In economics , the consumptionfunction is a single mathematical function used to express consumer spending . It was developed by John Maynard Keynes and detailed most famously in his book The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money . The function is used to calculate the amount of total consumption economics consumption in an Economics economy . It is made up of autonomous consumption that is not influenced by current income and induced consumption that is influenced by the economy s income level. This function can be written in a variety of ways, an example being C a b Y T . This is probably the most simplistic form of the consumptionfunction. The simple consumptionfunction is shown as the affine function math C c 0 c 1 Y d math where C total consumption, c sub 0 sub autonomous consumption c sub 0 sub 0 , c sub 1 sub is the marginal propensity to consume ie the induced consumption ... ConsumptionFunction, in Journal of Economic Psychology, 31 6 , pp. 1035 1046 ref are based ... foundations for a behaviourally based aggregate consumptionfunction. See also Aggregate demand Consumption economics Life cycle hypothesis Measures of national income and output Permanent ..., taxes and transfer payments or Y G T . Autonomous consumption represents consumption when income ... MPC , on the other hand measures the rate at which consumption is changing when income is changing. In a geometric fashion, the MPC is actually the slope of the consumptionfunction. The MPC is assumed to be positive. Thus, as income increases, consumption increases. However, Keynes mentioned that the increases for income and consumption are not equal. According to him, as income increases, consumption increases but not by as much as the increase in income . The Keynesian consumptionfunction is also known as the absolute income hypothesis , as it only bases consumption on current income and ignores ... An essay examining the strengths and weaknesses of Keynes s theory of consumptionConsumption ... more details
wiktionary Consumption may refer to Biology Consumption ecology Economics Consumption economics Consumptionfunction , an economic formula Use of final goods from a consumer until disposal Sociology Consumption sociology Other Consumption, an archaic name for pulmonary tuberculosis Ingestion of food and drink See also Intitle consumption disambiguation ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Induced consumption is a term used to describe consumption expenditure by households on goods and services which varies with income. Such consumption is considered induced by income when expenditure on these consumables varies as income changes. For example, expenditure on a consumable that is considered a normal good would be considered to be induced . Induced consumption is, by definition, the opposite of autonomous consumption . Some Ways in Which Induced Consumption Occurs Conspicuous consumption When people consume things to display a higher status than others. Artificial consumption When people consume things because they were introduced to them through various forms of media. See also Consumption economics Consumptionfunction DEFAULTSORT Induced Consumption Category Consumer theory Econ stub ... more details
refimprove date September 2008 Autonomous consumption also exogenous consumption is a term used to describe consumption expenditure that occurs when income levels are zero. Such consumption is considered autonomous of income only when expenditure on these consumables does not vary with changes in income generally, it may be required to fund necessities and debt obligations. If income levels are actually zero, this consumption counts as dissaving , because it is financed by borrowing or using up savings . Autonomous consumption is, by definition, the opposite of induced consumption . Autonomous consumption inherently does not systematically fluctuate with income, whereas induced consumption does. ref cite book title Macroeconomics last Colander first David C. authorlink David Colander edition Fifth edition year 2004 publisher McGraw Hill Irwin location Boston, MA isbn 0 07 255119 4 pages G 1 & G 4 Glossary ref The two are related, for all households, through the consumptionfunction math C c 0 c 1 Y d math where C total consumption, c sub 0 sub autonomous consumption c sub 0 sub 0 , c sub 1 sub the marginal propensity to consume the gradient of induced consumption 0 c sub 1 sub 1 , and Y sub d sub disposable income income after government intervention T benefits, taxes and transfer payments equal to Y T . References references See also Consumption economics Consumptionfunction Dissaving DEFAULTSORT Autonomous Consumption Category Macroeconomics Category Consumer theory macroeconomics stub de Autonomer Konsum Autonomous Demand term used in economics is when a particular commodity is demanded for its own sake it is known as autonomous demand. Demand for house is an example for autonomous demand. ... more details
