wiktionarypar contribution Contribute may refer to Adobe Contribute Web editing software Contribution may refer to Donation Sharing Payment Contribution law a payment between defendants with joint and several liability to apportion liability. Publication in a newspaper, magazine, etc. Transport of audio or video content by broadcasters prior to distribution for example audio or video links between a sports venue or concert hall and the broadcaster s studios . Contribution margin in cost accounting and analysis. When a request for contributions is directed to more than one party then fundraising is being attempted. disambig be x old de Abgabe Begriffskl rung ru ... more details
charitable contribution may refer to A Charitable organization charitable donation generally For the US tax law term, see Charitable contribution deductions in the United States disambiguation ... more details
Image CVP Sales Contrib VC.svg thumb right 240px Decomposing Sales as Contribution plus Variable Costs ... , a form of management accounting , contribution margin is the marginal profit per unit sale. It is a useful ... leverage . Typically, high contribution margins are prevalent in the labour intensive tertiary sector while low contribution margins are prevalent in the capital intensive industrial sector. Definition The Unit Contribution Margin C is Unit Revenue Price, P minus Unit Variable Cost V math text C text P text V math The Contribution Margin Ratio is the percentage of Contribution over Total Revenue, which can be calculated from the unit contribution over unit price or total contribution over Total Revenue math frac text C text P frac text P text V text P frac text Unit Contribution Margin text Price frac text Total Contribution Margin text Total Revenue math For example, if the price is Rs10 and the unit variable cost is Rs2, then the unit contribution margin is Rs8, and the contribution margin ... as Contribution minus Fixed Costs . Contribution margin can be thought of as the fraction of sales that contributes to the offset of fixed costs. Alternatively, unit contribution margin is the amount ... Fixed Cost Total Variable Cost and X is Number of Units. Thus Profit is Unit Contribution times Number ... Contribution Margin minus Total Fixed Costs math begin align text PL & text TR text TC & left ... TFC & text TCM text TFC end align math Applications Contribution arises in Cost Volume Profit Analysis , where it simplifies calculation of Net Income, and especially break even analysis . Given the contribution ... or service, and about how to structure sales Commission remuneration commissions or bonus es. Contribution ... to growth in profits. The contribution margin is computed by using a contribution income statement ... a business s fixed and variable costs. Contribution is different than Gross Margin in that a contribution calculation seeks to separate out variable costs included in the contribution calculation from ... more details
A Satellite contribution link or service is a means to transport video programming by a satellite link from a remote source such as an outside broadcast unit to a broadcaster s studio or from the studio to a satellite satellite TV uplink centre for onward distribution by direct to home DTH , cable TV cable etc. . Image Sat contribution fig.jpg thumb right 500 px Signal path for a Satellite Contribution link from a broadcaster s studio to DTH viewers Such contribution links are often made by terrestrial connections landline , Fiber optic communication fibre , etc. but the use of a satellite Hop telecommunications hop provides advantages in some situations. Satellite operators and third party agencies provide satellite contribution links for the occasional or regular use of the client broadcasters. Advantages In remote locations, using terrestrial links such as fibre is prohibitively expensive whereas satellite can cheaply and easily overcome the last mile first mile connectivity gaps in rural and other remote areas. A comparable fibre service would have to use extremely diverse routing ... provides a fully redundant contribution connection. Monitoring of the signal allows for fast and effective ... band Contribution Service August 2008 . Company factsheet ref . Technology Whereas satellite contribution ... common to use the higher frequency Ka band uplink and downlink for the contribution feed, as that band is relatively unused. Ka band provides for a smaller contribution uplink dish size typically ... deliver IP over satellite contribution solution for Canal33 news August 17, 2007 publisher Broadcast Engineering accessdate June 29, 2009 ref Advanced applications Whereas a contribution link from a studio ... contribution link service using a single Ka band transponder with a European footprint and a Ku band transponder serving southern Africa. Contribution feeds can be transferred from one region to the other ... links http www.ses.com SES website http www.ses.com 4334674 contribution SES Contribution Services ... more details
