Infobox treaty name Convention on BiologicalDiversity long name image Convention on Biological Diversity.djvu image width 250px caption Convention Document type date drafted date signed 5 June 1992 location ... on BiologicalDiversity CBD , known informally as the Biodiversity Convention , is an international legally binding treaty . The Convention has three main goals conservation of biological ... Year of Biodiversity . The Secretariat of the Convention on BiologicalDiversity is the focal point ... term decline of biologicaldiversity. The convention also offers decision makers guidance ... represents Singapore in the Convention for BiologicalDiversity. National Reports In accordance with Article ... of the Nagoya Protocol work cbd.int publisher Convention on BiologicalDiversity accessdate 1012 01 ... ABS to the Convention on BiologicalDiversity is a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological ... on BiologicalDiversity CBD website http www.cbd.int convention convention.shtml Text of the Convention ... 2 a publication of the Secretariat of the Convention on BiologicalDiversity. Reviews trends in biodiversity ... Terminator seed technology and the Convention on BiologicalDiversity Kootenay Co op Radio ... and sustainable use of biologicaldiversity. It is often seen as the key document ... on BiologicalDiversity in October in Nagoya , Japan , the Nagoya Protocol was adopted. ref http ... law that the conservation of biologicaldiversity is a common concern of humankind and is an integral ... are required to conserve biodiversity biologicaldiversity . It argues, however, that conservation ... on BiologicalDiversity of 2010 would ban some forms of geoengineering . ref http www.newscientist.com ... and sustainable use of biologicaldiversity. Regulated access to genetic resources and traditional ... to protect biologicaldiversity from the potential risks posed by living modified organisms resulting ... On BiologicalDiversity Category Biodiversity Category Commercialization of traditional medicines ... more details
Infobox organization name Center for BiologicalDiversity image Center for BiologicalDiversity logo.jpg image border size default 200 alt alt text see WP ALT caption abbreviation CBD motto formation 1989 type Non governmental organization NGO status ad hoc, treaty, foundation, etc purpose Protection of endangered species headquarters Tucson , Arizona location coords Coordinates of location using a coordinates template region served membership language official languages leader title position title for the leader of the org leader name name of leader main organ gral. assembly, board of directors, etc parent organization if one affiliations if any num staff num volunteers website http biologicaldiversity.org biologicaldiversity.org The Center for BiologicalDiversity CBD based in Tucson , Arizona , is a nonprofit membership organization with approximately 220,000 members and online activists, known for its work protecting endangered species through legal action and scientific petitions. The Center has offices and staff in Arizona , California , New Mexico , Oregon , Montana , Illinois , Minnesota , Alabama , Alaska , Vermont and Washington, D.C. It was founded in 1989 by Kieran Suckling, Peter Galvin, Todd Schulke, and Robin Silver. ref name about Background Given a small grant by the Fund for Wild Nature , the organization started in 1989 as a small group by the name of Greater ... later grew and became the Center for BiologicalDiversity. Kieran Suckling, Peter Galvin ... about http www.biologicaldiversity.org about story index.html Our Story Center for BiologicalDiversity ... of the Center for BiologicalDiversity. Initially, the CBD focused on issues specific to the Southwestern ... threats to biologicaldiversity and climate change. The CBD employs a group of paid and pro bono ... Notes reflist External links http biologicaldiversity.org Center for BiologicalDiversity website http publicservice.evendon.com CenterBioDiv v DOIM.htm Center for BiologicalDiversity v Dept of the Interior ... more details
no footnotes date March 2011 Other uses BWC disambiguation Infobox Treaty name Biological Weapons Convention ... to the Biological Weapons Convention Complete List depositor language languages website wikisource Image BWC Participation.svg right 300px thumb Participation in the Biological Weapons Convention ... Col end The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological Biological and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction usually referred to as the Biological Weapons Convention , abbreviation BWC , or Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention , abbreviation ... of mass destruction Chemical Weapons Convention External links http www.unog.ch bwc The Biological Weapons Convention website http www.opbw.org Unofficial Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention website ... Text of the Biological Weapons Convention http www.un.org disarmament WMD Bio BioSecondPageBWC.shtml UN s Biological Weapons Convention webpage http boudewijndejonge.googlepages.com Institutional governance .... ref The text of the Convention, as