Computed radiography CR uses very similar equipment to conventional Radiography Industrial radiography radiography except that in place of a film to create the image, an imaging plate IP made of photostimulable phosphor is used. The imaging plate housed in a special cassette and placed under the body part or object to be examined and the x ray exposure is made. Hence, instead of taking an exposed film into a darkroom for developing in chemical tanks or an automatic film processor, the imaging plate is run through a special laser scanner, or CR reader, that reads and digitizes the image. The digital image can then be viewed and enhanced using software that has functions very similar to other conventional digital image processing software, such as contrast, brightness, filtration and zoom. Differences from Direct Radiography File CRSCanner.png right thumb CeReO Computed Radiography Scanner Computed radiography CR is often distinguished from Direct Radiography DR . CR and DR have many similarities. Both CR and DR use a medium to capture x ray energy and both produce a digital image that can be enhanced for soft copy diagnosis or further review. Both CR and DR can also present an image ... applications Common applications for computed radiography include corrosion surveys on pipes ... on all size piping File Crapared.jpg right thumb Medical applications Computed Radiography systems ... images can be stored digitally. Computed radiography often requires fewer retakes due to under ... replacement. See also Digital radiography References http www.willick.com computed radiography.htm ... article wcndt2004 pdf radiography 367 deprins.pdf Computed Radiography in NDT Applications http www.ndt.net ... de products xray products radiography computed s index.wpd Philips Medical http www.medical.siemens.com ... http www.fujifilm.com products medical products computed radiography capsula x Fujifilm http www.agfa.com ... testing fr Computed Radiography it Radiografia digitale ja X zh ... more details
Interventions infobox Name Emission computed tomography Image Caption ICD10 ICD9 ICD9proc 92.0 ICD9proc 92.1 MeshID D014055 OPS301 OPS301 3 72 OPS301 3 75 OtherCodes Emission computed tomography is a type of tomography involving radioactive emissions. Types include positron emission tomography PET and Single photon emission computed tomography SPECT . The imaging agent used in SPECT emits gamma rays , as opposed to the positron emitters such as sup 18 sup F used in PET. There are a range of radiotracers such as sup 99m sup Tc, sup 111 sup In, sup 123 sup I, sup 201 sup Tl that can be used, depending on the specific application. Medical imaging medicine stub Category Tomography Category 3d nuclear medical imaging ... more details
Diagnostic infobox pawar Name Spiral computed tomography Image Caption ICD10 ICD9 MeshID D036542 OPS301 OtherCodes Spiral computed tomography is a computed tomography ref http cobweb.ecn.purdue.edu malcolm pct pct toc.html Avinash C. Kak and Malcolm Slaney 2001 . http www.ec securehost.com SIAM CL33.html Principles of Computerized Tomographic Imaging . http www.siam.org Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics ISBN 978 0 898714 94 4 ISBN 0 89871 494 X. ref technology involving movement in a helical pattern for the purpose of increasing resolution. Most modern hospitals currently use spiral CT scanners. CT beam types have included parallel beams, fan beams, and cone beams. ref name Bovik2009 cite book author Alan Conrad Bovik title The essential guide to image processing url http books.google.com books?id 6TOUgytafmQC&pg PA743 accessdate 4 June 2011 year 2009 publisher Academic Press isbn 9780123744579 pages 743 ref SSCT and MSCT Willi Kalender , who is credited with the invention prefers the term Spiral scan CT, ref Willi Kalender Kalender WA 1994 . http www.semultrasoundctmri.com article S0887 2171 05 80091 5 abstract Technical foundations of spiral CT http www.semultrasoundctmri.com ... devices, developed in 1989, were called SSCT , for single slice spiral computed tomography . In 1998, MSCT or multi slice spiral computed tomography was introduced. ref name Cierniak2011 cite book author Robert Cierniak title X Ray Computed Tomography in Biomedical Engineering url http books.google.com ... isbn 9780857290267 pages 31 ref Helical or spiral cone beam computed tomography See Cone beam computed tomography In cone beam computed tomography commonly abbreviated CBCT , the x ray beam is conical. ref MeshName Helical Cone Beam CT ref Helical or spiral cone beam computed tomography is a type of three dimensional computed tomography CT in which the source usually of x ray s describes a helix ... imaging Respiratory system procedures Use dmy dates date June 2011 Category X ray computed tomography ... more details