Orphan date July 2009 Unreferenced date July 2009 A minimum employer contribution is a mandatory pension contribution which is made compulsory by the Pensions Act 2008 in the United Kingdom UK which comes into force in 2012. It will be set at 3 of banded Income earnings . Category Pensions in the United Kingdom UK gov stub ... more details
Unreferenced date June 2007 A contribution claim is a Cause of action claim brought by one or more defendant s to a lawsuit for money damages brought by a plaintiff . A contribution claim asserts the party usually a defendant is entitled to contribution from a third party for any money damages awarded to the plaintiff. For example, if a plaintiff sues a homeowner for damages caused by a garage door, the defendant homeowner could add a third party, the manufacturer of the garage door to contribute to any damages awarded to the plaintiff according to the proportionate share of responsibility, legal liability liability , or fault assigned to the homeowner and the manufacturer by the jury . In most cases, contribution claims are brought like the original lawsuit itself. The claim must be personally served on the new, third party defendant, by the third party plaintiff the defendant bringing the claim for contribution relief . In contrast, a counter claim asserts that the party usually a defendant is entitled to offset the damages awarded to plaintiff by the proportionate share of any responsibility, liability, or fault assigned to the plaintiff by the jury. Finally, a cross claim is the same as a counter claim or contribution claim, except that it is asserted by a defendant against other defendants. Counter claims and cross claims do not require personal service because no new parties are being added to the lawsuit. In some United States state court systems , a contribution claim must be opened as a new case, and thus the defendant must pay for a Court costs filing fee , Docket court docket number, or index number . In other states, however, no additional fee is required. See also Joint and several liability Tort law DEFAULTSORT Contribution Claim Legal Category Tort law Category Lawsuits law term stub ... more details
refimprove date May 2010 see also Defined benefit plan In economics , a defined contribution plan is a type of retirement plan in which the amount of the employer s annual contribution is specified. ref ... contribution plans, future benefits fluctuate on the basis of investment earnings. The most common type of defined contribution plan is a savings and thrift plan. Under this type of plan, the employee ... , uscsub 26 414 i specifies a defined contribution plan as a plan which provides for an individual ... participants which may be allocated to such participant s account. Overview In a defined contribution ... contracts annuity which then provides a regular income. Defined contribution plans have become ... sector in many countries. For example, the number of defined contribution plans in the US has been ... by disbanding the defined benefit plan and instead offering a defined contribution plan. Money contributed ... of defined contribution pensions is legally no different from the portability of defined benefit ... for defined contribution plans you don t need to pay an actuary to calculate the lump sum equivalent that you do for defined benefit plans in practice, defined contribution plans have become generally portable. In a defined contribution plan, investment risk and investment rewards are assumed ... and Risk of Defined Contribution Pension Schemes International Evidence journal Journal of Risk and Insurance ... an annuity. The cost of a defined contribution plan is readily calculated, but the benefit from a defined contribution plan depends upon the account balance at the time an employee is looking to use the assets. So, for this arrangement, the contribution is known but the benefit is unknown until calculated . Despite the fact that the participant in a defined contribution plan typically has control .... Examples Examples of defined contribution plans in the USA include Individual Retirement Account ... definition of a defined contribution plan is a plan providing for an individual account for each ... more details
Refimprove date December 2006 Contribution margin based pricing maximizes the Profit accounting profit derived from an individual product, based on the difference between the product s price and variable cost s the product s contribution margin per unit , and on one s assumptions regarding the relationship between the product s price and the number of units that can be sold at that price. The product s contribution to total firm profit i.e., to operating income is maximized when a price is chosen that maximizes the following pre Contribution Margin Per Unit X Number of Units Sold pre Contribution margin per unit is the difference between the price of a product and the sum of the variable costs of one unit of that product. Variable costs are all costs that will increase with greater unit sales of a product or decrease with fewer unit sales i.e., leaving out fixed cost s, which are