Intertemporal consumption life cycle model , the idea that agents prefer a stable path of consumption has been widely accepted. ref Friedman, Milton 1956 . A Theory of the ConsumptionFunction. Princeton ... and the consumptionfunction An interpretation of cross section data . In Kurihara, K.K ed. Post Keynesian ...Merge to Intertemporal consumption date July 2011 Consumption smoothing is the economic concept used to express the desire of people to have a stable path of consumption. Since Milton Friedman s permanent ... to consume and therefore current consumption was tied to current income. Friedman s theory argues that consumption ... by transitory shocks, agents consumption should not change since they can use savings or borrowing to adjust. This theory assumes that agents are able to finance consumption with earnings that are not yet ... constraint is one of the main reasons why it is difficult to observe consumption smoothing in the data .... 86, pp. 971 988. ref By taking into account the diminishing returns to consumption, and therefore, assuming a concave utility function, he showed that agents optimally would choose to keep a stable path of consumption. Agent s choose the consumption path that maximize math E 0 sum t 0 infty beta ... E t u prime c t 1 u prime c t math Which, due to the concavity of the utility function, implies math E t c t 1 c t math Thus, rational agents would expect to achieve the same consumption in every period. Hall also showed that for a quadratic utility function and a stationary process for income, the optimal consumption is equal to math c t left frac r 1 r right left E t sum i 0 infty left frac 1 ... estimated the Euler equation in order to find evidence of a random walk model of consumption random walk in consumption . The data used are US National Income and Product Accounts NIPA quarterly from 1948 to 1977. For the analysis the author does not consider the consumption of durable goods. Although Hall argues that he finds some evidence of consumption smoothing, he does so using a modified ... more details
Human consumption may refer to Anthropophagy , the consumption of humans Consumption economics , consumption of goods by humans Consumer food chain , consumption of other organisms by humans Consumption sociology disambiguation ... more details
calculated using the consumptionfunction , a metric devised by John Maynard Keynes , which simply expresses consumption as a function of the aggregate disposable income . This metric essentially defines consumption as the part of disposable income that does not go into saving . But disposable ...Refimprove date February 2008 Economics sidebar Consumption is a common concept in economics, and gives rise to derived concepts such as consumer debt . Generally, consumption is defined in part by comparison to Production theory basics production . But the precise definition can vary because different schools of economists define Production economics production quite differently. According to mainstream economics mainstream economists , only the final purchase of Good economics goods and Service economics services by individuals constitutes consumption, while other types of expenditure &mdash in particular, fixed investment , intermediate consumption and government spending &mdash are placed in separate categories. See consumer choice . Other economists define consumption much more broadly, as the aggregate of all economic activity that does not entail the design, production and marketing ... . Citation needed date June 2010 Likewise, consumption can be measured by a variety of different ... savings. Consumption also decreases demand Citation needed date May 2011 See also Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose COICOP Consumer theory Consumerism List of largest consumer markets Over consumption Notes Reflist No footnotes date March 2008 References cite book author Bourdieu ... 0 7456 0304 1 oclc doi cite book author Friedman, Jonathan year 1994 title Consumption and Identity ... 5592 6 oclc doi cite book author Mackay, Hugh Editor title Consumption and Everyday Life Culture ... of Goods Towards an Anthropology of Consumption Paperback publisher Routledge location New ... Consumption publisher Oxford University Press isbn 0 19 828824 7 Consumption Category Macroeconomics ... more details