Diagnostic infobox Name Computed tomography of the head Image Computed tomography of human brain large.png Caption Computer tomography of human brain, from base of the skull to top. Taken with intravenous contrast medium. ICD10 ICD9 ICD9proc 87.03 MeshID OPS301 OPS301 3 200 , OPS301 3 220 OtherCodes Computed tomography CT of the head or Computed Axial Tomography CAT scanning uses a series of x rays of the head taken from many different directions. Typically used for quickly viewing Acquired brain injury brain injuries , CT scanning uses a computer program that performs a numerical integral calculation the inverse Radon transform on the measured x ray series to estimate how much of an x ray beam is absorbed in a small volume of the brain. Typically the information is presented as cross sections of the brain. ref Malcom Jeeves 1994 . Mind Fields Reflections on the Science of Mind and Brain . Grand Rapids, MI Baker Books., p. 21 ref In approximation, the denser a material is, the whiter a volume of it will appear on the scan just as in the more familiar flat X rays . CT scans are primarily used for evaluating swelling from tissue damage in the brain and in assessment of ventricle size. Modern CT scanning can provide reasonably good images in a matter of minutes. Computed tomography CT has become the diagnostic modality of choice for head trauma due to its accuracy, reliability, safety, and wide availability. The changes in microcirculation, impaired auto regulation, cerebral edema, and axonal injury start as soon as head injury occurs and manifest as clinical, biochemical, and radiological changes. Proper therapeutic management of brain injury is based on correct diagnosis and appreciation of the temporal course of the disease process. CT scan detects and precisely localizes ... Thieme isbn 9783131081315 pages 538 ref See also Neuroimaging Commons category Computed tomography images of the brain References reflist Neuro procedures Medical imaging Category X ray computed tomography ... more details
Interventions infobox Name PAGENAME Image Caption ICD10 ICD9unlinked ICD9proc 88.98 MeshID OPS301 OtherCodes In medicine , peripheral quantitative computed tomography , commonly abbreviated pQCT , is a type of quantitative property quantitative computed tomography QCT , used for making measurements of the bone mineral density BMD in a peripheral part of the body. It is useful for measuring bone strength. ref cite journal author M ller A, R egsegger E, R egsegger P title Peripheral QCT a low risk procedure to identify women predisposed to osteoporosis. journal Phys Med Biol volume 34 issue 6 pages 741 9 year 1989 pmid 2740441 doi 10.1088 0031 9155 34 6 009 ref Comparison to DXA Unlike most other common techniques for measuring BMD, a pQCT scan is able to measure volumetric bone mineral density, plus other measures such as the stress strain index SSI and the geometry of the bone. DXA is only able to provide the areal bone mineral density. See also Dual energy X ray absorptiometry DXA References references medical stub Medical imaging Operations and other procedures on the musculoskeletal system Category X ray computed tomography ar de Knochendichtemessung fr Ost odensitom trie he pl Densytometria kostna ... more details
orphan date December 2007 Computed Corpuscle Sectioning is a general method for determining the volume, profile area, and perimeter of a slab section of any computer modeled three dimensional object in any orientation and at any position. It was originally developed as a model of cell nuclei in a tissue section in conjunction with the Reference Curve Method for correcting ploidy measurements by image analysis in a tissue section, but it is useful for evaluating any algorithm that corrects ploidy measurements for the effect of sectioning. Computed Corpuscle Sectioning has obvious pertinence to stereology , but has not been exploited in that field. The patents on this method U.S. Patent numbers 5,918,038, 6,035,258, and 6,603,869 are no longer in force. References Freed JA. Possibility of correcting image cytometric DNA ploidy measurements in tissue sections Insights from computed corpuscle sectioning and the reference