costs that will not change with sales level over an assumed possible range of sales levels . Examples of variable .... In reality, if the price were reduced to 12, contribution margin would be reduced from 3 per unit ... in contribution margin would be more than made up for by the doubling in volume units sold . ref The contribution margin per unit of each product multiplied by units sold equals the contribution ... the above in mathematical format pre Price Variable Costs Per Unit Contribution Margin Per Unit Contribution Margin Per Unit x Units Sold Product s Contribution to Profit Contributions to Profit ... product firm, a firm would maximize profit by determining the price that maximizes contribution to profit i.e., contribution margin per unit multiplied by the number of units sold , since the fixed ... would assume likely unit sales levels at various price levels, calculate the contribution margin ... Contribution Margin Per Unit at that price level and choose the highest result i.e., the highest Contribution to Profit to maximize profit. Note that this approach determines the price that maximizes ... more details
A group contribution method is a technique to estimate and predict thermodynamic and other properties from molecular structures. Introduction In today s chemical processes hundreds of thousands of components are used. The Chemical Abstracts Service registry lists 56 million substances ref http www.cas.org newsevents releases research120810.html ref , but many of these are only of scientific interest. Process designers need to know some basic chemical properties of the components and their mixtures. Experimental measurement is often too expensive. Predictive methods can replace measurements if they provide sufficiently good estimations. The estimated properties cannot be as precise as well made measurements but for many purposes the quality of estimated properties is sufficient. Predictive methods can also be used to check the results of experimental work. Principles Image Gruppenbeitragsmethodenprinzip.png thumb Principle of a Group Contribution Method A group contribution method uses the principle that some simple aspects of the structures of chemical components are always the same in many ... are functional group s which are themselves built of few atoms and bonds. A group contribution .... Additive group contribution method The simplest form of a group contribution method is the determination of a component property by summing up the group contribution. math T b , , 198.2 sum G i ... group contribution method using group interaction values is the UNIFAC method which estimates activity ... L., Gani R., New Group Contribution Method for Estimating Properties of Pure Compounds , AIChE ... of pure component properties Part 2. Estimation of critical property data by group contribution ... property finding a good but simple mathematical equation for the relation of the group contribution ... sub f G sub i sub sup 2 sup fitting the group contribution The reliability of a method mainly relies ... theory Activity coefficient References references DEFAULTSORT Group Contribution Method Category Thermodynamic ... more details
Image A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy.jpg thumb 200px Marxism A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy Kritik der Politischen konomie is a book by Karl Marx , first published in 1859. The book is mainly an analysis of capitalism , achieved by critiquing the writings of the leading theoretical exponents of capitalism at that time these were the Political economy political economists , nowadays often referred to as the Classical economics classical economists Adam Smith 1723 90 and David Ricardo 1772 1823 are the foremost representatives of the genre. Much of the Critique was later incorporated by Marx into his magnum opus, Capital Volume I , published in 1867 and the Critique is generally considered to be of secondary importance among Marx s writings. This does not apply, however, to the Preface of the Critique . It contains the first connected account of one of Marx s main theories the Historical materialism economic interpretation of history . Briefly, this is the idea that economic factors &ndash the way people produce the necessities of life &ndash determine the kind of politics and ideology a society can have quote The totality of these relations of production constitutes the economic structure of society, the real foundation, on which arises a base and superstructure legal and political superstructure and to which correspond definite forms of social consciousness. The mode of production of material life conditions the general process of social, political and intellectual life. ref Otto Ruhle says that the Preface contained quote the first connected account of the economic interpretation of history. Karl Marx His Life and Works , Achievement Part II , The Materialist Interpretation of History ref ref Michael Evans Karl Marx , p. 61 refers ... to the Critique of Political Economy . ref In English, A Contribution to the Critique of Political ... Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy Category Books by Karl Marx Category 1859 books ... more details