and or invidious consumption Conspicuous consumption is spending on goods and services acquired mainly ... serves as a means of attaining or maintaining social status . Invidious consumption , a more specialized term, refers to consumption deliberately intended to cause envy . History and evolution of the term ... and economist, and a co founder of the institutional economics movement. The term conspicuous consumption ... is now broadly applied to individuals and households with expendable incomes whose consumption patterns ... fashionable consumption. Thus, the concept of conspicuous consumption has been discussed in the context ... to the general condition as it exists now Whereas conspicuous consumption was previously thought to be something ... consumption?ca 2I7oDJW7kruafuw 2BAmt 2FgGV 2BRts3U 2F5faeR 2BTMotW8A 3D Virginia Postrel, Inconspicuous Consumption , The Atlantic , July August 2008. ref The 1996 book The Millionaire Next Door also challenges the traditional views on conspicuous consumption by looking at the wealthiest Americans ... giving performed in a similar way and for similar reasons as conspicuous consumption. ref http ... forms of consumption Conspicuous consumption can be defined as the act of buying a lot of things ..., Bourdieu, and conspicuous consumption , Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 35 No.1, pp.99 115. ref suggests that conspicuous consumption is behavior whereby an individual can display wealth through extensive leisure activities and luxury expenditure on consumption and services. Duesenberry ref ..., Cambridge, MA. ref argued that an individual s conspicuous consumption depends not only on the actual ... and effects of an individual s reference groups to their consumption patterns, and this view has been supported by various researchers. ref Shukla, P. 2008 , Conspicuous consumption among middle age ..., pp. 25 36 ref Eastman et al. ref Eastman, J.K., Goldsmith, R.E., Flynn, L.R. 1999 , Status consumption ..., Vol. 7 No.3, pp.41 51. ref stated that status consumption is based on conspicuous consumption ... more details
The Theory of Interest Harrod, R. 1948 Towards a Dynamic Economics Friedman, M. 1957 A Theory of the ConsumptionFunction Modigliani, F. & Brumberg, R. 1954 Utility analysis and the consumptionfunction ...Merge from Consumption smoothing date July 2011 Merge from Permanent income hypothesis date July 2011 Economic theories of intertemporal consumption seek to explain people s preferences in relation to consumption economics consumption and saving over the course of their life. The earliest work on the subject was by Irving Fisher and Roy Harrod who described hump saving , hypothesizing that savings would be highest in the middle years of a person s life as they saved for retirement. In the 1950s, more well defined models built on discounted utility theory and approached the question of inter temporal consumption as a lifetime income optimization problem. Solving this problem mathematically, assuming that individuals are rational and have access to complete markets, Franco Modigliani Modigliani & Brumberg 1954 , Albert K. Ando Albert Ando , and Milton Friedman 1957 developed what became known as the life cycle model . This model predicts that people consume an Annuity finance theory annuity of their expected lifetime income at all points in their life. Thus, the lifetime consumption profile was expected to be essentially flat, with people borrowing against future earnings during their early study and working life when income is low, saving greatly during their most productive working years and consuming saved assets during retirement. Windfall gain s would be treated the same way ... such as liquidity constraint s, a changing individual utility function over time or a particular ... an alternate description of intertemporal consumption, the behavioural life cycle hypothesis. They propose ... of each of these accounts is different. Drawing upon empirical studies of consumption, superannuation .... Choice over Time Consumption Category Intertemporal economics de Lebenszyklushypothese fr Cycle de ... more details
Wikibooks How to reduce energy usage Energy consumption is the consumption of energy or Power physics power . It is covered in the following articles and categories World energy consumption Domestic energy consumption Fuel efficiency in transportation Electric energy consumption Electricity generation Energy transformation Energy policy Effects of energy consumption Global warming White s law Reduction of energy consumption Energy conservation , the practice of decreasing the quantity of energy used Efficient energy use DEFAULTSORT Energy Consumption Category Energy consumption de Energieverbrauch ... more details
