convergentevolution infobox Convergentevolution describes the acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages. The wing is a classic example of convergentevolution in action. Flying insects ... of convergentevolution is called homoplasy . The opposite of convergentevolution is divergent ... due to random mutation unrelated to adaptive changes see long branch attraction . Convergentevolution ... http cas.bellarmine.edu tietjen Evolutionconvergentevolution examples.htm title The Spider Lab The Internet s True Web Page chapter ConvergentEvolution Examples Ecological Equivalents publisher ... ref Examples more List of examples of convergentevolution file Armidillidium.vs.glomeris.jpg thumb ... louse that has adapted similar defenses One of the most well known examples of convergentevolution ..., Shen B, Han X, Rossiter SJ, Zhang S title Convergent sequence evolution between echolocating bats ... issue pages year 2011 month pmid doi 10.1038 hdy.2011.119 url issn ref Parallel vs. convergentevolution ... , parallel, or convergentevolution at this amino acid position relative to that of the first ... new ZhangKumar97.pdf Detection of convergent and parallel evolution at the amino acid sequence level ... specified, the distinction between parallel and convergentevolution becomes more subjective ... Dawkins in The Blind Watchmaker as a case of convergentevolution, because mammals on each continent ... not evolve together at the same time in the same ecospace might be described as convergentevolution ... changes in one pair of wings. Similar to convergentevolution, evolutionary relay describes ... convergence Footnotes reflist Further reading McGhee, G.R. 2011 . ConvergentEvolution Limited ... convergentevolution examples.htm ConvergentEvolution Examples Ecological Equivalents , Department ... Biologie simple Convergentevolution sr sh Konvergentna evolucija fi Konvergentti evoluutio ... from limbs, as evidenced by their bone structure. ref name SCM2005 Traits arising through convergent ... more details
Convergentevolution the evolution of similar traits in unrelated lineages is rife in nature, as illustrated ... SJ, Zhang S title Convergent sequence evolution between echolocating bats and dolphins. journal Current ... of convergentevolution both Old World vultures and New World vultures eat carrion, but Old World ... Convergentevolution 12.JPG Hummingbird , a New World bird, with a sunbird , an Old World bird gallery ... swifts and swallow s is due to convergentevolution. Downy Woodpecker and Hairy Woodpecker look ... eel . Stickleback fish, there is widespread convergentevolution in Sticklebacks. Flying fish can ... are due to convergentevolution. gallery Image E obesa symmetrica ies.jpg Euphorbia obesa Image Astrophytum ... is believed to illustrate convergentevolution. The use of Z 7 dodecen 1 yl acetate as a sex ... of Arthropod & Molluscan Hemocyanin, Evidence for Apomorphic origin and convergentevolution in O2 ... A. Convergentevolution of similar enzymatic function on different protein folds the hexokinase, ribokinase ... and convergentevolution of oxygen transport hemoglobins in jawed and jawless vertebrates , PNAS , August ... brevicauda and the Mexican beaded lizard , undergo convergentevolution. Although their structures .... ref Aminetzach YT, Srouji JR, Kong CY, Hoekstra HE, Convergentevolution of novel protein function ..., Alain Lecoq, Jianxing Song, etc. On the ConvergentEvolution of Animal Toxins Construction of a diad ... proteins are a perfect example of convergentevolution. Different small proteins with a flat surface ... example of convergentevolution. Except that they both have concerved RNP motifs, other protein sequence ... A. Marahiel, A case of convergentevolution of nucleic acid binding modules, BioEssays, Vol. 18, No. 4 ..., etc. Convergentevolution among immunoglobulin G binding bacterial proteins, PNAS, Vol. 89, pp. 8532 ... s exemplifies convergentevolution. Two functionally unrelated, sequentially non homologous proteins ... bti782v1 here . See also portal Ecology McGhee, G.R. 2011 ConvergentEvolution Limited Forms Most Beautiful ... more details
multiple issues context October 2010 unreferenced October 2010 Convergent validity , is the degree to which an operation is similar to converges on other operations that it theoretically should also be similar to. For instance, to show the convergent validity of a test of mathematics skills, the scores on the test can be correlated with scores on other tests that are also designed to measure basic mathematics ability. High correlations between the test scores would be evidence of a convergent validity. Convergent validity shows that the assessment is related to what it should theoretically be related to. It is ideal that scales rate high in discriminant validity as well, which unlike convergent validity is designed to measure the extent to which a given scale differs from other scales designed to measure a different conceptual variable. Discriminant validity and convergent validity are the two good ways to measure construct validity. The validity of a measure ought to be gauged by comparing it to measures of the same concept developed through other methods. See also Construct Validity Discriminant Validity Validity statistics Category Validity statistics psychology stub sociology stub statistics stub de Konvergenzvalidit t ... more details