well as the key documents from recent meetings can be found on the BWC Implementation Support Unit http www.unog.ch bwc website . ref The Convention was the result ... of chemical and biological weapons. A draft of the BWC, submitted by the British ref http www.bbc.co.uk .... ref states that are party to it to prohibit the development, production, and stockpiling of Biological weapons biological and toxin weapons . However, the absence of any formal verification regime to monitor compliance has limited the effectiveness of the Convention. Note As of October 2011 ... and other biological agents or toxins and their means of delivery with exceptions for medical and defensive ... purpose criterion encompasses all future scientific and technological developments relevant to the Convention. It is not the objects themselves biological agents or toxins , but rather certain purposes ... Convention CWC . Permitted purposes under the BWC are defined as prophylactic, protective and other ... more details
The UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions is a UNESCO Treaty convention and treaty adopted by the UNESCO General Conference on 20 October 2005. The Convention recognises the rights of Parties to take measures to protect and promote the diversity of cultural ... themes cultural diversity 2005 convention the convention what is the convention UNESCO 2005 Convention ... of trade. ref http www.unesco.org new en culture themes cultural diversity 2005 convention the convention what is the convention UNESCO 2005 Convention ref The Convention s main objective is to provide ... diversity are an essential requirement for sustainable development for the benefit of present and future generations. . ref UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions , Article 2 Paragraph 6 http www.unesco.org new en culture themes cultural diversity 2005 convention the conventionconvention text ref The Convention also defines on cultural industry and interculturality ref UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural ... to protect and promote the diversity of cultural expressions. October 20, 2005 UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions was adopted. March 18, 2007 The Convention ... for Cultural Diversity IFCCD ref But the Convention affirms that Cultural diversity can be protected .... ref UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions ... links http www.unesco.org new en culture themes cultural diversity 2005 convention the conventionConvention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions http unesdoc.unesco.org ... explanatory memoranda 2007a unesco United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office ref Background The convention ... Diversity ref The international community signalled the urgency to implement an international ... EN.pdf Coalition for Cultural Diversity ref Recognizing that the diversity of cultural expressions ... more details
Image BWC Participation.svg right 400px thumb Participation in the Biological Weapons Convention Col begin Col 2 legend 00aa00 Signed and ratified legend 008000 Acceded or succeeded legend 008080 Unrecognized state, abiding by treaty Col 2 legend eeee00 Only signed legend ff1111 Non signatory Col end The list of parties to the Biological Weapons Convention encompasses the states who have signed and ratified or acceded to the international agreement outlawing Biological warfare biological weapons . On 10 April 1972, the Biological Weapons Convention BWC , also known as the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention BTWC was opened for signature. The Netherlands became the first state to deposit the treaty that same day. The treaty coming into force came into force and closed for signature on 26 March 1975 with the deposit of ratification by 22 states. Since then, states that did not sign the treaty can now only accede to it. A total of 195 states may become members of the Chemical Weapons Convention, including all 192 United Nations member states as of 2010, the Cook Islands , Holy See and Niue . As of July 2008, 163 states have ratified or acceded to the treaty, most recently the Cook Islands on 4 December 2008. The Republic of China Taiwan has also ratified the treaty, but is now unrecognized by the United Nations and is a party to the treaty only unofficially. Summary Ratified or Acceded 163 states and the Republic of China Signed only 13 states Non signatories 19 states Ratified or acceded states class wikitable sortable State Signed Deposited Method flagcountry Afghanistan dts link off 1972 Apr 10 L, M, W dts link off 1975 Mar 6 L Ratification flagcountry Albania dts link ...?OpenDocument title Membership of the Biological Weapons Convention work United Nations Office at Geneva accessdate 2008 07 29 reflist DEFAULTSORT Biological Weapons Convention Category Arms control treaties Category Biological warfare Category Lists of parties to treaties ... more details