curve method. Analyt Quant Cytol Histol 19 5 376 386, 1997. http www.aqch.com toc auto abstract.php?id 3135 Freed JA. Improved correction of quantitative nuclear DNA ploidy measurements in tissue sections. Analyt Quant Cytol Histol 21 2 103 112, 1999. http www.aqch.com toc auto abstract.php?id 11847 Freed JA. Conceptual comparison of two computer models of corpuscle sectioning and of two algorithms for correction of ploidy measurements in tissue sections. Analyt Quant Cytol Histol 22 1 17 25, 2000. http www.aqch.com toc auto abstract.php?id 14161 A general method for determining the volume and profile area of a sectioned corpuscle , U.S. Pat. No. 5,918,038 issued 6 29 99 to Jeffrey A. Freed. http www.google.com patents?q 5918038 Method for correction of quantitative DNA measurements in a tissue section , U.S. Pat. No. 6,035,258 issued 3 7 00 to Jeffrey A. Freed. http www.google.com patents?q 6035258 Use of perimeter measurements to improve ploidy measurements ... patents?q 6603869 External links http www.fortunecity.com skyscraper terabyte 562 jfccs.htm Computed ... more details
Orphan date July 2009 The computed tomography dose index CTDI is a commonly used radiation exposure index in Computed tomography X ray computed tomography and is reported by the CT manufacturers to scan personnel for each exam. Definitions It is defined by the US Department of Health and Human Services HHS as the average dose imparted by a single axial acquisition to a standard 100 mm pencil chamber dosimeter inside a PMMA phantom over the width of 14 CT slices math CTDI frac 1 nT int 7T 7T D z dz math where math n math is the number of slices acquired, math T math is the slice thickness and math D z math is the radiation dose measured at position math z math along the scanner s main axis. This equation is often used in a modified form math CTDI 100 frac 1 nT int 50 mm 50 mm D a z dz math . The dose absorbed in air math D a z math can be conveniently assessed with a 100 mm standard pencil dose chamber. Typically, the dose distribution within the body cross section imparted by a CT scan is much more homogeneous than that imparted by radiography, but in still somewhat larger near the skin than in the body center. Therefore, a third measure, the weighted CTDI was introduced math CTDI w frac 1 3 CTDI 100 central frac 2 3 CTDI 100 peripheral . math Similar measures with yet wider chambers are useful for CT systems with large numbers of detector rows. ref refGeleijns2009 Geleijns 2009 ref Notes reflist 2 References cite id refRothenberg2000 Rothenberg, LN and Pentlow, KS 2000 . CT dosimetry and radiation safety , Categorical Course in Diagnostic Radiology Phyics CT and US Cross sectional Imaging, LW Goldman and JB Fowlkes, eds., pp171 188, RSNA, Oak Brook, IL cite cite id refGeleijns2009 J Geleijns, M Salvad Artells, P W de Bruin, R Mather, Y Muramatsu and M F McNitt Gray 2009 . Computed tomography dose assessment for a 160 mm wide, 320 detector row, cone beam CT scanner , Phys. Med. Biol. 54, pp3141 3159 cite Category X ray computed tomography de CTDI fr CTDI ... more details
No footnotes article date April 2009 Computed Tomography Laser Mammography CTLM is the trademark of Imaging Diagnostic Systems, Inc. IDSI, USA for its Optical tomography optical tomographic technique for female breast imaging. This medical imaging technique uses laser energy in the near infrared region of the spectra, to detect angiogenesis in the breast tissue. It is optical molecular imaging for hemoglobin both oxygenated and deoxygenated. The technology uses laser in the same way computed tomography uses X Rays, these beams travel through tissue and suffer attenuation. A laser detector measures the intensity drop and the data is collected as the laser detector moves across the breast creating a tomography image. CTLM images show hemoglobin distribution in a tissue and can detect areas of Angiogenesis surrounding malignant tumors, that stimulate this angiogenesis to obtain nutrients for growth. References http www.imds.com products ctlm CTLM section on Imaging Diagnostic Systems website http scholar.google.com scholar?hl en&lr &q 22computed tomography laser mammography 22&btnG Search CTLM on Google Scholar http nersp.nerdc.ufl.edu nikos Downloads SPIE Opt Mammo.pdf Grable R.J. and others. Optical computed tomography for imaging the breast first look Proc. SPIE, 2000, Vol. 4082, p. 40 45. http www.appliedradiology.com articles pdf v0029i02 5C00801788 5Cmain.pdf Grable R. and others. Optical mammography Applied Radiology, 2001, Vol. 29, No. 2, p. 18 20. Medical imaging Breast procedures Category Optical imaging Category Laser medicine ... more details
