Reginald Fox Father Janet Alexander Mother Michael Powell film director Michael Powell Man References references External links imdb title 0020782 CinemaoftheUK Monty Banks DEFAULTSORT Compulsory Husband Category 1930 films Category British comedy films Category 1930s comedy films Category Elstree Studios films Category English language films Category Films directed by Monty Banks Category Films based on novels 1930s UK film stub ... more details
Compulsory prosecution is an aspect of certain justice systems in which the prosecutor is required to press charges when he has sufficient evidence to support a conviction. This system is used in Germany. ref citation volume 41 publisher U. Chi. L. Rev. pages 468 date 1973 1974 title The Rule of Compulsory Prosecution and the Scope of Prosecutorial Discretion in Germany author Herrmann, Joachim url http heinonlinebackup.com hol cgi bin get pdf.cgi?handle hein.journals uclr41§ion 33 ref It also has been required by the Constitution of Italy since 1948. ref citation url http www.informaworld.com smpp content content a787785358&db all title The judiciary in the Italian political crisis author Carlo Guarnieri doi 10.1080 01402389708425179 publisher West European Politics volume 20 issue 1 date January 1997 pages 157 175 ref The lack of such a requirement in the United States tends to encourage plea bargaining in the United States plea bargaining . ref citation title The Entrenched Position of Plea Bargaining in United States Legal Practice author JE Ross publisher The American Journal of Comparative Law year 2006 jstor 20454559 ref References reflist Category Prosecution ... more details
Compulsory dances , now called pattern dance in ice dancing, are a part of ice dancing and artistic roller skating in which all the couples perform the same standardized steps and holds to music of a specified tempo. One or more compulsory dances were usually skated as the first phase of ice dancing figure skating competition competitions . The 2009 10 season was the final season in which the segment was competed in ISU junior and senior level competition. ref http www.ice dance.com news a articles articles 824 isu congress news ISU Congress News ref In June 2010, the International Skating Union replaced the name compulsory dance with pattern dance for ice dancing, ref ISU Communication 1621 , International Skating Union, http isu.sportcentric.net db files serve.php?id 1893 accessed July 19, 2011 . ref and merged it into the short dance beginning in the 2010 2011 figure skating season . Compulsory dances are also popular as a form of recreational or social dance among skaters. The patterns for most dances either cover one half or one full circuit of the rink. The International Skating Union ISU and the F d ration Internationale de Roller Sports FIRS publish the step diagrams and descriptions of the dances that are competed internationally, and also provides a set of standard music recordings for each dance with uniform tempo and introductory phrasing for use in competition. Ice .... Several of the compulsory dances were first performed by dancers in the United Kingdom in the 1930 ... in the 1960s. For example, the Golden Waltz, considered the most complex and challenging of the compulsory ... of compulsory dances to be competed that season on both the international senior level and junior level. Which compulsory dance was competed depended on the event, and some events, such as the Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final , had no compulsory dance segment in the competition. Although the ISU published assigned dances for the 2010 11 season, these were not used in competition, as the compulsory ... more details
Cleanup link rot date February 2012 Discrimination sidebar Compulsory sterilization or sterilisation , also known as forced sterilization or sterilisation , programs are government policies which attempt to force people to undergo surgical Human sterilization surgical procedure sterilization . In the first half of the 20th century, several such programs were instituted in countries around the world ... be recognized as compulsory sterilization too because people going through the process do not usually ..., https wcd.coe.int ViewDoc.jsp?id 1476365 ref By country Canada Main Compulsory sterilization in Canada Two Canadian provinces Alberta and British Columbia performed compulsory sterilization programs with eugenic aims. Canadian compulsory sterilization operated via the same overall mechanisms of institutionalization ... of other countries with compulsory sterilization legislation One of the first acts by Adolf Hitler ... within its first four years of being enacted. When the issue of compulsory sterilization was brought ... that practices of compulsory sterilization have been occurring for people who have already reached ... were subjected to compulsory medical sterilization in Ozyorskiy psychoneurological nursing ... delicti in the compulsory medical sterilizations performed by his consent. ref name The order ... name Therefore, now women can be subjected to compulsory sterilization without court decision ... from spreading their undesirable traits. ref name Czech In Sweden, sterilization is only compulsory ... law , The Local , January 12, 2012 ref This last compulsory sterilization has been criticized by several ... undertake compulsory sterilization programs for the purpose of eugenics. ref Eugenics And Its ... state compulsory sterilization programs in the United States. ref An overview of U.S. eugenics and sterilization ... edition 1st date April 12, 1985 ref The first state to introduce a compulsory sterilization bill ... Hitler to be of key importance in proving that large scale compulsory sterilization programs were ... more details