one source date November 2011 Convergent Technologies was an American computer company formed by a small group of people who left Intel Intel Corporation and PARC company Xerox PARC in 1979. Convergent Technologies first product was the IWS Integrated Workstation tower based on the Intel 8086 . The next product was a cost reduced desktop version called the AWS Advanced Workstation . Both of these workstations ran in an RS 422 clustered environment under a proprietary operating system known as Convergent Technologies Operating System CTOS . In 1982, Convergent formed a new division to focus on a multi processor computer known as the MegaFrame . The MegaFrame ran a UNIX System III UNIX System 3 derived operating system called CTIX on multiple Motorola 68010 processors. Three other I O processor boards could also be place in the system, the File Processor , the Cluster Processor , and the Terminal Processor . All I O processor boards were based on the Intel 80186 and ran a scaled down version of CTOS . Convergent later used the Motorola 68010 in their MiniFrame, and later Motorola 68020 and Motorola 68040 68040 processors in their VME based MightyFrame systems, all also running CTIX . Supplanting the IWS was the AWS Advanced Workstation which itself was replaced by the NGEN New or Next Generation workstation and used by Prime Computer as a word processing workstation The Prime Producer ... books?id cTwEAAAAMBAJ&pg PA34 Convergent also developed the first Motorola 68010 OEM UNIX product ... AT&T UNIX base SVR3.2 . Convergent Technologies systems were also resold by Motorola under ... for both voice and data recording, was also marketed by Convergent Technologies. Convergent reached ... bought Convergent Technologies in 1988, after which Convergent Technologies became Unisys Network Systems Division. External links http bitsavers.org pdf convergentConvergent archive at bitsavers.org FOLDOC Category Defunct computer companies of the United States de Convergent Technologies ... more details
Convergent thinking is a term coined by Joy Paul Guilford as the opposite of divergent thinking . It generally ... . File Jon Paul Guilford.jpg thumb right Joy Paul Guilford Relevance File Map of Convergent Thinking.jpg thumb right A Map of how Convergent Thinking Works Convergent thinking is the the type .... Convergent thinking emphasizes speed, accuracy, and logic and focuses on recognizing the familiar ... last Cropley first Arthur title In Praise of Convergent Thinking journal Creativity Research Journal ... or worked out through decision making strategies. ref name Cropley A critical aspect of convergent ..., answers are either right or wrong. The solution that is derived at the end of the convergent thinking process is the best possible answer the majority of the time. Convergent thinking is also linked ... to solutions, and provides criteria of effectiveness and novelty . ref name Cropley Convergent ... where judgment is deferred while looking for and accepting many possible solutions. Convergent thinking ... and structured using convergent thinking to decision making strategies are used leading ..., convergent thinking can be used. Knowledge, logic, probabilities and other decision making strategies ... best answer which when reached is unambiguous. ref name Lundsteen Convergent vs. Divergent Thinking Personality The personality correlates of divergent and convergent thinking have been studied. Results ... and Convergent Thinking journal Journal of Research in Personality year 2008 doi 10.1016 j.jrp.2007.12.007 ... of such. No personality effects on convergent thinking were found, suggesting that the Big Five personality traits are a better predictor of divergent thinking than convergent thinking or that all types of individuals engage in convergent thinking regardless of their personality. ref name personality Brain Activity The changes in brain activity was studied in subjects during both convergent and divergent ... during convergent and divergent thinking tasks. Different patterns of change for the EEG parameters ... more details
Convergent extension , or Convergence and Extension, is the process by which the tissue of an embryo is restructured to converge narrow along one axis and extend elongate along a perpendicular axis by cellular movement. An example of this process is where the anteroposterior axis the axis drawn between the head and tail end of an embryo becomes longer as the lateral tissues those that make up the left and right sides of the embryo move in towards the dorsal midline the middle of the back of the animal . ref name pmid12062082 cite journal author Wallingford JB, Fraser SE, Harland RM title Convergent ... mesoderm and neural ectoderm of frogs Xenopus and fish. Many characteristics of convergent extension ... The forces that shape embryos physical aspects of convergent extension by cell intercalation. journal ... from ref name pmid12062082 Convergent extension has been primarily studied in frogs and fish due to