Although Australia s contribution to global warming is relatively small on a global scale, it still has raised interest among the countries population and scientific community. Annual contribution The Australian government estimates that Australia s net emissions in 2006 were 576 million tonnes CO2 equivalent, to which the sectoral contributions were approximately as follows energy sector, 70 agriculture, 15 other forms of land use, 7 industrial processes 5 waste, 3 . ref http www.climatechange.gov.au whitepaper report index.html CPRS White Paper , Chapter 6, page 3. ref Cumulative historical contribution see also Carbon Debt The World Resources Institute estimates that Australia was responsible for 1.1 of all CO sub 2 sub emissions between 1850 and 2002. ref http www.wri.org publication navigating the numbers Navigating the Numbers Greenhouse Gas Data and International Climate Policy , Chapter 6, Figure 6.1. ref In 2000, Australia emitted 16.5444 thousand metric tonnes of carbon dioxide per 1,000 people which ranked 8th in the world in carbon emissions per capita. ref http www.nationmaster.com graph env co2 emi percap environment co2 emissions per capita CO2 Emissions per capita most recent by country , Fact and statistics, Source World Resources Institute. 2003. Carbon Emissions from energy use and cement manufacturing, 1850 to 2000, Nationmaster.com, retrieved 2009 11 30. ref Projected contribution According to the no mitigation scenario in the Garnaut Climate Change Review , Australia s share of world emissions, at 1.5 in 2005, declines to 1.1 by 2030, and to 1 by 2100. ref http www.garnautreview.org.au chp3.htm 3 5 Garnaut Climate Change Review , Chapter 3, Table 3.2. ref Confounding factors The import and export of goods confounds equitable measurements of emissions, particularly in the context of endeavouring to reach a global agreement on emissions reduction based ... 27 December 2008. ref Indirect contribution Australia is a major exporter of coal , particularly ... more details
The AGEUS Award for Individual Contribution began in 2006. It is presented annually during the meeting of the Annual Georgia European Union Summit , and goes to an individual who has shown exceptional success and dedication in fostering foreign economic development in the State of Georgia U.S. state Georgia , USA. Image AGEUS International Award 2007.jpg 200px thumb AGEUS International Award 2007 Prior AGEUS Award winners 2006 Christopher N. Smith, Honorary Consul of the Kingdom of Denmark to Georgia, for his work bringing Danish companies to Georgia. 2007 James Blair of the Georgia Department of Economic Development for his 19 years of ongoing work in Europe on behalf of Georgia business. 2008 Not awarded 2009 Dr. Bruce S. Allen for his work in foreign relations and economic development. 2010 Not awarded i te amo References http stories.globalatlanta.com 2007stories 015591.html Global Atlanta article Category Awards established in 2006 Category Economic development awards ... more details
Use mdy dates date October 2010 Naismith Outstanding Contribution to Basketball is an award given to one man and one woman each year. The award was established in 1996 and is presented by the Atlanta Tipoff Club . align left border 4 cellspacing 0 cellpadding 4 align center colspan 4 bgcolor maroon style color white Naismith Outstanding Contribution to Basketball Award align center colspan 1 Year align center colspan 1 Men affiliation align center colspan 1 Women affiliation align center 1982 align center align center align center 1983 align center align center align center 1984 align center align center align center 1985 align center align center align center 1986 align center align center align center 1987 align center align center align center 1988 align center align center align center 1989 align center Nat Holman Coach align center align center 1990 align center align center align center 1991 align center align center align center 1992 align center align center align center 1993 align center align center align center 1994 align center align center align center 1995 align center align center align center 1996 align center Borislav Stankovic BR International Basketball Federation align center align center 1997 align center align center align center 1998 align center align center align center 1999 align center align center align center 2000 align center align center align center 2001 align center align center align center 2002 align center align center Billie Moore coach align center 2003 align center align center align center 2004 align center George E. Killian NJCAA align center Sonja Hogg Coach align center 2005 align center align center align center 2006 align center align center align center 2007 align center Bobby Knight Coach align center Kay Yow Coach align center 2008 align center Dick Vitale Coach & Broadcaster align center Jody Conradt Coach align center 2009 align center Billy Packer Broadcaster align center Anne Donovan Player & Coach align center 2010 ... more details