Compulsory Education Act may refer to Oregon Compulsory Education Act The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act India See also Elementary Education Act 1870 England and Wales disambig ... more details
Compulsory purchase is the power to acquire rights over an English land law estate in land , or to buy that estate outright, regardless of the willingness or otherwise of its current owner, in return for recompense. In England and Wales Parliament has granted several different kinds of compulsory purchase power, which are exercisable by various bodies in various situations. Such powers are for the public benefit , but this expression is interpreted very broadly. Perhaps the most general power originally appeared in the Leasehold Reform Act 1967 . Under that Act, the Leasehold Reform Act 1987 , and the Leasehold Reform, Housing and Urban Development Act 1992 , private individuals who are leaseholders have the power in certain circumstances to compel their landlord to extend a lease or to sell the freehold at a valuation. Utility companies have statutory powers to, for example, erect electrical ..., under compulsory purchase, is not necessarily a monetary payment of open market value see James ... a willing seller and a willing purchaser will fall due to the previous owner. Compulsory purchase ... the use of compulsory purchase. ref Although this principle protects the land above the pipe, in practice ... of who owns the land above. ref Procedure In most cases a Compulsory Purchase Order CPO is made by the purchasing ... Procedure Act 1946 Channel Tunnel Act 1987 Compulsory Purchase Act 1965 Compulsory Purchase ... and Compensation Act 1991 Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 Transport and Works Act 1992 Water Industry Act 1991 Partial table of statutory instruments Compulsory Purchase by Ministers Inquiries Procedure Rules 1967 Compulsory Purchase by Non Ministerial Acquiring Authorities Inquiries Procedure Rules 1990 Compulsory Purchase of Land Regulations 1990 Bibliography Denyer Green, Barry Compulsory .... Chapter 8 Compulsory Purchase and Compensation. pp. 118 135. Oxford Blackwell Science Limited ... figure. Notes reflist See also Empty Dwelling Management Orders , a form of compulsory leasing ... more details
A compulsory purchase order CPO is a legal function in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland that allows certain bodies which need to obtain land or property to do so without the consent of the owner. It may be enforced if a proposed development is considered one for public betterment for example when building motorway s where a land owner does not want to sell. Similarly, if town council s wish to develop a town centre, they may issue compulsory purchase orders. In the Republic of Ireland, CPOs are quite common due to the massive road upgrade programme under the National Development Plan . CPOs are also used for railway rail projects. If a person objects to the issuing of a CPO, they may appeal to the High Court Ireland High Court . ref http www.irishstatutebook.ie 1966 en act pub 0021 sec0078.html Housing Act 1966 ROI ref In the United Kingdom, most Orders are made as subordinate legislation under powers given to Local Authorities in existing legislation e.g. an Order for road works is made under the Highways Act 1980 . Whilst the powers are strong the Authority must demonstrate that the taking of the land is necessary and there is a compelling case in the public interest . Owners or occupiers can challenge this, and their objection will be heard by an independent Inspector. Compensation rights usually include the value of the property, costs of acquiring and moving to a new property, and sometimes additional payments. Costs of professional advice regarding compensation are usually reimbursed by the Authority, so that people affected by a compulsory purchase order can seek advice from a solicitor and a surveying surveyor and expect to be reimbursed. See also Compulsory purchase in England and Wales Eminent domain USA Eminent domain Expropriation Canada Taking References Reflist External links http kildare.ie M4KEKMotorway CPODrawings index.htm Drawings in PDF format showing plots involved in a road scheme CPO Ireland . Category Government Category English ... more details
Multiple issues wikify October 2011 orphan February 2009 unreferenced March 2009 In the UK, a Compulsory Stock Obligation CSO is a minimum stock of fuel reserves that must be held by a supplier against shortages or interruptions in supply. The scheme is administered by the Department of Trade and Industry United Kingdom Department of Trade and Industry DTI . Companies incur an obligation if they are a supplier of a volume of 100,000 tonnes per annum or greater. This obligation is assessed as being a holding of 67.5 days stock 50 days for the UK . Category Energy in the United Kingdom UK stub ... more details