their large ... differences in how convergent extension is achieved. Frog embryogenesis utilizes cell rearrangement ... example of the role of convergent extension in embryogenesis. During gastrulation in frogs, the driving force of convergent extension is the morphogenic activity of the presumptive dorsal mesodermal ... is integral to gastrulation and R. Keller et al. eloquently exemplify the importance of convergent extension ... . ref name pmid18403829 Should convergent extension be interrupted or incomplete, the resulting organism ... pmid12062082 The cellular signals required for convergent extension are not fully understood, however ... ref name pmid18403829 Current research is shedding light on the cellular mechanisms of convergent ... polarity of the factors involved in convergent extension. This is an interesting development as the PCP ... involvement in convergent extension, the down regulation of certain cell cell adhesion molecules ... convergent extension to move more freely. Consistent with a role for a reduction of cell cell adhesion in convergent extension, when cell cell adhesion is not reduced, convergent extension cannot occur ... more details
In chemistry a convergent synthesis is a strategy that aims to improve the efficiency of multi step chemical synthesis , most often in organic synthesis . In linear synthesis the overall chemical yield yield quickly drops with each reaction step A B C D Suppose the yield is 50 for each reaction, the overall yield of D is only 12.5 from A. In a convergent synthesis A B 50 C D 50 B D E 25 the overall yield of E 25 looks much better. Convergent synthesis is applied in the synthesis of complex molecules see total synthesis and involve fragment coupling and independent synthesis . Examples Convergent synthesis is encountered in dendrimer synthesis ref Convergent Synthesis of Internally Branched PAMAM Dendrimers Michael Pittelkow, Jrn B. Christensen Org. Lett., 7 7 , 1295 1298, 2005 ref where branches with the number of generations preset are connected to the central core Proteins of up to 300 amino acid s are produced by a convergent approach using chemical ligation . An example of its use in total synthesis is the final step photochemical 2 2 cycloaddition towards the compound Biyouyanagin A ref Total Synthesis and Revised Structure of Biyouyanagin A K. C. Nicolaou , David Sarlah, and David M. Shaw Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007 , 46, 4708 4711 DOI 10.1002 anie.200701552 ref Image BiyouyanaginATotalSynthesis.png 400px Final step in total synthesis of Biyouyanagin A with acetonaphthone photosensitizer See also divergent synthesis References reflist Category Chemical synthesis es S ntesis convergente ja sr Konvergentna sinteza zh ... more details
Convergent charging and billing also known as convergent charging, converged charging and convergent billing , is a solution in the telecommunication s industry that enables common management of all users and all services for operators. ref name comptel.com OSS BSS analyst, May 2006, http www.comptel.com ... September 2006, http www.eurocomms.com features 111343 Convergent online charging The value of a unified ... downloads expert opinions4.pdf ref Characteristics Characteristics attributed to a convergent ... Communications, September 2006, http www.eurocomms.com features 111343 Convergent online charging The value ... usage. ref name Vanilla Plus 2008 Rationale The need for convergent charging & billing has been ... ref A number of motivations have been suggested to explain why mobile telecoms providers use convergent ... consulting firm Ovum Ltd. Ovum has said that convergent charging can greatly reduce revenue leakage. ref name ovum.com Swedish telecoms supplier Ericsson has stated that convergent charging & billing .... ref name Vanilla Plus 2006 ref Architecture for a service oriented and convergent charging in 3G ... provider Redknee Solutions Inc. Redknee has said that convergent billing allows operators to launch ... Operator ref Openet reinforces this by saying Convergent Charging makes it easier for communication ... offerings software convergent charging ref Finnish telecoms supplier Nokia Siemens Networks is of the belief ... nokia siemens networks bridges the gap between prepaid and pos ref Convergent charging & billing ... ref name Vanilla Plus 2006 Challenges Challenges to the introduction of convergent charging ... solutions converged charging index.html Converged Charging Crestel Convergent Rating & Charging http www.crestel.in convergentrating.html http www.aradial.com convergent billing software.html Aradial Converged Charging Aradial Dynasoft s convergent telecoms voice and data billing platform, http ... convergent charging index.epx SAP s Convergent Charging Product DEFAULTSORT Convergent Charging ... more details
Orphan date October 2008 Convergent flow is the movement of ground water to a common area. If flow is large enough a Spring hydrosphere spring occurs and becomes the start of a Stream creek or river . Convergence occurs when the surrounding topography roughly forms a V shape forcing the ground water to a singular point. ref pers comm, hydrology lecturer ref References references Category Water streams sci stub ... more details