Expected Family Contribution or EFC is a term used in the college financial aid process in the United States. It is an estimate of the parents and or student s ability to contribute to post secondary education expenses. Generally speaking, the lower the EFC the higher the financial aid award from the college may be. Zero is the lowest EFC number, and 99,999 is the highest. The EFC is calculated based on a student s responses to questions in the FAFSA if the FAFSA was completed without significant errors. Some colleges and universities may use the CSS Profile to calculate EFC or have their own form . A major difference between the FAFSA and the CSS Profile is that the CSS Profile takes home equity value of your house into account when determining ability to pay, while the FAFSA does not. The EFC is usually subtracted from the cost of attendance COA of the college or university to determine a student s financial need. If nowrap COA EFC , then a student has financial need. Eligibility for a number of federal, state, local, and institutional aid programs is based on a student s EFC. Items that will lower a student s EFC Additional family members supported by the head of the household e.g., siblings or grandparents who are living at home Additional siblings in college Lower income especially student income Fewer assets especially student assets For the 2010&ndash 2011 school year the maximum EFC for a student to be eligible for a Pell Grant is 5273. See also FAFSA Student financial aid External links http www.aie.org managing your money finance tools EFC Calculator Unofficial EFC Calculator http studentaid.ed.gov Federal Student Aid Category Student financial aid Category Education finance ... more details
Marxism To each according to his contribution is considered by socialist s and Socialism Marxism Marxist socialists as a characteristic of society directly following the transition to socialism , but preceding the final step to communism . This essentially means that people are rewarded based on the amount they contribute to the social product. This principle formed the basic definition of socialism by its pre Marxist proponents, most notably Ricardian socialism Ricardian socialists , social anarchists and democratic socialist s. Definition and purpose To each according to his contribution was a concept espoused by many members of the labor movement . Examples would be found of this in Ferdinand Lassalle s and Eugen D hring s statements to Leon Trotsky . However it was Vladimir Lenin , inspired by Marx s writing on the subject in Critique of the Gotha Programme , who claimed the principle to be a fundamental element of socialism within Marxist theory. ref http www.marxists.org archive lenin works 1917 staterev ch05.htm s3, Vladimir Lenin, The State and Revloution Chapter 5, Section 3 ref Libertarian socialist thinkers, such as American anarchist Benjamin Tucker , defined socialism as a system whereby the laborer receives the full product of his labor so to eliminate exploitation and unearned income accrued to the capitalist. The term means simply that each worker in a socialist society receives wages and benefits according to the quantity and value of the labor that he or she contributed. This translates into workers of high productivity receiving more wages and benefits than workers of average productivity, and substantially more than workers of low productivity. An extension of this principle could also be made so that the more difficult one s job is whether this difficulty is derived from greater training requirements, job intensity, safety hazards, etc. the more one ... to his contribution ... more details
perceived that the contribution of air power to the campaign would be decisive. ref name Herington ... near Caen , as well as the city itself. The Australian contribution to this raid included 20 Lancasters ... last Air Power Development Centre title Australian Air Contribution to D Day Operations url http airpower.airforce.gov.au publications Details 262 13 Australian Air Contribution to D Day Operations.aspx ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2011 The Walkley Awards Walkley Award for Most Outstanding Contribution to Journalism recognises long term commitment and achievement in the Australian media. It has been awarded annually since 1994. The List of winners 1994 Robert Duffield Robert M. Duffield 1995 John Stubbs journalist John Stubbs 1996 Max Fatchen 1997 Paul Chadwick journalist Paul Chadwick 1998 Maurie Ferry , Australian Broadcasting Corporation ABC South East Radio , Bega, New South Wales Bega 1999 Tony Koch 2000 Paul Murphy Australian journalist Paul Murphy 2001 Estelle Blackburn 2002 Quentin Dempster , The 7.30 Report , Australian Broadcasting Corporation ABC TV 2003 Julie Duncan , Journalism Educator , South Australia 2004 Phil Wilkins 2005 Australian Cartoonist s Association 2006 Colleen Egan , The Sunday Times Western Australia The Sunday Times 2007 Gerard Noonan 2008 Pamela Bone 2009 Tony Stephens 2010 Cameron Forbes 2011 Julian Assange , WikiLeaks External links Walkley Awards website http www.walkleys.com Home Page Page for search of Walkleys database for http www.walkleys.com winners database.html winners names . Category Australian journalism awards Category Walkley Award winners Walkley Award for Most Outstanding Contribution to Journalism ... more details