the majority opinion , stated that compulsory process was critical to the very ability to present ... us 484 400 case.html 484 U.S. at 417. ref The Court held that The Compulsory Process Clause provides ... 1989 p 502 ref Remedies In modern jurisprudence, a violation of the Compulsory Process Clause ... of a right to compulsory process The Due process Due Process Clauses of the Fifth Amendment to the United ... Amendments also require compulsory process as an element of due process . State statutes and constitutions ... sites default files individual articles Kime 20Note.pdf ref harv refend Sixth Amendment compulsory state expanded Category Compulsory Process Clause case law Category United States constitutional criminal ... more details
. About compulsory basic training Online Available http www.direct.gov.uk en Motoring LearnerAndNewDrivers ... Agency. 2001. Motorcycle Safety Program Definition of Compulsory Basic Training syllabus Online Available ... About compulsory basic training UK Government website http www.begin motorcycling.co.uk General ... more details
Compulsory leadership training for undergraduates in Sri Lanka is a mandatory program introduced in 2011 by the Sri Lankan Government for all students select for undergraduate courses in state universities to undergo residential three week Leadership leadership training and indoctrination positive thinking development at training camps under the Ministry of Defence Sri Lanka Defence Ministry which as lead to much controversy. ref http www.sundayobserver.lk 2011 05 22 new03.asp Leadership training for university undergrads at 28 centres ref ref name st http sundaytimes.lk 110522 News nws 21.html University students get marching orders for leadership programme ref ref http www.chinadaily.com.cn xinhua 2011 04 19 content 2359602.html Sri Lankan undergraduates to get leadership training at army camps ref Proponents It has been claimed by the Government that this program has been launched to increase employability of graduates thus reducing the high graduate unemployment in state universities. 10,000 students have been earmarked for the first group of training starting May 22, 2011 and second group of 12,000 is set to follow on June 22 in order to cover the 2011 2012 state university undergraduate intake. Doctor title Dr Sunil Navaratne , Secretary, Ministry of Higher Education stated that it was a orientation programme for the university entrants to acquire universal education . Hon S. B. Dissanayake , Minister of Higher Education stated that content of this programme is carefully designed by the experts on education and physical and psychological health. The residential training is to be carried out at 28 camps include 18 army, two naval, two air force and four cadet and police camps according to Major General Milinda Peiris , Vice Chancellor Commandant, Kotalawala Defence ... as the nature of compulsory military type training seen in conscription . ref name st Inter University ... Programme rejected ref See also Education in Sri Lanka Ragging in Sri Lanka conscription Compulsory ... more details
Orphan date April 2011 The movement for compulsory public education in the United States began in the early 1920s. It started as a disorganized Catholic opposition to the Smith Towner bill, a bill that would eventually establish the National Education Association and provide federal funds to public schools. Eventually, it became the movement to mandate public schooling and dissolve parochial and other private schools. ref Slawson, D. 2005 The Department of Education Battle, 1918 1932. University Of Notre Dame Press ref The movement focused on the public s fear of immigrants and the need to Americanize it had anti Catholic overtones and found support from groups like the Ku Klux Klan . ref name Hamburger The movement gained some legislative attention when a 1920 Michigan referendum for compulsory public education received 40 of the vote. ref name Ross44350 Ross, pp. 443 50 ref In 1922 Oregon passed a similar referendum. Eventually this law was challenged and unanimously struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court in Pierce v. Society of Sisters . ref name Piercecase The movement experienced a post World War II revival when members of the elite began to fear the power of the Catholic Church and wanted to ensure public funds were not finding their way to parochial schools. ref name Blanshard Some who date November 2010 compared parochial schools to segregation and accused them of hindering democracy. ref McGreevy, p. ? ref First Wave 1920s In the 1920s the idea of compulsory public education gained traction in various states, largely as a reaction against parochial schools. The Ku Klux Klan supported the movement. ref name Hamburger cite book last Hamburger first Philip title Separation of Church and State publisher Harvard University Press year 2002 ref In Michigan the movement ... Compulsory education References Notes reflist 2 Sources cite book last McGreevy first John T. title ... The Background of the Pierce Case, Am. Hist. Rev. year 1968 ref DEFAULTSORT Compulsory Public Education ... more details