conceptdab Alcohol consumption may refer to Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States Alcoholic beverage Legal drinking age List of countries by alcohol consumption Long term effects of alcohol Short term effects of alcohol Disambiguation cleanup date December 2011 ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2009 Consumption audience is a Marketing marketing term , being the part of a brand s or product s target audience that is economically able to afford such brand or product. DEFAULTSORT Consumption Audience Category Branding terminology Category Marketing terminology marketing stub ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2008 In economics , the consumption distribution is an alternative to the income distribution for judging economic inequality , comparing levels of Consumption economics consumption rather than income or wealth. See also Economic inequality Wealth condensation Lorenz curve Asset Income Wealth economics Wealth Category income distribution Category Microeconomics Category Partial differential equations Category Probability distributions econ stub ... more details
no footnotes date November 2011 Sociology Theories of Consumption have been a part of the field of sociology since its earliest days, dating back, at least implicitly, to the work of Karl Marx in the mid to late nineteenth century. Thorstein Veblen s 1899 The Theory of the Leisure Class is generally seen as the first major theoretical work to take consumption as its primary focus. Despite these early roots, research on consumption began in earnest in the second half of the twentieth century in Europe, especially Great Britain. Interest in the topic among US sociologists was much slower to develop and it is still not a focal concern of many American sociologists. Efforts are currently underway to form a section in the American Sociological Association devoted to the study of consumption. Modern theorists of consumption include Jean Baudrillard , Pierre Bourdieu , and George Ritzer . See also Consumer theory Consumerism Over consumption Waste References cite book author Bourdieu, Pierre authorlink Pierre Bourdieu title Distinction A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste paperback publisher Harvard University Press location Cambridge year 1984 pages isbn 0 674 21277 0 oclc doi Also cite book publisher London location Lincoln year 1984 pages isbn 0 415 04546 0 oclc doi Rey, P Ritzer, G. 2011 The Sociology of Consumption , The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Sociology , pp. 444. Category Sociological terms Category Sociology index socio stub ... more details
Orphan date July 2008 att July 2008 In finance , consumption beta refers to a concept in an asset pricing model economics model where the reward to risk ratio of an asset is dependent not on its sensitivity or beta coefficient to overall market risk , as it is in the classical Capital Asset Pricing Model , but rather on its sensitivity to overall aggregate consumption economics consumption . ref name Brealey cite book last Brealey first Richard title Capital Investment and Valuation publisher McGraw Hill location New York year 2002 accessdate 2007 07 22 pages 175 isbn 0071383778 url http books.google.com books?id eKF8IBCwfy4C ref It was first proposed by Douglas Breeden in 1979. ref name Breeden cite journal last Breeden first Douglas date September, 1979 title An intertemporal asset pricing model with stochastic consumption and investment opportunities journal Journal of Financial Economics volume 7 issue 3 pages 265 296 doi 10.1016 0304 405X 79 90016 3 ref References references DEFAULTSORT Consumption Beta Category Financial economics econ stub ... more details
globalize USA date December 2010 Taxation A consumption tax is a tax on spending on goods and services. The tax base of such a tax is the money spent on Consumption economics consumption . Consumption taxes are usually indirect, such as a sales tax or a value added tax . However, a consumption tax can ... tax proportional on consumption but also be regressive tax regressive on income at higher income levels as consumption falls as a percentage of income . Savings and investment are tax deferred until they become consumption. A VAT may exclude certain goods, intent being creating progressive tax progressive ... unaffected by the person who purchases it. Expenditure tax A direct, personal consumption ... Rabushka, Hoover Institution ref A direct consumption tax may be called an expenditure tax, a cash flow ... between an individual s income and increase decrease savings. Like the other consumption taxes, simple personal consumption taxes are regressive with respect to income. However, because ... income tax. Just as income tax rates increase with personal income, consumption tax rates increase with personal consumption. ref name greenspan cite news url http www.nytimes.com 2005 03 04 politics 04tax.html title Fed s Chief Gives Consumption Tax Cautious Backing last Andrews first Edmund L. publisher ... url http online.wsj.com article SB112492381500022421.html title A Consumption Tax publisher The Wall Street Journal last Auerbach first Alan J date 2005 08 25 accessdate 2008 02 05 ref History Consumption ... United States In the early U.S., taxes were levied principally on consumption. Alexander Hamilton , one of the two chief authors of the anonymous Federalist Papers , favored consumption taxes in part ... 05 the founders and the consumption tax publisher Townhall.com title The Founders and the consumption ... , Hamilton wrote quote It is a signal advantage of taxes on articles of consumption that they contain ... make four. If duties are too high, they lessen the consumption the collection is eluded and the product ... more details