The Vijay for Contribution to Tamil Cinema is given by STAR Vijay as part of its annual Vijay Awards ceremony for Tamil language Tamil Kollywood films. The list Here is a list of the award winners and the films for which they won. class wikitable bgcolor d1e4fd Year Awardee Link bgcolor edf3fe 2010 Mugur Sundar 2009 The Stunt Union bgcolor edf3fe 2008 Sathyam Cinemas ref http www.indiaglitz.com channels tamil article 47587.html ref 2007 Anandhan Film News Anandhan ref http www.starboxoffice.com kollywood vijayawards about.html ref bgcolor edf3fe 2006 Saroja Devi ref http www.goldentamilcinema.net new news 25 12 06.htm ref See also Tamil cinema Cinema of India References reflist Category Vijay Awards Stunt Director ta ... more details
Refimprove date December 2008 Charitable contribution deductions for United States Income tax in the United States Federal Income Tax purposes are defined in section 170 c of the Internal Revenue Code as contributions to or for the use of certain nonprofit enterprises. See usc 26 170 c . Exclusions of certain amounts from deduction Certain portions of the market value of non cash donations, such as short term capital gains, are made non deductible by I.R.C. 170 e 1 A . Organization Eligibility An organization must meet certain requirements set forth in the Code. Some organizations must also file a request with the Internal Revenue Service to gain status as a tax exempt non profit charitable organization under section 501 c 3 of the tax code. A non exhaustive list of organizations that may meet ... if the contribution is made for exclusively public purposes An organization dedicated to the improvement ... or legislation . A contribution to a charitable organization need not be fully a gift in the statutory ... will be reduced by the amount of the substantial benefit conferred upon them as a result of their contribution ... contribution depends on the type of contribution that he makes. A taxpayer may contribute Service economics ... amount that he is entitled to deduct He may only deduct his contribution to the extent that it does ... he makes the contribution may be carried forward and taken the next year for up to 5 years. Ordinary ... . To determine the amount that she may deduct as a charitable contribution, Abby must subtract the ordinary ..., then any additionally contribution including long term capital gain property to any charity in that same ... capital gain in a sale, then the deduction for the contribution is limited to 30 of donor s adjusted ... and capital gain property 1 General rule The amount of any charitable contribution of property otherwise ... at its fair market value determined at the time of such contribution ... Short Term Capital Loss ... Davis v. United States 1990 US Supreme Court case refining the definition of charitable contribution ... more details
The following is the list of Award winners for the Karnataka Cinema Lifetime Achievement award. This is presented to the prominent dignitaries who have made outstanding contribution to Kannada cinema. class wikitable width 60 Year Winner 2010 S. D. Ankalai ref http entertainment.oneindia.in kannada news 2011 vishnuvardhan anu prabhaka ksf awards 201011.html Vishnuvardhan Anu Prabhakar Karnataka State Film Awards Aaptha Rakshaka Pareekshe Bot generated title ref 2009 2008 Parvathamma Rajkumar ref http entertainment.oneindia.in kannada news 2009 karnantaka state film awards 120109.html Gulabi Talkies bags 3 Karnataka State Film Awards Bot generated title ref 2007 Dwarakish ref http www.altfg.com blog awards kamataka state film awards 2006 2007 Karnataka State Film Awards 2006 2007 Bot generated title ref 2006 C. Ramachandra ref http www.viggy.com english current state award05 06.asp Karnataka State Film Awards 2005 06 announced Nayi Neralu bagged the first best film award Bot generated title ref 2005 Vajramuni br Chandulal Jain ref http www.viggy.com english current state award04 05.asp Karnataka State Film Awards 2004 05 announced Monalisa bagged the first best film award Bot generated title ref 2004 Kuppuswamy Naidu ref name autogenerated1 http www.hindu.com 2001 12 17 stories 2001121701550300.htm The Hindu Shivaraj, Tara, Anu bag State film awards Bot generated title ref 2003 S. V. Karim Khan ref http www.viggy.com english current state award02 03.asp Karnataka State Film Awards 2002 2003 announced Artha of B. Suresh bagged the Best Film Award Bot generated title ref 2002 Rajanand ref http www.cscsarchive.org 8081 MediaArchive art.nsf 94ff8a4a35a9b8876525698d002642a9 3c89ecbe8d9664ed65257253001b95f7 FILE A0580283.pdf ref 2001 T. S. Narasimhan ref name autogenerated1 2000 S. P. Varadaraju ref name autogenerated1 See also Karnataka State Film Awards Karnataka State Film Award for Best Film References reflist Category Karnataka State Film Awards ... more details