, and intrawoman violence , all of which have been caused by the realities of rejecting compulsory heterosexuality ... culture, the mystification of the personal sphere, and much else . Rich holds that compulsory heterosexuality ... of others. She claims that compulsory heterosexuality produces such myths as that of the vaginal orgasm ... wrote, Reflections on Compulsory Heterosexuality in order to address the criticism she received on her former essay, Compulsory Heterosexuality . Furthermore, Rich re appropriates her argument and describes her initial intent for writing the essay. Rich states, I undertook Compulsory Heterosexuality ... of Compulsory Heterosexuality was to complicate the proverbial, i.e. heterosexuality, in an attempt ... against heterosexuality. ref Rich, Adrienne. Reflections on Compulsory Heterosexuality. Journal of Women .... Compulsory Bodies Reflections on Heterosexuality and Able Bodiedness . Journal of Women s History . Bloomington Autumn 2003. Vol. 15, Iss. 3 Pg 77. Rich, Adrienne. Compulsory heterosexuality and Lesbian ... more details
The Compulsory Education Act or Oregon School Law was a 1922 law in the U.S. state of Oregon that required school age children to attend only public schools. The United States Supreme Court later struck down the law as unconstitutional. Background In 1922, the Anticlericalism and Freemasonry Masonic Grand Lodge of Oregon sponsored a bill to require all school age children to attend public schools. With support also of the state Ku Klux Klan and Oregon gubernatorial election, 1922 1922 Democratic gubernatorial candidate Walter M. Pierce , the Compulsory Education Law was passed by a vote of 115,506 to 103,685. Its primary purpose was to shut down Catholic schools in Oregon, but it also affected other private and military schools. It was challenged in court and struck down by the United States Supreme Court Pierce v. Society of Sisters 1925 before it went into effect. The law, which was officially called the Compulsory Education Act and unofficially became known as the Oregon School Law, did not just require that children between the ages of eight and sixteen had to attend school it required that they attend only public schools. By prohibiting children from attending private or parochial schools, the state thus forced such schools to close. Outraged Catholics organized locally and nationally for the right to send their children to Catholic schools. In a 1925 decision, the United States Supreme Court declared the Oregon School Law unconstitutional in a ruling that that has been called the Magna Carta of the parochial school system. In the ruling, the Court asserted that the child is not the mere creature of the state and settled once and for all the question of whether or not private schools had a right to exist in America. Pope Pius XI , in 1929, explicitly referenced this Supreme Court case in his encyclical Divini illius magistri ref cite web title Divini illius magistri author Pope Pius XI url http www.vatican.va holy father pius xi encyclicals documents hf p xi enc ... more details
About the compulsory internship for medical degree the Indian rice research institute Central Rice Research Institute Compulsory Rotatory Residential Internship CRRI refers to one year compulsory work in the hospital attached to the medical college or in any other approved hospital as allowed in some medical colleges also known as Teaching Hospital , for a period of one year. ref name mci http www.mciindia.org know rules rules mbbs.htm Rules and regulations for medical graduates from the Medical Council of India website ref This is required for the award of the Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery MB BS Doctor of Medicine medical degree in India . Description An Intern also called an Internee or a CRRI is posted in all the clinical departments of the hospital on a rotation basis. This gives him the basic clinical experience in all the disciplines of medicine and enables him to work as a General Physician. The intern is also given a monthly stipend . The amount may vary from one college to another, based on ownership by State or private entity. Completion of internship is a necessary pre requisite for award of the degree, license to practice medicine and for postgraduate studies or higher specialty training. On passing the final MBBS examination at the end of 4 sup 1 2 sup years, a medical student is first awarded a Provisional registration certificate by the Medical Council of India MCI or the State medical council and he can start the internship. The Permanent registration certificate along with the MCI Registration number i.e., the license to practice and the final Medical degree i.e., the MBBS degree is given only after obtaining a CRRI completion certificate endorsing the successful and satisfactory completion of the CRRI. Comparison The Internship is different from the Foundation House Officer House Officer ship which may follow Internship in the UK and many other countries, where it is not a compulsory tenure. The House Physician or the House Surgeon unlike an Intern ... more details