. Improve and streamline these processes continuously. Companies that Use Lean Consumption and Variations Toyota Microsoft IBM Motorola List of Six Sigma companies Lean Consumption in the IT Industry The industry most affected by Lean Consumption is the Information technology IT and Computer Services Industry. Companies like Microsoft and IBM are the most notable companies to employ Lean Consumption ... to employ Lean Consumption theory to better satisfy customers by giving them exactly what they require ... Institute http www.lean.org DEFAULTSORT Lean Consumption Category Economics Category Article Feedback ... more details
Globalize date January 2012 Update date September 2010 China has greatly increased consumption in the past year Image Energy per capita.png thumb 300px World energy resources and consumption Energy consumption ... emission per capita per year per country pre 2006 Over consumption is a situation where resource use ... of overconsumption parallels that of overpopulation that is the more people, the more Consumption economics consumption of raw materials to sustain their lives. Currently, the developed nations ... 2008 01 02 opinion 02diamond.html What s Your Consumption Factor? The New York Times ref ... capacity Humans carrying capacity without taking into account per capita consumption, by which developing ... movement often argue that consumption per person, or ecological footprint , is typically lower in poor than in rich nations. Effects A fundamental effect of over consumption is a reduction in the planet s Carrying capacity Humans carrying capacity . Excessive unsustainable consumption will exceed ... life s over consumption has enabled an overclass to exist, displaying affluenza and obesity . However ... factors more so than over consumption. In the long term these effects can lead to increased conflict ... Consumption and Increasing Populations . 26 September 2001. Retrieved on 19 June 2007 ref and in the worst ... developed to the level of the United States that world consumption rates would roughly double ... less is to watch these economies suffer. Instead, countries must look to curb consumption rates while ... . Over Consumption in the USA see also energy in the United States United States uses almost double ..., and even health hazardous chemicals. Here are a few examples of over consumption in the United ... break Artificial demand Conspicuous consumption Degrowth Environmental studies Externality col break ... country us Energy United States energy consumption production profile at NationMaster http www.earthhealing.info ... 4 Changing Consumption Patterns http www.footprintnetwork.org en index.php GFN page footprint for nations ... more details
Definitions of sustainable consumption SC share a number of common features, and to an extent build in the characteristics ... The definition proposed by the 1994 Oslo Symposium on Sustainable Consumption defines it as the use ... Production and Consumption. ref Institutionalising sustainable consumption During the 1990s, SC was mainly ... . ref name Paterson Paterson, M. 2008 Sustainable consumption? In Park, J., Conca, K. and Finger ... of consumption and production, particularly in industrialized countries, which is a matter of grave ... on Sustainable Development. Available http www.un.org esa sustdev sdissues consumption cpp14.htm Accessed 6 11 2011 . ref Developments of sustainable consumption after Agenda 21 1994 At the UNSCD ... Consumption and Production , Paris OECD. ref 1998 UNEP SC program begins and discussion of SC ... program on sustainable consumption and production SCP in the Plan of Implementation at the Earth Summit ... Paving the Way to Sustainable Consumption and Production. In Marrakech Process Progress Report including Elements for a 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production SCP . online ... 20the 20Road 20to 20SCP.pdf Accessed 6 11 2011 . ref Sustainable consumption governance has developed ... generated through these global meetings. Governance of sustainable consumption Overall, SC governance ... Consumption and Production Network, which acts as a single point of reference on SCP for the regional ... Consumption and Production Network, http www.scpnet.org.uk sustainable consumption.html Accessed 6 11 2011 . ref Whilst the Sustainable Consumption Research Exchange network SCORE was set up ... score module index.php?cat name cat t sco abou Accessed 6 11 2011 . ref Sustainable consumption initiatives The Centre on Sustainable Consumption and Production is one leading independent authority, that is exploring the dimensions of consumption and production. In 2007, Tesco , the largest supermarket in the United Kingdom, established the http www.sci.manchester.ac.uk Sustainable Consumption Institute ... more details