wiktionary diversity wikiquote Science and technology Biodiversity , the degree of variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet. Diversity Index , a statistic intended to assess the diversity of any population in which each member belongs to a unique group, type or species. Diversity scheme , a method for improving the reliability of a message signal by using multiple communications channels. Antenna diversity , a method of wireless communication that use two or more antennas to improve the quality and reliability of the link. Sociology, economics, law, and politics Multiculturalism , or ethnic diversity, the promotion of multiple ethnic cultures Cultural diversity , the respect of difference cultures and interculturality Diversity business , the business tactic which encourages diversity to better serve a heterogeneous customer base Diversity politics , the political and social policy of encouraging tolerance for people of different backgrounds Diversity jurisdiction , a concept under which U.S. federal courts can hear suits between parties from different states Diversification finance involves spreading investments Diversification marketing strategy is a corporate strategy to decrease market penetration Team composition Other Diversity dance troupe , an English dance troupe who won the third series of Britain s Got Talent Diversity training , the process of educating employees, students or volunteers to function in a diverse environment disambiguation ar bg da Diversitet de Diversit t it Diversit nl Diversiteit ja pt Diversidade tr e itlilik ... more details
Biocultural diversitydiversity of life in all its manifestations biology biological , culture cultural , and linguistics linguistic which are interrelated within a complex socio ecological adaptive system. ref http portal.unesco.org education en ev.php URL ID 18391&URL DO DO TOPIC&URL SECTION 201.html UNESCO web page on biocultural diversity ref See also Portal box Ecology Environment Sustainable Development Biocultural anthropology Biocultural evolution Conservation movement Cultural landscape Ecology Ecosystem Environmental protection Terralingua http www.terralingua.org bcdconservation Biocultural Diversity Conservation References Reflist External links http www.unesco.org mab doc iyb icbcd working doc.pdf UNESCO web page on biocultural diversity http www.terralingua.org Terralingua http www.terralingua.org bcdconservation Biocultural Diversity Conservation Category Biodiversity Category Anthropology environment stub anthropology stub ... more details
The term gamma diversitydiversity was introduced by R. H. Whittaker ref name Whittaker1960 Whittaker ..., 279 338. ref together with the terms alpha diversitydiversity and beta diversitydiversity . Whittaker s idea was that the total species diversity in a landscape is determined by two different things, the mean species diversity in sites or habitats at a more local scale and the differentiation among those habitats . According to this reasoning, alpha diversity and beta diversity constitute independent components of gamma diversity math gamma alpha times beta math Scale considerations ... has been reached on what spatial scales are appropriate to quantify gamma diversity. ref Whittaker ... diversity. Journal of Biogeography 28 453 470. DOI 10.1046 j.1365 2699.2001.00563.x ref It has therefore been proposed that the definition of gamma diversity does not need to be tied to a specific spatial scale, but gamma diversity can be measured for an existing dataset at any scale of interest. ref name Tuomisto2010a Tuomisto, H. 2010 A diversity of beta diversities straightening up a concept gone awry. Part 1. Defining beta diversity as a function of alpha and gamma diversity. Ecography ..., it needs to be taken into account that the species diversity in the dataset generally gives an underestimation of the species diversity in a larger area. The smaller the available sample in relation ... extrapolation. Philosophical Transactions Biological Sciences, 345, 101 118. ref ref Tuomisto, H. 2010 A diversity of beta diversities straightening up a concept gone awry. Part 2. Quantifying beta diversity and related phenomena. Ecography, 33, 23 45. doi 10.1111 j.1600 0587.2009.06148.x ref The degree of underestimation can be estimated from a species area curve . Different gamma diversity concepts Researchers have used different ways to define species diversitydiversity , which in practice has led to different definitions of gamma diversity as well. Often researchers use the values given ... more details
Image Sphenodon punctatus in Waikanae, New Zealand.jpg thumb widthpx The two species of Tuatara are separated from all other species by over 200 million years Phylogenetic diversity is a measure of biodiversity which incorporates taxonomic difference between species. It is defined and calculated as the sum of the lengths of the all the branches that are members of the corresponding minimum spanning path , ref DP Faith. 1992. Conservation evaluation and phylogenetic diversity. Biological Conservation 61 1 10 ref in which branch is a segment of a cladogram , and the minimum spanning path is the mimimum distance between the two nodes. This definition is distinct from earlier measures which attempted to incorporate phylogenetic diversity into conservation planning, such as the measure of toxic diversity introduced by Vane Wright, Humphries, and William. ref Vane Wright, R. I., Humphries, C. J. & Williams, P. H. 1991. 