Image C.C.C. Logo.svg right CCC Mark The China Compulsory Certificate mark , commonly known as CCC Mark , is a compulsory safety mark for many products imported, sold or used in the People s Republic of China Chinese market. It became effective on May 1, 2002. It is the result of the integration of China s two old compulsory inspection systems, namely CCIB Safety Mark, introduced in 1989 and required for products in 47 product categories and CCEE also known as Great Wall Mark, for electrical commodities in 7 product categories , into a single procedure. Applicable products The CCC mark is required for both domestically manufactured products and products imported into China. There is a catalogue of CCC compulsory products . To clarify if a product must be certified, it is also helpful to look at the GB Standard of the product. The catalogue contains among other products Electrical wires and cables Switches for circuits, Installation protective and connection devices Low voltage Electrical Apparatus Small Power motors Electric tools Welding machines Household and similar electrical appliances Audio and video apparatus Information technology equipment Lighting apparatus Telecommunication terminal equipment Motor vehicles and Safety parts Motor vehicle tires Safety Glasses Agricultural Machinery Latex Products Medical Devices Fire Fighting Equipment Detectors for Intruder Alarm Systems Wireless Local Area Network WLAN systems Toys Administration The CCC mark is administered by the CNCA Certification and Accreditation Administration . The China Quality Certification Centre CQC is designated ... CCC China Compulsory Certificate implement regulation and it apply from, only a few day ahead, 1 ... altered Compulsory Certificate implement from apply to all these type of product import into China ... china compulsory certification.pdf?cid 359172 China Compulsory Certification CCC China Britain ... de China Compulsory Certification fr Marquage CCC it Certificato Cinese Obbligatorio ja CCC ... more details
Compulsory sterilization in Canada has a documented history in two Canadian provinces, Alberta and British Columbia. Canadian compulsory sterilization operated via the same overall mechanisms of institutionalization , judgement , and surgery as the American system. One notable difference is in the treatment of non insane criminals. Canadian legislation never allowed for punitive sterilization of inmates. Alberta See also Alberta Eugenics Board The most damaging sterilization program in Canadian history was afforded via the passing of the Alberta Sexual Sterilization Act of 1928. From the years 1928 to 1972, sterilizations, both compulsory and optional, were performed on nearly 3000 unfit individuals of varying ages and ethnicities. In total, over 2800 procedures were performed. Initially, the act only provisioned sterilizations where consent was given by the subject or legal guardian of the subject, depending on the competency of the individual scheduled to undergo the operation. The 1937 amendment to the act allowed for sterilizations to be carried out without consent in the case of those deemed mentally defective. Sterilization of individuals deemed mentally ill still required consent. At the end of World War II, while other eugenic sterilization programs were being phased out, Alberta continued on, even increasing the scope of eligibility for sterilizations Citation needed date September 2010 . They continued until 1972, when approximately 50 persons were operated upon. Targeted sterilization Youths, minorities, and women were sterilized in disproportionately high numbers. Minors, because of their legal dependency on adults, were almost always assigned as mental defectives , thus bypassing the parental consent requirement. Albertan Aboriginal people and M tis people Canada M tis , regardless of age, were also targeted. Aboriginal people represented only 2.5 of the general ... date August 2009 Reflist DEFAULTSORT Compulsory Sterilization In Canada Category Eugenics ... more details
The USAG Compulsory routines are the USAG USA Gymnastics designed required routines for use in USAG and JO Junior Olympic Levels 1 6 programs. Typically gymnasts compete in Levels 4 6 however, in some regions competitions may be as early as 2. Gymnasts in the Compulsory levels may only compete using USAG authorized routines. Levels 7 10 are the Optional levels in which the gymnast may design her own routine while including a specific set of USAG required elements. Beyond Optionals are the Elite and then Olympic levels. The following routines are for the 2005 2013 cycle of the USAG Women s JO Compulsory Program. Vault Two Vault gymnastics vaults are performed by each competitor. LEVEL 1 Yurchenko vault LEVEL 2 Handstand block off board LEVEL 3 Dive roll onto mat stack Hollow Body LEVEL 4 Handstand flat back onto mat stack LEVEL 5 Front Handspring LEVEL 6 Front Handspring br No Yurchenko vault Yurchenko style vaults are allowed until level 8. No Tsukahara style vaults are allowed until level 8 Uneven Bars All Uneven bars gymnastics uneven bar routines are LEVEL 1 Pullover Cast Backward hip circle, Cast push away. LEVEL 2 Pullover Cast Backward hip circle Cast Straddle Gymnastic straddle off LEVEL 3 Pullover Cast Backward hip circle Single leg cut forward Forward stride circle Single leg cut backward Cast legs straight on Piked sole circle dismount LEVEL 4 Glide swing straddle or pike and return to stand with feet together Pullover Front hip circle, small cast Cast, single leg shoot through Reverse grip, millcircle Reverse grip, single leg cut the leg backward Cast, Back hip circle, underswing dismount LEVEL 5 Glide Kip artistic gymnastics Kip straddle or pike Front hip Circle Cast to horizontal and return to support Cast squat or pike on Long hang kip Cast to horizontal, back hip circle Underswing Counter swing to 30 below horizontal Tap Swing forward Counter swing to 15 below horizontal Tap swing forward with turn dismount LEVEL 6 Glide Kip straddle or pike Cast to 30 ... more details
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