The term collaborative consumption is used to describe an economic model based on sharing, swapping, bartering , trading or renting access to products as opposed to ownership. ref name ccdotcom http www.collaborativeconsumption.com ref Technology and peer communities are enabling these old market behaviours ... is contagious the rise of collaborative consumption ref From enormous marketplaces such as eBay ... to peer RelayRides , Collaborative Consumption is disrupting outdated modes of business and reinventing ... the movement ref Origin The term collaborative consumption was coined by Marcus Felson and Joe L. Spaeth in their paper Community Structure and Collaborative Consumption A routine activity approach ... , Community Structure and Collaborative Consumption A routine activity approach, American Behavioral ... consulting.co.uk insights collaborative consumption Collaborative Consumption in the Leisure ... authors of What s Mine Is Yours The Rise of Collaborative Consumption . ref Rachel Botsman , Roo Rogers , What s Mine Is Yours The Rise of Collaborative Consumption , HarperBusiness , 2010 ISBN 978 0 ... consumption as a new socio economic big idea promising a revolution in the way we consume ... consumption, sees it as a social and economic revolution that allows people to create value ..., collaborative consumption was named one of TIME Magazine s 10 ideas that will change the world. ref ... of collaborative consumption Product service systems Collaborative consumption is based ... , May 18, 2010 ref Redistribution markets A system of collaborative consumption is based on used ... hbr.org 2010 10 beyond zipcar collaborative consumption ar 1 ref A growing people centric marketplace, Tradepal , fits squarely into the realm of collaborative consumption where peers re commerce through ... collaborative consumption ar 1 ref . Sectors currently covered by collaborative consumption Transportation ... commerce State socialism References references DEFAULTSORT Collaborative Consumption Category Collaboration ... more details
nofootnotes date April 2010 Intermediate consumption also called intermediate expenditure is an economic ..., the aggregate intermediate consumption is equal to the amount of the difference between Gross ..., total intermediate consumption represents about 45 of Gross Output . The services component in intermediate consumption has grown strongly in the US, from about 30 in the 1980s to more than 40 today. Thus, intermediate consumption is an accounting stock and flow flow which consists of the total monetary ... in form e.g. bulk sugar or completely used up e.g. electric power . Intermediate consumption ... the value of transactions between economic sectors. Exclusions from intermediate consumption Excluded from intermediate consumption in the UNSNA system are The value of the depreciation of fixed assets ... provided by government to households. Inclusions in intermediate consumption Included in intermediate consumption in the UNSNA system are Operating expenses such as the rentals paid on the use ... time as inventories, before they are actually used in production. Workers consumption Some goods and services ... it is necessary to distinguish whether items are intermediate consumption or, alternatively ... discretion for their own use, they are regarded as remuneration in kind, not intermediate consumption ... in intermediate consumption, and excluded from value added. Statistical effects of ownership relations on the boundary between intermediate consumption and value added The statistical boundary between intermediate consumption and value added is affected by ownership relations. If, for example, an enterprise ... added will be reduced, and its intermediate consumption will be increased. But because in house production itself has intermediate inputs, the value of the increase in intermediate consumption that results ... from another enterprise. Thus, the sizes of total value added and intermediate consumption are affected ... or equipment under an operating lease are recorded in national accounts as intermediate consumption ... more details