1991 . What to protect systematics and the agony of choice. Biological Conservation, 55, 235 54. ref The concept of phylogenetic diversity has been rapidly adopted in conservation planning, with programs such as the Zoological Society of London s EDGE of Existence programme focused on evolutionary distinct species. Similarly, the World Wide Fund for Nature WWF s Global 200 also includes unusual evolutionary phenomena in their criteria for selecting target ecoregion s. Some studies have indicated that alpha diversity is a good proxy for phylogenetic diversity, so suggesting that term has little use, ref Rodrigues, A. S. L. & Gaston, K. J. 2002. Maximising phylogenetic diversity in the selection of networks of conservation areas. Biol. Conserv. 105, 103 111 ref but a study in the Cape Floristic Region showed that using phylogenetic diversity led to selection of different conservation priorities than using species richness. It also demonstrated that PD led to greater preservation of feature diversity than species richness alone. ref Forest, F. et al. 2007. Pre ... more details
The term alpha diversitydiversity was introduced by R. H. Whittaker ref name Whittaker1960 Whittaker ... Diversity. Taxon, 21, 213 251. doi 10.2307 1218190 ref together with the terms beta diversitydiversity and gamma diversitydiversity . Whittaker s idea was that the total species diversity in a landscape gamma diversity is determined by two different things, the mean species diversity in sites or habitats at a more local scale alpha diversity and the differentiation among those habitats beta diversity . Scale considerations Both the area or landscape of interest and the sites or habitat s within ... Scale spatial spatial scales are appropriate to quantify alpha diversity. ref Whittaker, R. J. et al. 2001 . Scale and species richness towards a general, hierarchical theory of species diversity ... been proposed that the definition of alpha diversity does not need to be tied to a specific spatial scale alpha diversity can be measured for an existing dataset that consists of subunits at any scale. ref name Tuomisto2010a Tuomisto, H. 2010 A diversity of beta diversities straightening up a concept gone awry. Part 1. Defining beta diversity as a function of alpha and gamma diversity. Ecography, 33 ... to be taken into account that the species diversity in the subunits generally gives an underestimation of the species diversity in larger areas. ref Colwell, R. K. and Coddington, J. A. 1994 Estimating terrestrial biodiversity through extrapolation. Philosophical Transactions Biological Sciences, 345, 101 118. ref ref Tuomisto, H. 2010 A diversity of beta diversities straightening up a concept gone awry. Part 2. Quantifying beta diversity and related phenomena. Ecography, 33, 23 45. doi 10.1111 j.1600 0587.2009.06148.x ref Different alpha diversity concepts Ecologists have used several slightly different definitions of alpha diversity. Whittaker himself used the term both for the species diversity in a single subunit and for the mean species diversity in a collection of subunits. ref ... more details
Society WSIS , the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural ... of trade. ref http www.unesco.org new en culture themes cultural diversity 2005 convention the convention ... linguistic diversity yet previously recognized . On top of it, under this Convention, the EU and China ... of promoting linguistic diversity yet previously recognized. On top of it, under this Convention ... Languages Mondialogo Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions ... UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions 2005 http ...Cultural diversity is the quality of diverse or different cultures, as opposed to monoculture, as in the global ... to the world s cultural diversity. Now Hawaii has been westernized the vast majority of its culture has been replaced with Western or American culture. The phrase cultural diversity can ... 2011 The phrase cultural diversity is sometime misused to mean the variety of human societies or culture ... rather than cultural diversity. The culturally destructive action of globalization is often said to have a negative effect on the world s cultural diversity. Overview The many separate societies that emerged .... Cultural diversity can be seen as analogous to biodiversity . ref Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity , Article 1 ref Opposition and Support By analogy with biodiversity, which is thought to be essential to the long term survival of life on earth, it can be argued that cultural diversity ... Declaration on Cultural Diversity that ...cultural diversity is as necessary for humankind as biodiversity ... 127160m.pdf UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity , 2001 ref This position is rejected ... of human nature , the importance of cultural diversity for survival may be an un testable hypothesis ... way it is unethical to promote poverty in underdeveloped nations as cultural diversity it is also unethical to promote all religious practices simply because they contribute to cultural diversity ... more details