In plate tectonics , a convergent boundary , also known as a destructive plate boundary because of subduction , is an actively deforming region where two or more tectonic plates or fragments of lithosphere move toward one another and collide. As a result of pressure, friction, and plate material melting in the Mantle geology mantle , earthquakes and volcano es are common near convergent boundaries. When two plates move towards one another, they form either a subduction zone or a continental collision . This depends on the nature of the plates involved. In a subduction zone, the subducting plate, which is normally a plate with oceanic crust, moves beneath the other plate, which can be made of either oceanic or continental crust. During collisions between two continental plates, large mountain ranges, such as the Himalayas are formed. align center File Active Margin.svg thumb Oceanic continental Image Continental continental convergence Fig21contcont.gif thumb Continental continental Image Oceanic oceanic convergence Fig21oceanocean.gif thumb Oceanic oceanic Description The nature of a convergent boundary depends on the type of lithosphere in the plates that are colliding. Where a dense oceanic plate collides with a less dense continental plate, the oceanic plate is typically thrust ... Ocean. Convergent margins A subduction zone is formed at a convergent plate boundary when ..., and so volcanoes are formed fairly close to, but not right next to, the trench. Some convergent ... range. This type of convergent boundary is similar to the Andes or the Cascade Range in North America ..., the convergent plate boundary includes a major component of Fault geology Strike slip faults strike slip faulting within the over riding plate. The best example of this is the Sumatra convergent ... tectonics ca L mit convergent cs Konvergentn rozhran es Borde convergente eu Muga konbergente hr ... convergente simple Convergent boundary sk Akt vny okraj sh Konvergentna granica sr ... more details
confusing date April 2010 Post convergent means, literally, after convergence . It is the period in the development of any given medium when, having converged all prior media within itself, it ceases to be used to solely recreate these prior media and starts to be used for creating work that is only possible in the new medium. Marshall McLuhan famously said that any new medium contains all prior media within it. ref name McLuhan cite journal author Marshall McLuhan title Understanding Media The Extensions of Man publisher Routledge, New York year 2001 ref He later gives an example of instant replay in television broadcasts of American football. Until the advent of the instant replay, televised football had served simply as a substitute for physically attending the football the advent of the instant replay which is possible only with the television marks a post convergent moment in the medium of television. Real time media Realtime 3D Multi User Virtual Environments RT3D MUVE s are an example of an early 21st Century post convergent medium. This is based on the premise that they exist after the McLuhanistic convergence of existing media into a new media, and therefore are a complex matrix of interdependent relationships between the range of media elements for example, sound, vision, network, time, interactivity, social interaction, but this list can include all prior technologies where no individual media element, or user experience, or artist s determination, exists without the other, and all affect each other but not necessarily equally, rather in a dynamically changing ebb and flow based on interaction between the artist, the user and other contingencies that characterise ... convergent because they are capable of containing, displaying and reconstituting all forms of prior ... are post convergent because they exist subsequent to the convergence of media that occurred from ... Theses on the Concept of Post Convergence. Technology DEFAULTSORT Post Convergent Category Art media ... more details
About evolution in biology pp semi protected small yes See introduction Evolutionary biology NOTE Please ... discussed and there is general consensus that this is the best one for now. Thanks. Evolution is any ... organisms and molecular evolution molecules such as DNA and protein s. ref name Hall08 cite ... s Evolution year 2008 edition 4th publisher Jones & Bartlett isbn 0763700665 url http www.jblearning.com ... of evolution by means of natural selection . Evolution by natural selection is a process that is inferred ... known cause of evolution. Other, nonadaptive causes of microevolution evolution include mutation ... theory of molecular evolution a review of recent evidence url http www.jstage.jst.go.jp article ... evolutionary synthesis integrated with Darwin s theory of evolution by natural selection through the discipline of population genetics . The importance of natural selection as a cause of evolution was accepted into other branches of biology . Moreover, previously held notions about evolution, such as orthogenesis and Largest scale trends in evolution progress became Obsolete scientific theory