tocright Expand article date April 2012 Media consumption or media diet is the sum of information and entertainment Media communication media taken in by an individual or group. It includes activities such as interacting with new media Reading process reading books and magazines watching television and film listening to radio and so on. ref cite book title Rich Media, Poor Democracy authorlink Robert W. McChesney year 1999 publisher University of Illinois Press location Chicago isbn ref ref cite book title Cultural Studies The Basics author Jeff Lewis year 2002 publisher Sage location London isbn ref Among other factors, a person s access to media technology affects the amount and quality of his or her intake. ref cite book title Political Communication and Social Theory authorlink author Aeron Davis year 2010 publisher Taylor & Francis location isbn ref In the United States, for instance, U.C. San Diego scientists in 2009 estimated the average American consumes 34 gigabytes of media a day. ref cite web url http www.niemanlab.org 2011 11 ethan zuckerman wants you to eat your news vegetables or at least have better information title Ethan Zuckerman wants you to eat your news vegetables ... 18 April 2010 title Media consumption on the increase Survey finds increase in number of hours public ... business 2010 apr 19 media consumption survey cite journal author Steven Leckart year ... magazine 17 08 by media diet cite book title Media consumption and everyday life in Asia last ... Media Consumption and Public Engagement Beyond the Presumption of Attention author Nick Couldry, Sonia ... Differences in Media Consumption Patterns of Chinese Generation X Consumers journal Journal ... Media Consumption in a New Home Acculturation Patterns among Hong Kong Immigrants to Canada ... of media consumption author Shaun Moores year 1993 publisher Sage location London isbn External ... 2010 Jun How Media Consumption Has Changed Since 2000.aspx title How Media Consumption Has ... more details
A Consumption wall is a very wide wall, and appears as a double sided structure in filled with smaller stones. Consumption walls serve a double purpose of absorbing excess stone from the surrounding land, clearing it, while also enclosing it. An example can been seen in the Duddon Valley , Cumbria at Low Hall. ref name Duddon Ring Cairns and Reservoirs Archaeological Discoveries in the Duddon Valley , Cumbria, Stramongate Press Ltd Kendal, 2009 , pp.44 46. ref Consumption walls are thought to date from the medieval period, and are generally made up from glacial deposits left strewn in the area. ref name Duddon Another example can be found near Harlech , Gwynedd , Wales which measures about six feet wide, indicating that they are spread throughout British agricultural regions. ref cite book last Garner first Lawrence title Dry Stone Walls year 2005 publisher Osprey Publishing pages 22 url http books.google.co.uk books?id 6QkeYehqhs0C&pg PA40&lpg PA40&dq 22consumption wall 22 cumbria&source bl&ots nRo5P6p9LC&sig ZUe fqsavKDWFyJStWIjqJgRn98&hl en&ei NfThTpabIpGp8APK3rSCBA&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 5&ved 0CDYQ6AEwBA v onepage&q 22consumption 20wall 22 20cumbria&f false ref References reflist After listing your sources please cite them using inline citations and place them after the information they cite. Please see http en.wikipedia.org wiki Wikipedia REFB for instructions on how to add citations. Category Valleys of Cumbria Category Walls ... more details
2006 04 21 ref div style clear left div Oral consumption main Cannabis foods As an alternative to smoking ... DEFAULTSORT Cannabis Consumption Category Cannabis Category Cannabis smoking pt Consumo da maconha ... more details
wiktionary functionFunction may refer to Diatonic function , a term in music theory Function E 40 song , a 2012 song by American rapper E 40 featuring YG rapper YG , iAmSu & Problem Function biology , explaining why a feature survived selection Function computer science , or subroutine, a portion of code within a larger program, performs a specific task Function engineering , related to the selected property of a system Function language , in linguistics, a way of achieving an aim using language Function mathematics , an abstract entity that associates an input to a corresponding output according to some rule Function model , a structured representation of the functions, activities or processes Function object , or functor or functionoid, a concept of object oriented programming Function Drinks , a beverage company based in Redondo Beach, California. An organised event such as a party or meeting See also Functionalism disambiguation Function hall Functional disambiguation Functionality in polymer chemistry see Structural unit Functor disambiguation bg bs Funkcija vor ca Funci desambiguaci cs Funkce da Funktion de Funktion et Funktsioon es Funci n eo Funkcio eu Funtzio argipena fr Fonction ko id Fungsi it Funzione lt Funkcija lmo Funziun nl Functie ja no Funksjon nn Funksjon pl Funkcja ujednoznacznienie pt Fun o desambigua o ro Func ie dezambiguizare ru simple Function sk Funkcia sl Funkcija razlo itev sr sh Funkcija razvrstavanje sv Funktion olika betydelser th uk zh ... more details
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