and spiritual diversity, and to promote the development of respectful relationships across these lines ... references DEFAULTSORT Respect Diversity Category Green politics Category Political correctness ... more details
Evolutionary biology Genetic Diversity , the level of biodiversity , refers to the total number of Genetics ... variability , which describes the tendency of genetic characteristics to vary. Genetic diversity serves ... U.S. Geological Survey Cite web title National Biological Information Infrastructure work Introduction to Genetic Diversity publisher U.S. Geological Survey url http www.nbii.gov portal server.pt ... genetics includes several hypotheses and theories regarding genetic diversity. The neutral theory of evolution proposes that diversity is the result of the accumulation of neutral substitutions ... to overcome that allele. Importance of genetic diversity There are many different ways to measure genetic diversity. The modern causes for the loss of animal genetic diversity have also been studied ... Clem Tisdell year 2003 title Socioeconomic causes of loss of animal genetic diversity analysis ... by the National Science Foundation found that genetic diversity and biodiversity Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms within a given ecosystem are dependent upon each other that diversity within a species is necessary to maintain diversity among species, and vice versa. According ... http www.enn.com animals article 23391 Study Loss Of Genetic Diversity Threatens Species Diversity ref The interdependence between genetic and biologicaldiversity is delicate. Changes in biologicaldiversity lead to changes in the environment, leading to adaptation of the remaining species. Changes in genetic diversity, such as in loss of species, leads to a loss of biologicaldiversity. ref name U.S. Geological Survey Survival and adaptation Genetic diversity plays a very important role in survival .... A species that has a large degree of genetic diversity among its population will have more variations from which to choose the most fit alleles. Increase in genetic diversity is also essential for a species ..., and offspring often deal with similar problems to those of inbreeding . ref Genetic Diversity ... more details
Magurran, A. E. 2004 Measuring biologicaldiversity. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. ref ref name Jost2006 Jost, L. 2006 Entropy and diversity. Oikos, 113, 363 375 ref When interpreted in ecological terms ...Species diversity is the effective number of different species that are represented in a collection of individuals ... of interest where all species may not be equally abundant . Species diversity consists of two components ... Hill1973 Hill, M. O. 1973 Diversity and evenness a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology, 54, 427 432 ref ref name Tuomisto2010a Tuomisto, H. 2010 A diversity of beta diversities straightening up a concept gone awry. Part 1. Defining beta diversity as a function of alpha and gamma diversity .... 2010. A consistent terminology for quantifying species diversity? Yes, it does exist. Oecologia 4 853 860. doi 10.1007 s00442 010 1812 0 ref Calculation of diversity Species diversity in a dataset ... proportional abundance. Consequently, large values of q lead to smaller species diversity than small ... the value of q has no effect, but species diversity at any value of q equals species richness. Negative values of q are not used, because then the effective number of species diversity would exceed the actual ... the diversity in relation to any classification, not only species. If the individuals are classified ... th genus or functional type, and sup q sup D equals genus diversity or functional type diversity, respectively. Diversity indices Often researchers have used the values given by one or more diversity indices to quantify species diversity. Such indices include species richness , the Shannon index ... name Jost2006 ref Jost, L. 2007 Partitioning diversity into independent alpha and beta components. Ecology ... diversity, the dataset used for the calculations can be obtained in different ways. Although species diversity can be calculated for any dataset where individuals have been identified to species, meaningful .... In practice, the interest is usually in the species diversity of areas so large that not all individuals ... more details