obsolete ... in evolution and meaning in life pages 49 79 publisher University of Chicago Press ref Scientists continue to current research in evolutionary biology study various aspects of evolution by forming ... reliably established evolution as fact and theory facts in science. ref name NAS cite book author National Academy of Science Institute of Medicine title Science, Evolution, and Creationism publisher ... last1 Moore first1 R. last2 Decker first2 M. last3 Cotner first3 S. title Chronology of the Evolution ... books?id 4KwJRNgscdEC&printsec frontcover&dq Chronology of the Evolution Creationism Controversy ... J. title Evolution, Science, and Society Evolutionary Biology and the National Research Agenda publisher ... Hull67 cite journal last1 Hull first1 D. L. year 1967 title The metaphysics of evolution journal .... ref Bowler, Peter J. 2003. Evolution the history of an idea . Berkeley, CA. p73&ndash 75 ref ... more details
Orphan date August 2010 Wikify date August 2010 Convergent Functional Genomics CFG Developed by Alexander Niculescu , MD, PhD, and collaborators starting in 1999 ref name One Niculescu, A.B., 3rd et al. Identifying a series of candidate genes for mania and psychosis a convergent functional genomics approach. Physiol Genomics 4, 83 91 2000 . ref , it is an approach for identifying and prioritizing candidate genes ref name Two Ogden, C.A. et al. Candidate genes, pathways and mechanisms for bipolar manic depressive and related disorders an expanded convergent functional genomics approach. Mol Psychiatry 9, 1007 29 2004 . ref ref name Three Le Niculescu, H. et al. Towards understanding the schizophrenia code An expanded convergent functional genomics approach. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 144, 129 58 2007 . ref ref name Four Rodd, Z.A. et al. Candidate genes, pathways and mechanisms for alcoholism an expanded convergent functional genomics approach. Pharmacogenomics J 7, 222 56 2007 . ref ref name Five Le Niculescu, H. et al. Convergent functional genomics of genome wide association data for bipolar disorder comprehensive identification of candidate genes, pathways and mechanisms. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 150B, 155 81 2009 . ref ref name Six Patel, S.D. et al. Coming to grips with complex disorders genetic risk prediction in bipolar disorder using panels of genes identified through convergent functional genomics. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 153B, 850 ... disorders using convergent functional genomics. Mol Psychiatry 14, 156 74 2009 . ref ref name Eight Kurian, S.M. et al. Identification of blood biomarkers for psychosis using convergent functional genomics ... model work ref name Nine Bertsch, B. et al. Convergent functional genomics a Bayesian candidate gene ..., A.B. & Le Niculescu, H. Convergent Functional Genomics what we have learned and can learn about genes ... links http www.neurophenomics.info Laboratory of Neurophenomics DEFAULTSORT Convergent Functional ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2009 Convergent and divergent production are the two types of human response to a set problem that were identified by J.P. Guilford 1967 . Guilford observed that most individuals display a preference for either convergent or divergent thinking. Others observe that most people prefer a convergent closure. Citation needed date August 2009 As opposed to TRIZ or lateral thinking divergent thinking is not about tools for creativity or thinking, but a way of categorizing what can be observed. Divergent thinking According to J.P. Guilford , divergent or synthetic thinking is the ability to draw on ideas from across disciplines and fields of inquiry to reach a deeper understanding of the world and one s place in it. There is a movement in education that maintains divergent thinking might create more resourceful students. Rather than presenting a series of problems for rote memorization or resolution, divergent thinking presents open ended problems and encourages students to develop their own solutions to problems. Divergent production is the creativity creative generation of multiple answers to a set problem. For example, find uses for 1 meter lengths of black cotton . Convergent thinking Convergent thinking is oriented towards deriving the single best or correct answer to a clearly defined question. It emphasizes speed, accuracy, logic, and the like, and focuses on accumulating information, recognizing the familiar, reapplying set techniques, and preserving the already known. It is based on familiarity with what is already known i.e., knowledge , and is most ... also lead to oversimplifications and dialectic thinking. The systematic use of convergent thinking ... thinking . Categorizing thinkers as divergent or convergent may seem appropriate for the purpose ... portal Thinking Convergent thinking Divergent thinking Dialectics Systems thinking Lateral Thinking TRIZ DEFAULTSORT Convergent And Divergent Production Category Thought Category Cognition Category ... more details