unreferenced date December 2007 For the Chamber de Commerce et d Industrie de Paris or CCIP, see Paris Chamber of Commerce For the Cisco CCIP certification, see Cisco Career Certifications Constantly Computed Impact Point CCIP is a function with a weapon s sighting system. It provides a depiction of the calculated point of impact, that works out from the launch platform s movement, the target s movement, gravity, projectile launch velocity, projectile drag, and other factors that can be entered, where a projectile will land and displays the information on the Heads Up Display HUD . The crosshairs will move around dependent on where the computer predicts the selected rocket, bullet or bomb will hit. Normally a radar lock is necessary, but when strafing or bombing a ground target A G mode A A mode will simply put the hairs in the centre of the HUD , the crosshairs will move along the ground. This system is normally used in aircraft or other large vehicles or large static weapons, but it may be possible that the system could be or has been condensed into something that can fit on the top of man portable firearm s too. This system is sometimes combined with an autorelease system so that an aircraft can lock a low drag bomb onto a target from a safe distance, and the bomb can then be released while the aircraft is in a high G climb when the target would no longer be visible over the aircraft s nose so that the aircraft does not need to overfly the target. Category Aircraft weapons Category Weapon guidance Category Targeting warfare mil stub nl Continuously computed impact point ... more details
2D radiography cannot. ref Mah, JK et al. u Practical applications of cone beam computed tomography ... to X ray computed tomography medical grade CT scans , can provide an accurate absolute density ... multislice vs cone beam computed tomography u . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006 130 410 416 ... Deriving Hounsfield units using grey levels in cone beam computed tomography u . Dentomaxillofacial ... for improved area detectors, ref Vannier, MW. u Craniofacial computed tomography scanning technology ... this method in vivo . ref name MAH References reflist Medical imaging DEFAULTSORT Cone Beam Computed ... more details
associated with radiation exposure from 64 slice computed tomography coronary angiography. JAMA ... Reflist 1 Medical imaging Category X ray computed tomography ar ... more details
cfr. Pavone, Fioranelli, Dowe Computed Tomography or Coronary Arteries, Springer 2009 . By comparison ... X ray computed tomography Category Cardiac imaging ... more details
Orphan date September 2011 Neutron stimulated emission computed tomography NSECT uses induced gamma emission through neutron inelastic scattering to generate image s of the spatial distribution of Chemical element element s in a Sample material sample . ref cite journal last Kapadia first Anuj title Neutron Stimulated Emission Computed Tomography A new spectroscopic technique journal Neutron Imaging and Applications year 2009 pages 265 288 ref NSECT mechanism A given atomic nucleus , defined by its Proton number proton and neutron number s, is a Quantization physics quantized system with a Nuclear shell model set of characteristic higher energy levels that it can occupy as a nuclear isomer . When the nucleus in its ground state is struck by a Fast neutron Fast neutrons fast neutron with kinetic energy greater than that of its first excited state, it can undergo an isomeric transition to one of its excited state s by receiving the necessary energy from the Fast neutron Fast neutrons fast neutron through Inelastic scattering inelastic scatter . Promptly on the order of picosecond s, on average ref cite web title Isomeric transition url http en.wikipedia.org wiki Isomeric transition work Wikipedia accessdate 08 03 2011 ref after excitation, the excited nuclear isomer de excites either directly or through a series of cascades to the ground state, emitting a characteristic Gamma rays gamma ray for each decay transition with energy equal to the difference in the energy levels involved ... emission computed tomography for diagnosis of iron overload Simulations in GEANT4 year 2007 ... Neutron Stimulated Emission Computed Tomography for Diagnosis of Breast Cancer journal IEEE Transactions ... to neutron stimulated emission computed tomography, Physics in medicine and biology. 51 3375. 2006 ... AJ. Neutron stimulated emission computed tomography a Monte Carlo simulation approach, Physics ..., AJ, et al. Neutron stimulated emission computed tomography of a multi element phantom, Physics ... more details
