wiktionary Counterfactual may refer to Counterfactual conditional , a grammatical form which also relates to philosophy and logic Counterfactual subjunctive , grammatical forms which in English are known as the past and pluperfect forms of the English subjunctive subjunctive mood Counterfactual thinking Counterfactual history Alternate history , a literary genre Counterfactual definiteness in quantum theory Elitzur Vaidman bomb tester Counterfactual measurements in quantum theory Disambig ... more details
Counterfactual thinking is a term of psychology that describes the tendency people have to imagine alternatives ... Counterfactual literally means, contrary to the facts. A counterfactual thought occurs when a person ... how some of the antecedents could have been different, that is by imagining a counterfactual ... . Counterfactual thoughts have been shown to produce negative emotions, however they may also produce functional or beneficial effects Roese, 1997 . These counterfactual thoughts can affect people s emotions ... The origin of counterfactual thinking has philosophical roots and can be traced back to early ... as well as others has written about the interrelationship between counterfactual reasoning and modal ... The relationship between counterfactual reasoning based upon modal logic may also be exploited in literature ... to those that underlie rational thought, including reasoning from counterfactual conditionals . More recently, counterfactual thinking has gained interest from a psychological perspective. Whereas ... the study of counterfactual thought, showing that people tend to think if only more often about ... on counterfactual thinking took the perspective that these kinds of thoughts were indicative ... a functional perspective, believing that counterfactual thinking served as a largely beneficial behavioral ... behavior Epstude & Roese, 2008 . Types of Counterfactual Thinking Directionality Based on the Social Comparison Theory , a counter factual may be upward or downward. An upward counterfactual involves ... the job, I would have made more money whereas a downward counterfactual compares the present outcome ... frequent than downward counterfactuals Roese, 1997 . Additive Subtractive A counterfactual statement ... counterfactuals Roese et al., 1999 . Self vs. Other This distinction simply refers to whether the counterfactual ... person focused counterfactuals see Roese, 1997 . Theories of Counterfactual Thinking The literature on counterfactual thinking in social psychology typically uses norm theory as its theoretical basis ... more details
Other uses Counterfactual disambiguation refimprove date May 2009 Counterfactual history , also sometimes ... title Counterfactual History A User s Guide url http www.historycooperative.org journals ahr 109.3 ... or person the counterfactual hypothesis is negating. For instance, to the counterfactual claim ... suicide on April 30, 1945, regardless of what he had to drink that afternoon. However, to the counterfactual ... II , at least in the European Theatre of World War II European Theater . Thus, the counterfactual ... examples of counterfactual history, it was not until the very late 20th century that the exploration ... for serious counterfactual history and are closer to the fictional alternate history genre. A significant foray into treating counterfactual scenarios seriously was made by the economic historian ... name eh.net Few further attempts to bring counterfactual history into the world of academia were made ... three different counterfactual scenarios. ref cite journal first Frederic last Smoler title Past Tense ... Niall Ferguson . Ferguson has become a significant advocate of counterfactual history, using counterfactual scenarios to illustrate his objections to deterministic theories of history such as Marxism ... key changes could result in a significantly different modern world. Some scholars argue that a counterfactual ... journal articles 126971 ref Differences from alternate history Counterfactual history is neither historical revisionism nor alternate history . Counterfactual history distinguishes itself through its interest in the very incident that is being negated by the counterfactual, thus seeking to evaluate ... recent development in historiography , many historians dismiss counterfactual history as sometimes ... nature. Advocates of counterfactual history often respond that all statements about causality in history contain implicit counterfactual claims for example, the claim that a certain military ... have been less likely to be won, or would have been longer. Since counterfactual history is such a recent ... more details
Refimprove date May 2011 Computation is any type of calculation ref http www.merriam webster.com dictionary computation ref or the use of computer technology in Information processing . ref http dictionary.reference.com browse computation ref ref http www.answers.com topic computation ref Computation is a process following a well defined Model abstract model understood and expressed in an algorithm , Protocol computing protocol , network topology , etc. Computation is also a major subject matter of computer science it investigates what can or cannot be done in a computational manner. Wiktionary computation Classes of computationComputation can be classified by at least three orthogonal criteria digital vs analog electronics analog , sequential vs parallel computation parallel vs Concurrency computer science concurrent , batch processing batch vs interactive computation interactive . In practice, digital computation is often used to simulate natural processes for example, Evolutionary computation , including those that are more naturally described by analog models of computation for example, Artificial neural network . Computations as a physical phenomenon A computation can be seen as a purely physical phenomenon occurring inside a closed physical system called a computer . Examples of such physical systems include digital computer s, mechanical computer s, quantum computer s, DNA ... adopted by the branch of theoretical physics called the physics of computation . An even more ... is a computation Pancomputationalism . Mathematical models of computation In the theory of computation ... of computation models of computers are the following State models including Turing Machine , push ... The word computation has an archaic meaning from its Latin language Latin etymological roots .... Comparison to calculation See Calculation Comparison to computation See also Portal Computer Science Computing Physical information Real computation Reversible computation Hypercomputation References ... more details