A convergent is one of a sequence of values obtained by evaluating successive truncations of a continued fraction . ref harvtxt Long 1972 p 177 ref ref harvtxt Pettofrezzo Byrkit 1970 p 162 ref The n th convergent is also known as the n th approximant of a continued fraction. ref SpringerEOM id C c025540 title Continued fraction first V.I. last Nechaev ref Representation of real numbers Every real number can be expressed as a continued fraction regular continued fraction in canonical form . Each convergent of that continued fraction is in a sense the best possible rational approximation to that real number, for a given number of digits. Such a convergent is usually about as accurate as a finite decimal expansion having as many digits as the total number of digits in the n th numerator and n th denominator. For example, the third convergent 333 106 for Pi is roughly 3.1415094, which is not quite as accurate as the 6 digit 3.14159 the fourth convergent 355 113 3.14159292 is more accurate than the 6 digit decimal. By fundamental recurrence formulas The determinant formula the determinant formula it appears that the successive convergents A sub k sub B sub k sub of a regular continued fraction are connected by the formula math A k 1 B k A kB k 1 1 k , math This implies, in particular, that the greatest common divisor A sub k sub , B sub k sub 1 in other words, each convergent of a regular continued fraction, as given by the fundamental recurrence formulas , is automatically expressed in lowest terms. More detailed properties of best rational approximations and convergents of are discussed in the continued fraction article. Convergents and convergence In mathematical analysis a continued fraction is usually written as math x b 0 cfrac a 1 b 1 cfrac a 2 b 2 cfrac a 3 b 3 cfrac a 4 b 4 ddots , math where the a sub i sub and the b sub i sub are integer s. The a sub ... Hall location Englewood Cliffs DEFAULTSORT Convergent Continued Fraction Category Continued fractions ... more details
A bounded sequence bounded real number real sequence math x n math is said to be almost convergent to math L math if each Banach limit assigns the same value math L math to the sequence math x n math . Lorentz proved that math x n math is almost convergent if and only if math lim limits p to infty frac x n ldots x n p 1 p L math uniformly in math n math . The above limit can be rewritten in detail as math forall varepsilon 0 exists p 0 forall p p 0 forall n left frac x n ldots x n p 1 p L right varepsilon. math Almost convergence is studied in summability theory . It is an example of a summability method which cannot be represented as a matrix method. References G. Bennett and Nigel Kalton N.J. Kalton Consistency theorems for almost convergence. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 198 23 43, 1974. J. Boos Classical and modern methods in summability. Oxford University Press, New York, 2000. J. Connor and K. G. Grosse Erdmann Sequential definitions of continuity for real functions. Rocky Mt. J. Math., 33 1 93 121, 2003. G.G. Lorentz A contribution to the theory of divergent sequences. Acta Math., 80 167 190, 1948. PlanetMath attribution id 7356 title Almost convergent Category Convergence mathematics Category Sequences and series eo Preska konver a vico ... more details
new users. Usage Convergent Technologies Unisys Convergent Technologies first product was the IWS ... to become Unisys . Unisys was the single largest customer with whom Convergent Technologies ... meetings 2006 2006 05 17 CTOS Intro 2006 05 17.pdf Exhuming CTOS The Convergent Technologies Project, Nadia Ilyin http bitsavers.org pdf convergentConvergent archive at bitsavers.org ... fr Convergent Technologies Operating System ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Convergent Linux Platform or CLP for short is an initiative of a la Mobile a la Mobile, inc. to present to the market a Linux embedded mobile phone with raised security issues as well as the first Linux based smart phone operating system . ref name eweek Cite web url http www.eweek.com c a Linux and Open Source Startup Plans Complete Linux Smart Phone OS title Startup Plans Complete Linux Smart Phone OS accessdate 2008 05 22 date 2006 06 19 work eWeek ref ref name vend Cite web url http www.pcworld.com businesscenter article 135349 linux vendor strengthens smartphone security.html title Linux Vendor Strengthens Smartphone Security accessdate 2008 05 22 date 2007 08 01 author John Cox work PC World ref References reflist External links http www.a la mobile.com solutions convergent.html http www.linuxdevices.com news NS2549276490.html Startup plans complete Linux smartphone OS on Linuxdevices.com Linux Linux distro Category Embedded operating systems Category Embedded Linux distributions linux stub ... more details