Interventions infobox Name Single photon emission computed tomography Image SPECT Slice of Brain using Tc 99m Ceretec.jpg Caption A SPECT slice of the distribution of 99m Tc Ceretec within a patient s brain. ICD10 ICD9 ICD9proc 92.0 ICD9proc 92.1 MeshID D015899 OPS301 OPS301 3 72 OtherCodes Single photon emission computed tomography SPECT, or less commonly, SPET is a nuclear medicine tomography tomographic ref MeshName SPECT ref imaging technique using gamma rays . It is very similar to conventional nuclear medicine planar imaging using a gamma camera . However, it is able to provide true 3D information. This information is typically presented as cross sectional slices through the patient, but can be freely reformatted or manipulated as required. The basic technique requires injection of a gamma emitting radioisotope called radionuclide into the bloodstream of the patient. On occasion, the radioisotope is a simple soluble dissolved ion, such as a radioisotope of gallium III , which happens to also have chemical properties that allow it to be concentrated in ways of medical interest for disease detection. However, most of the time in SPECT, a marker radioisotope, which is of interest only for its radioactive properties, has been attached to a specific ligand to create a radioligand , which is of interest for its chemical binding properties to certain types of tissues. This marriage allows the combination of ligand and radioisotope the radiopharmaceutical to be carried and bound to a place of interest in the body, which then due to the gamma emission of the isotope allows the ligand ... obtained from other tomographic techniques, such as MRI , Computed tomography CT , and Positron ... X ray Computed tomography CT scanner. As X ray CT images are an attenuation map of the tissues .... DOI 10.1016 S0074 7742 05 67011 0 External links Commons category Single photon emission computed tomography ... Nuclear technology Medical imaging DEFAULTSORT Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography ... more details
CBCT may refer to CBCT TV , a television station channel 13 licensed to Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada CBCT FM , a radio station 96.1 FM licensed to Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada Helical cone beam computed tomography Cone beam computed tomography disambig callsign ... more details
Single photon may refer to Single photon avalanche diode , a class of solid state photodetectors Single photon emission computed tomography , a nuclear medicine tomographic imaging technique disambig ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 In telecommunication s, a block check character BCC is a character computing character added to a transmission block to facilitate Error detection and correction error detection . In Longitudinal redundancy check ing and cyclic redundancy check ing, block check characters are computed for, and added to, each message block transmitted. This block check character is compared with a second block check character computed by the receiver to determine whether the transmission is error free. DEFAULTSORT Block Check Character Category Control characters ... more details
FPCT could mean familial porphyria cutanea tarda , a medical term for an enzyme disorder Fells Point Corner Theatre, a community theatre in Baltimore, Maryland Fielding percentage , a baseball term Flat panel computed tomography, a medical technology term disambig ... more details
about an algorithm Israeli food corporation Osem company In mathematical optimization , the ordered subset expectation maximization OSEM method NOT algorithm is an iterative method that is used in computed tomography . In applications in medical imaging , the OSEM method is used for positron emission tomography , for single photon emission computed tomography , and for Computed tomography X ray computed tomography . The OSEM method is related to the expectation maximization EM method of statistics. The OSEM method is also related to methods of filtered back projection . References Hudson, H.M., Larkin, R.S. 1994 Accelerated image reconstruction using ordered subsets of projection