Other uses Counterfactual disambiguation Nofootnotes date December 2011 A counterfactual conditional ... it may or may not be . Examples The difference between indicative and counterfactual conditionals ... according to the speaker, the protasis is false , and therefore the main clause deals with the counterfactual ... but certainly would be true in the counterfactual circumstance of the if clause being true. In this sentence ... of the subjunctive mood, and the then clause is in the conditional mood. Psychology People engage in counterfactual thinking frequently. Experimental evidence indicates that people s thoughts about counterfactual .... Comprehension Participants in experiments were asked to read sentences, including counterfactual conditionals ... stories that contained counterfactual conditionals, e.g., if there had been roses in the flower ... facts, e.g., there were no roses and there were no lilies . The counterfactual conditional ... amounts of time updating a story that contains a counterfactual conditional compared to one ... of counterfactual conditionals Ferguson and Sanford, 2008 . Reasoning Experiments have compared the inferences people make from counterfactual conditionals and indicative conditionals. Given a counterfactual ... and Tasso, 1999 . Given the counterfactual conditional and the subsequent information in fact there was a circle ... s that encompass two possibilities when they understand, and reason from, a counterfactual ... and Byrne, 1991 . Philosophical treatments Connective In order to distinguish counterfactual conditionals ... , A B , is determined by the truth values of A and B . This is not so for the counterfactual .... So for every counterfactual A C, either A C or A C is true. This is called conditional excluded ... Ramsey Counterfactual conditionals may also be evaluated using the so called Belief revision ... has B as a consequence. This condition relates counterfactual conditionals to belief revision , as the evaluation .... Within empirical testing The counterfactual conditional is the basis of experimental methods for establishing ... more details
In some interpretations of quantum mechanics , counterfactual definiteness CFD is the ability to speak meaningfully of the definiteness of the results of measurements that have not been performed i.e. the ability to assume the existence of objects, and properties of objects, even when they have not been measured , which is at odds with superdeterminism . A macroscopic example of CFD would be the assumption without measurement that a ball, thrown into the air, will return to the Earth due to gravity. CFD says that if a phenomenon the return of an airborne ball to the Earth has been reproducibly measured in the past, one can safely assume its presence in the future without having to refer to additional measurement events for proof of its existence. More scientific rigor rigorously , an interpretation of quantum mechanics satisfies CFD if it includes in the statistical population of measurement results, those measurements which are counterfactual by virtue of their being excluded by the quantum mechanical prohibition on simultaneous measurement of certain pairs of properties. ref Henry P Stapp S matrix interpretation of quantum theory Physical Review D Vol 3 6 1303 1971 ref For example, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that you cannot simultaneously know, with arbitrarily high precision, both the position and momentum of a particle. Suppose one measures the position this act ... formalism, is such a counterfactual momentum measurement to be included, together with the factual ... momentum value p , whereas an interpretation that rejects counterfactual values completely would ... has a lap as if sitting would be meaningless. Counterfactual definiteness is a basic assumption ... counterfactual. Which ones are designated as factual is not important the point is that they cannot ... nonlocality without counterfactual definiteness? http www3.interscience.wiley.com journal 60501850 abstract On Some Consequences of the Breakdown of Counterfactual Definiteness in the Quantum World ... more details
The study of the physics of computation relates to understanding the fundamental physical limits of computer s. This field has led to the investigation of how thermodynamics limits information processing, the understanding of Chaos theory chaos and dynamical systems , and a rapidly growing effort to invent new quantum computer s. See also list of publications in physics Physics of computation important publications in physics of computation See also Digital physics Computation Theory of computation Reversible computation Hypercomputation Physical information Limits to computation Bremermann s limit References Lloyd, S., 2000, Ultimate physical limits of computation, Nature journal Nature , 406 1047 1054. Category Computational physics physics stub ... more details
Indeterminancy in computation may refer to Quantum indeterminacy in quantum computer s Nondeterministic finite automata Nondeterministic algorithm In concurrency Indeterminacy in concurrent computation Unbounded nondeterminism disambig ... more details
Morphological computation may refer to Morphological computation robotics Computational linguistics disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