serine S in its present day form. The right hand species may undergo divergent evolution divergent , parallel, or convergentevolution at this amino acid position relative to that of the first ... descendant, parallel and convergentevolutionconvergent evolutionary trends can be strictly ... in a particular respect, evolution is defined as parallel if the ancestors considered were also similar, and convergent if they were not. When the ancestral forms are unspecified or unknown, or the range of traits considered is not clearly specified, the distinction between parallel and convergentevolution becomes more subjective. For instance, the striking example of similar placental and marsupial forms is described by Richard Dawkins in The Blind Watchmaker as a case of convergentevolution ... might be described as convergentevolution at some point in time. The definition of a trait is crucial in deciding whether a change is seen as divergent, or as parallel or convergent. In the image ... similar quill structures this is also an example of convergentevolution as similar structures ... also Convergentevolution Evolutionary relay Homology biology Mimic ry References reflist Notes Dawkins ...Parallel evolution is the development of a similar trait in related, but distinct, species descending from the same ancestor, but from different clade s. ref Parallel evolution http www.emc.maricopa.edu ..., S. 1997. http www.kumarlab.net pdf new ZhangKumar97.pdf Detection of convergent and parallel evolution at the amino acid sequence level . Mol. Biol. Evol. 14 , 527 36. ref Parallel vs. convergentevolution Image Evolutionary trends.svg frame Evolution at an amino acid position. In each case ... examples as parallel evolution starting from the common ancestor of all marsupials and placentals. Many evolved similarities can be described in concept as parallel evolution from a remote ancestor ... factor, this may be described as a case of parallel evolution but examination of the actual DNA sequence ... more details
unreferenced date July 2008 A non convergent discourse NCD is a discourse in which the participants do not accommodate on the language level, which results in the use of different languages. Alternative names for this phenomenon are asymmetric and bilingual discourse. The term was introduced by the sociologist Reitze Jonkman. He distinguishes two motivations for people to engage in an NCD Insufficient active knowledge of the other participants language, combined with a good passive knowledge. It usually takes longer for a person learning a foreign language to speak it fluently than to understand it when it is being spoken. This type of NCD is common in the Germanic languages Germanic languages of the Scandinavia n Nordic countries Nordic region of Europe, where the differences between Swedish language Swedish , Norwegian language Norwegian , and Danish language Danish are relatively small, and do not necessarily obstruct use of the participants native languages. The same occurs between speakers of Dutch language Dutch and Afrikaans language Afrikaans and to a lesser degree between speakers of Italian language Italian and Spanish language Spanish , Portuguese language Portuguese and Spanish language Spanish and their respective variants , where it is also possible to understand what the other person is saying as long as it is said slowly as such between residents of Spain and Portugal as well as between residents of Brazil and neighboring Spanish speaking countries . Also, it is possible among speakers of various South Slavic languages. For instance, a Serbian tourist in Macedonia or Bulgaria will often be able to communicate with locals without ever having studied Bulgarian or Macedonian. Another good example would be north India Users of Hindi , Urdu , Punjabi language Punjabi , Gujarati language Gujrati understand each other very well while speaking their mother tongue. In East India, Bengali language Bengali and Assamese language Assamese speakers can usually understand ... more details
, convergentevolution arises when there are some sort of ecological or physical drivers toward ... might be more complex than the simple definitions of these terms allow. Divergent evolution is most commonly meant when someone invokes evolutionary relationships and convergentevolution is applied when similarity is created by evolution independently creating similar structures and functions. The term parallel evolution is also sometimes used to describe the appearance of a similar structure in closely related species, whereas convergentevolution is used primarily to refer to similar structures ... example of divergent evolution, in which an ancestral species adaptive radiation radiates into a number of descendant species with both similar and different traits. Divergent evolution is the accumulation ..., the vertebrate limb is one example of divergent evolution. The limb in many different species ..., divergent evolution can be applied to molecular biology characteristics. This could apply to a pathway ... from gene duplication within a population can be said to display divergent evolution. Because of the latter, it is possible for divergent evolution to occur between two genes within a species. In the case of divergent evolution, similarity is due to the common origin, such as divergence from a common ... first John T. title Divergent Evolution through Cumulative Segregation journal Journal of the Linnean ... of the vertebrate limb to become a wing in bat s and bird s to be an example of parallel evolution. Vertebrate forelimbs have a common origin and thus, in general, show divergent evolution. However ... and vertebrates, for example might have some convergent or parallel aspects to it, as well. ref cite pmid 15558463 ref A good example of a divergent evolution is Darwin s finches , which now have ... of divergent evolution are the organisms having the 5 digit pentadactyle limbs like the humans, bats ... environment natural selection . After many generations and continual evolution of the separated ... more details