data , IEEE Trans. Medical Imaging , 13 4 , 601&ndash 609 doi 10.1109 42.363108 Hutton, Brian F., Hudson, H. Malcolm, Beekman, Freek J. 1997 A clinical perspective of accelerated statistical reconstruction , European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging , 24 7 , 797&ndash 808 doi 10.1007 BF00879671 Ing Tsung Hsiao and Hsuan Ming Huang 2010 An accelerated ordered subsets reconstruction algorithm using an accelerating power factor for emission tomography , Physics in Medicine and Biology 55 599. doi 10.1088 0031 9155 55 3 003 External links http osem.s pla.net Home page with IEEE paper and more information http osem.s pla.net Software Category Optimization algorithms and methods Category Medical statistics Category Medical imaging statistics stub ... more details
&& is a double ampersand and may refer to Label value operator Goto Computed GOTO Goto Logical conjunction Disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
unsourced date December 2007 Image Sagital aaa.JPG thumb 200px right A Sagittal MPR of an AAA Image Volume rendered.jpg thumb 200px right Volume Rendered Carotid Angiogram Bolus tracking is a technique used in computed tomography imaging, to visualise vessels more clearly. A Bolus medicine bolus of radio opaque contrast media is Injection medicine injected into a patient via a peripheral intravenous cannula . Depending on the vessel being imaged, the volume of contrast is tracked using a region of interest at a certain level and then followed by the Computed tomography CT scanner once it reaches this level. Images are acquired at a rate as fast as the contrast moving through the blood vessels. Applications This method of imaging is used primarily to produce images of arteries, such as the aorta , pulmonary artery pulmonary artery, cerebral artery cerebral and carotid artery carotid arteries. The image shown illustrates this technique on a sagittal MPR multi planar reformat . The image is demonstrating the blood flow through an abdominal aortic aneurysm or AAA. The bright white on the image is the contrast. You can see the lumen of the aorta in which the contrast is contained, surrounded by a grey sack , which is the aneurysm . Images acquired from a bolus track, can be manipulated into a MIP maximum intensity projection or a Volume rendering volume rendered image . See also Computed tomography angiography CT pulmonary angiogram Endovascular surgery EVAR Category X ray computed tomography ru ... more details
Multiple issues original research December 2009 unreferenced December 2009 History of computer theory basically starts with in a pure sense by Alan Turing , who devised notion of Turing machine , Turing thesis , Church Turing hypothesis . Earlier form of computer theory might ve existed before Alan Turing and others, but Turing is considered by substantial number of people today to be an important figure in pure computer theory Can it be computed or not? , but not necessarly in computing something for practical purposes Can it be computed quickly? . The goal of computer theory is to answer the question, What is computable? There are many different ways to answer the question taking into account space and time needed to compute the problem, but the central question in computer theory is What can be computed efficiently within a certain and time constraints? This tries to focus computer theory to practical purposes and applications, instead of studying about a Turing machine that takes 200 years to compute something, which isn t practical in real world. The ultimate answer from the Turing machine test is that anything can be computed by ignoring time and space. From this the area of algorithm design came about to give solutions and basically to create faster and efficient algorithm to compute a real world problem. See also Computer theory Algorithm DEFAULTSORT History Of Theory Of Computation Category Theory of computation Category History of computer science Theory Of Computation ... more details
Correlation function may refer to Correlation function , correlation between random variables at two different points in space or time Correlation function quantum field theory , matrix element computed by inserting a product of operators between two states Correlation function statistical mechanics , measure of the order in a system Correlation function astronomy , distribution of galaxies in the universe disambig ko ... more details
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