Functional diversity is a politically and socially correct term for special needs , disability , impairment and handicap , which began to be used in Spain in scientific writing, at the initiative of those directly affected, in 2005. ref cite paper title Functional diversity, a new term in the struggle for dignity in the diversity of the human being author Javier Roma ach and Manuel Lobato work Independent Living Forum Spain &mdash May 2005 format PDF url http www.leeds.ac.uk disability studies archiveuk zavier Functional 20Diversity 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 fv 20Roma F1ach.pdf ref This term is intended to replace other ones with pejorative semantics. It proposes a shift towards non negative, non disparaging and non patronizing terms. The formal justification of the term can be found in the book El Modelo de la Diversidad by Agustina Palacios and Javier Roma ach, 2007, ISBN 978 84 964 7440. Examples of usage people with functional diversity instead of people with special needs physical functional diversity mobility functional diversity , person who uses a wheelchair , wheelchair user motor functional diversity dexterity functional diversity visual functional diversity , people who use screen readers as their primary means of accessing a computer people with a visual processing functional diversity auditory functional diversity mental functional diversity intellectual functional diversity cognitive functional diversity organic functional diversity circumstantial and or temporary functional diversity person with a functional diversity persons without functional diversity rather than normal or healthy people without functional diversity , typically developing children References reflist Further reading cite journal journal Disabil Rehabil. date 2007 Oct 30&ndash Nov 15 volume 29 issue 20&ndash 21 pages 1625&ndash 1633 title Constructive Functional Diversity a new paradigm beyond disability and impairment. author Patston P. pmid 17896220 doi 10.1080 09638280701618778 ... more details
In wireless communications, diversity gain is the increase in signal to interference ratio due to some diversity scheme , or how much the transmission power can be reduced when a diversity scheme is introduced, without a performance loss. Diversity gain is usually expressed in decibel , and sometimes as a power ratio. An example is soft handoff gain. For selection combining N signals are received, and the strongest signal is selected. When the N signals are independent and Rayleigh distributed, the expected diversity gain has been shown to be math sum k 1 N frac 1 k math , expressed as a power ratio. ref D.G. Brennan, Linear diversity combining techniques, Proc. IRE , vol.47, no.1, pp.1075 1102, June 1959 ref See also Array gain Diversity combining References references Category radio resource management Wireless stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Transmit diversity is radio communication using signals that originate from two or more independent sources that have been modulation modulated with identical information bearing signals and that may vary in their transmission characteristic s at any given instant. It can help overcome the effects of fading , outages, and Electronic circuit circuit failures. When using diversity transmission and reception, the amount of received signal improvement depends on the independence of the fading characteristics of the signal as well as circuit outages and failures. See also Antenna diversityDiversity gain Diversity scheme Dynamic Single Frequency Networks DSFN Macro diversity Multiple input multiple output communications MIMO Single frequency networks SFN Space time block coding based transmit diversity STTD Soft handover DEFAULTSORT Transmit Diversity Category Radio resource management Wireless stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2008 Notability Notability date December 2008 Diversity coding is a particular technique for antenna diversity and is implemented by Space time code space time coding . Category Radio resource management wireless stub ... more details
configured for space diversity In telecommunications , a diversity scheme refers to a method for improving ... channels with different characteristics. Diversity plays an important role in combatting fading and co .... Diversity techniques may exploit the multipath propagation , resulting in a diversity gain , often measured in decibels . The following classes of diversity schemes can be identified Time diversity .... Frequency diversity The signal is transmitted using several frequency channels or spread over ... or DS CDMA . Space diversity The signal is transmitted over several different propagation paths. In the case ... of wireless transmission, it can be achieved by antenna diversity using multiple transmitter antennas transmit diversity and or multiple receiving antennas reception diversity . In the latter case, a diversity ... macrodiversity or site diversity . If the antennas are at a distance in the order of one ... diversity Multiple versions of a signal are transmitted and received via antennas with different polarization. A diversity combining technique is applied on the receiver side. Multiuser diversity Multiuser diversity is obtained by opportunistic user scheduling at either the transmitter or the receiver ... quality information to the transmitter with the limited level of resolution. Cooperative diversity Achieves antenna diversity gain by using the cooperation of distributed antennas belonging to each node. See also Space time coding STC Antenna diversity Macrodiversity Diversity combining Aperture synthesis Cooperative diversity Channel access method Fresnel zone Tropospheric scatter External links http www.radioblvd.com DiversityDD1.html Diversity reception Background information of the development of Diversity reception devices. http www.antenna theory.com arrays diversity.php Antenna Diversity Tutorial www.Antenna Theory.com K. T. Wong http www.eie.polyu.edu.hk enktwong & A. K. Y. Lai ... diversity 2 in mobile handsets technologies , see Christian Le Floc h, Regis Duval,Gerard ... more details