and Air Force provided personnel to Operation Habitat , the Australian contribution to Operation ... Gulf War fr Contribution de l Australie la guerre du golfe de 1991 ... more details
with its relatively small size, the Australian force made an important though limited contribution ... contribution was also geographically dispersed, with the Australian forces forming part of larger US ... s contribution to the Multinational force in Iraq through taking over the responsibility for providing ... 2008 12 21 first Byron last Kaye ref The Australian contribution in context The scale of the Australian force commitment The Australian military contribution was relatively small in proportional ... 2003 Australian Military History DEFAULTSORT Australian Contribution To The 2003 Invasion Of Iraq Category ... more details
File Poland First To Fight.jpg thumb 300px 1942 propaganda poster The European Theatre of World War II European theater of World War II opened with the Nazi Germany German Invasion of Poland 1939 invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939. The Polish Army was defeated after over a month of fighting. After Poland had been overrun, a Polish government in exile government in exile headquartered in Britain , armed forces , and an intelligence service were established outside of Poland. These organizations contributed to the Allies of World War II Allied effort throughout the war. Polish forces in the West The Polish Army was recreated in the West , as well as Polish forces in the East in the East after German invasion of the Soviet Union . Poles provided crucial help to the Allies throughout the war, fighting on land, on the seas and in the air. Notable was the service of the Polish Air Force , not only in the Allied victory in the Battle of Britain but also the subsequent war in the air. Polish ground troops were present in the North Africa Campaign siege of Tobruk the Italian campaign including the capture of the monastery hill at the Battle of Monte Cassino and in battles following the invasion of France the battle of the Falaise pocket and an airborne forces airborne brigade parachute drop during Operation Market Garden . Some Polish contributions were less visible, and most notably included the prewar and wartime decypher ing of German Enigma machine codes by cryptology cryptologists Marian Rejewski and his colleagues. The Polish intelligence network also proved to be of much value to the Allied intelligence. As Poland never made a general surrender or produced a puppet government collaborative puppet government unlike France , it was directly governed by a purely German administration known as the General Government Generalgouvernement . This administration was in turn opposed by the Polish Underground State , which not only fielded one of the three largest partisan ... more details
The UNTAC United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia UNTAC was a peacekeeping mission established in the early 1990s following the civil war which broke out in Cambodia after the collapse of the Khmer Rouge regime in 1979. The Australian government had closely followed events in Cambodia given the possible implications for regional security, while out of a desire to be seen as a good international citizen it had also invested heavily diplomatically in order to push the parties towards a peace agreement. In August 1989 the UN attempted to broker a peace agreement between the warring factions, and included amongst the reconnaissance party were two Australian officers tasked with laying the groundwork for a monitoring force should it be deployed. However after the collapse of the peace effort the proposed UN force was cancelled and the reconnaissance team withdrawn. Two years later, however, following the Paris Agreements in 1991 UNTAC was successfully established to monitor a new ceasefire and elections which were initially planned for March 1992. ref name Grey 1999, pp. 259 260 Grey 1999, pp. 259 260. ref UNTAC was the largest and most complex UN operation since the Congo in the 1960s, comprising 16,000 troops, 900 military observers, 3,350 civilian police and several thousand civilian staff. ref Londey 2004, p. 170. ref The Australian contingent served from the inception of the mission in late 1991 until it withdrew in November 1993, and at its height numbered 600 personnel. Approximately 1,215 Australians served in Cambodia, and although they suffered a number of casualties, none were killed during the mission. ref name Londey 2004, p. 174 Londey 2004, p. 174. ref UNAMIC The Australian contribution initially included an advance party of 65 communications personnel under the United Nations Advance Mission in Cambodia UNAMIC . The first 40 signallers arrived in Phnom Penh on 10 November 1991, the day after UNAMIC headquarters opened. They were commanded by Lie ... more details
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