Coextinction Convergentevolution Evolutionary biology Parallel evolution References Reflist Evolution Category Evolutionary biology es Evoluci n en mosaico simple Mosaic evolution fi Mosaiikkievoluutio ...evolutionary biology Mosaic evolution or modular evolution is the concept that evolution ary change takes place in some body parts or systems without simultaneous changes in other parts. ref King R.C. Stansfield W.D. & Mulligan P.K. 2006. A dictionary of genetics . 7th ed, Oxford University Press. p286 ISBN 0195307615 ref Another definition is the evolution of characters at various rates both within and between species . ref name Carroll Carroll R.L. 1997. Patterns and processes of vertebrate evolution . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 052147809X ref sup 408 sup Its place in evolutionary theory ... a wide range of examples from many different taxa. Some examples Hominid evolution the early evolution of bipedalism in Australopithecine s, and its modification of the pelvic girdle ... years. ref Barnovsky A.D. 1993. Mosaic evolution at population level in Microtus pennsylvanicus ... lu etal 2010 L J., Unwin D.M., Jin X., Liu Y. and Ji Q. 2010. Evidence for modular evolution in a long ... 389. doi 10.1098 rspb.2009.1603 PMID 19828548 ref Evolution of the horse , in which the major changes ... reprint author MacFadden, Bruce J title Fossil horses systematics, paleobiology, and evolution ... 6 June 2010 postscript None ref ref name JMS Maynard Smith, John 1993. The theory of evolution ... evolution , especially during the Mesozoic is undoubtedly one of the best examples. ref name Kermack1984 Cite book last Kermack last2 Kermack title The evolution of mammalian characters publisher Croom Helm year 1984 isbn 079915349 first D.M. first2 K.A. ref ref Kemp T.S. 2005. The origin and evolution ..., Zofia Richard L. Cifelli and Zhe Xi Luo 2004. Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs origins, evolution ... neodarwinist theory of evolution , as postulated by Stephen Jay Gould , there is room for differing ... more details
referencing date October 2011 Patterns of evolution were developed by Genrich Altshuller as a set of patterns common to systems as they are developed and as they acquire new features. They are used in systems development and apply to all System systems and are used for education, software, economics, business. Evolution of useful functions Elimination of harmful functions Evolution of applications Integration Structuralisation Increasing dynamicity and controllability Evolution of matching mismatching Evolution of resource application Evolution of contradictions Evolution of processes in system Evolution of fields Evolution toward the multilevel systemstheory stub Category Systems theory ... more details
wing are examples of convergentevolution. However, anatomical comparisons can be misleading, as not all ... will often develop similar physical features, a process known as convergentevolution . Both shark ... Convergent and Divergent Evolution contribution url http www.txtwriter.com backgrounders Evolution EVpage14.html ...Introductory article Evolution width 100px class toccolours cellpadding 1 cellspacing 0 style float right ... Image Age of Man wiki.jpg 200px caption center alt A paleontological tree of the evolution of man ... Evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs. The biodiversity of life evolves by means of mutation s, genetic ... Essential Concepts and Common Misconceptions journal Evolution Education and Outreach volume ..., populations will never remain exactly the same over successive generations. The forces of evolution ... to evolution contribution url http evolution.berkeley.edu evolibrary article 0 0 0 evo 02 title Understanding Evolution your one stop source for information on evolution publisher The University ... Smith cite journal author Cavalier Smith T title Cell evolution and Earth history stasis and revolution ... Random genetic drift describes another process that regulates evolution. The majority of genetic mutations ... extinct since life began over 3.5 billion years ago. Evolution is more death than survival and over ... The modern understanding of evolution began with the 1859 publication of Charles Darwin s On the Origin ... of evolution. Scientists now have a good understanding of the origin of new species speciation and have observed the speciation process in the laboratory and in the wild. Evolution is the principal ... evolution social cultural applications. Natural Selection See Common descent In the 19th century ... of evolution by natural selection . caption2 Darwin noted that orchid s exhibit a variety of complex ... evolution works relied on the following observations ref name wyhe If all the individuals of a species ... more details
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