The term beta diversitydiversity was introduced by R. H. Whittaker ref name Whittaker1960 Whittaker ..., 279 338. ref together with the terms alpha diversitydiversity and gamma diversitydiversity . The idea was that the total species diversity in a landscape is determined by two different things, the mean species diversity at the habitat level and the differentiation among habitats . Whittaker ... have invented more. As a result, the definition of beta diversity has become quite contentious. ref name Tuomisto2010a Tuomisto, H. 2010 A diversity of beta diversities straightening up a concept gone awry. Part 1. Defining beta diversity as a function of alpha and gamma diversity. Ecography 33 2 22. doi 10.1111 j.1600 0587.2009.05880.x ref ref name Tuomisto2010b Tuomisto, H. 2010 A diversity of beta diversities straightening up a concept gone awry. Part 2. Quantifying beta diversity and related phenomena. Ecography, 33, 23 45. doi 10.1111 j.1600 0587.2009.06148.x ref Some use beta diversity .... ref Anderson, M. J. et al. 2011 Navigating the multiple meanings of diversity a roadmap for the practicing ..., R. 2011 Commentary Do we have a consistent terminology for species diversity? The fallacy of true diversity. Oecologia 167, 885 888. doi 10.1007 s00442 011 2124 8 ref Others argue that such broad usage should be avoided because it leads to confusion, and that when beta diversity indices correspond ... species diversity? Yes, it does exist. Oecologia 4 853 860. doi 10.1007 s00442 010 1812 0 ref ref Jurasinski, G. and Koch, M. 2011 Commentary do we have a consistent terminology for species diversity .... E and Rodr guez, P. 2011 Commentary Do we have a consistent terminology for species diversity? Back ... ref Tuomisto, H. 2011 Commentary do we have a consistent terminology for species diversity? Yes, if we choose to use it. Oecologia, 167, 903 911. ref Beta diversity in the strict sense Gamma diversity and alpha diversity can be calculated directly from species inventory data. ref name Tuomisto2010a ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Site diversity is a technique to limit the effect of rain fade in satellite communications , mainly in the Ka band . The downlink transmissions of satellites cover very large areas, that will have different weather. The site diversity technique consists of linking two or more ground stations receiving the same signal this way, if the signal is heavily attenuated in one area, another ground stations can compensate it. These intense rain areas, for example supercell s, often have a horizontal length of no more than a few kilometres putting the ground stations at a sufficient distance the possibility of rain fade in the downlink signal will be reduced. The configuration works when the attenuation is not great at the two stations simultaneously. This is usually a valid assumption. Site diversity systems have been known to minimize disruption of service by major satellite carriers. See also Diversity scheme Diversity combining DEFAULTSORT Site Diversity Category Satellite television Comm stub zh ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Image BlueMarble 2001 2002.jpg thumb right 300px alt Two views of the Earth from space. The Earth has many diverse ecosystems and ecosystem diversity. These are NASA composite images of the Earth 2001 left , 2002 right , titled The Blue Marble . seealso Ecosystem Biome Ecosystem diversity refers to the diversity of a place at the level of ecosystem s. The term differs from biodiversity , which refers to variation in species rather than ecosystems. Ecosystem diversity can also refer to the variety of ecosystems present in a biosphere, the variety of species and ecological processes that occur in different physical settings. Examples Some examples of ecosystems that are rich in diversity are Refbegin 3 Deserts Forests Large marine ecosystem s Marine ecosystem s Old growth forest s Rainforest s Tundra Coral Reef s Refend See also Portal box Environment Ecology Earth sciences Sustainable development Refbegin 2 Bioregion Ecology Evolutionary biology Genetic diversity Nature Natural environment Species diversity Sustainable development Refend modelling ecosystems expanded other DEFAULTSORT Ecosystem Diversity Category Biodiversity Category Systems ecology Ecology stub es Diversidad ecol gica sl Ekosistemska diverziteta zh ... more details
Orphan date November 2006 Normgiving Diversity is a former public taxpayer funded program in Sweden , Europe, aimed at encouraging acceptance of lesbian s, Bisexuality bisexuals and gay men in public institutions such as the army, police, etc. External links http www.normgivande.nu NG english.asp Normgiving Diversity Dead link date August 2010 Category Swedish society Sweden stub ... more details
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