In computer science , interactive computation is a mathematical model for computation that involves communication with the external world during the computation. This is in contrast to the traditional understanding of computation which assumes a simple interface between a computing agent and its environment, consisting in asking a question input and generating an answer output . The famous Church Turing thesis attempts to define computation and computability in terms of Turing machines . However the Turing machine model only provides an answer to the question of what computability of functions means and, with interactive tasks not always being reducible to functions, it fails to capture our broader intuition of computation and computability. While this fact was admitted by Alan Turing himself, it was not until recently that the theoretical computer science community realized the necessity to define adequate mathematical models of interactive computation. Among the currently studied mathematical models of computation that attempt to capture interaction are http www.csc.villanova.edu japaridz Japaridze s hard and easy play machines elaborated within the framework of computability logic , http www.cse.uconn.edu dqg Goldin s persistent Turing machines, and http research.microsoft.com gurevich Gurevich s abstract state machines. Peter Wegner has additionally done a great deal of work on this area of computer science. See also Human based computation Computability logic Game semantics Interactive programming Quasi empiricism in mathematics Quasi empiricism References and external web sources Interactive Computation The New Paradigm ISBN 354034666X. Edited by D.Goldin, S.Smolka and P.Wegner. ... dqg D.Q.Goldin , Persistent Turing Machines as a model of interactive computation . Lecture Notes ... Machines, Transition Systems, and Interaction . J. Information and Computation 194 2 2004 , pp. ... . Theoretical Computer Science 192 1998 , pp. 315 351. Category Theory of computation Category ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A computation tree is a representation for the computation steps of a non deterministic Turing machine on a specified input. A computation tree graph theory tree is a rooted tree of nodes and edges. Each node in the tree represents a single computational state, while each edge represents a transition to the next possible computation. The number of nodes of the tree is the size of the tree and the length of the path from the root to a given node is the depth of the node. The largest depth of an output node is the depth of the tree. The output nodes of the tree are called leaves. In a computation tree each output node is labeled Yes or No. If a tree, T, with an input space X, if math x in X math and the path for x ends in node labeled yes, then the input x is accepted. Else it is rejected. The depth of the computation tree for a given input is the computation time for the Turing machine on that input. One of the primary methods of showing that a computational problem L is complete complexity complete for a given complexity class C is to show that the computation tree of any algorithm in C can be directly analyzed in terms of L . DEFAULTSORT Computation Tree Category Computational complexity theory ... more details
Italic title Mathematics of Computation ref http www.ams.org mcom aboutmcom.html Mathematics of Computation Journal overview , retrieved April 2007 ref is a quarterly mathematics journal focused on computational mathematics that is published by the American Mathematical Society . It was established in 1943. The articles in all volumes older than five years are available electronically free of charge. ref http www.ams.org jourcgi jrnl toolbar nav mcom all Mathematics of Computation Archive ref References reflist Category Mathematics journals Category Quarterly journals sci journal stub ... more details
Pulse computation is a hybrid of digital computer digital and analog computer analog computation that uses aperiodic electrical spikes, as opposed to the Periodic function periodic voltages in a digital computer or the continuously varying voltages in on analog computer. Pulse streams are unlocked, so they can arrive at arbitrary times and can be generated by analog processes, although each spike is allocated a binary value, as it would be in a digital computer. ref citation first1 Jeffrey last1 Miller first2 Woodward last2 Young title Simple Pulse Asynchronous State Machines url http vlsi.eecs.harvard.edu techreports iscas96m.ps accessdate 2009 08 25 ref Pulse computation is primarily studied as part of the field of neural network s. The processing unit in such a network is called a neuron . References reflist Category Computational neuroscience comp sci stub ... more details
overlooked is that published lower bounds for problems are often given for a model of computation ... reading cite book first Maribel last Fern ndez authorlink Maribel Fern ndez title Models of Computation ... E. Savage title Models Of Computation Exploring the Power of Computing year 1998 url http www.cs.brown.edu jes book home.html DEFAULTSORT Model Of Computation Category Models of computation Category Theory of computation Comp sci stub bg es Modelo de computaci n hr Model ra unanja ... more details
italictitle Infobox Journal title Neural Computation cover Image neuralcomputationlowres.jpg editor Terrence J. Sejnowski discipline Neuroscience language English abbreviation Neural Comput. publisher MIT Press country United States frequency Monthly history 1989 present openaccess impact 2.175 impact year 2009 website http www.mitpressjournals.org loi neco link1 http www.mitpressjournals.org toc neco current link1 name Online access link2 link2 name RSS atom JSTOR OCLC 39265996 LCCN CODEN ISSN 0899 7667 eISSN 1530 888X Neural Computation is a peer reviewed academic journal covering aspects of neural computation . Articles highlight problems and techniques in modeling the brain, and in the design and construction of neurally inspired information processing systems. Neural Computation was founded in 1989 and is published online and in hard copy by the MIT Press . External links http www.mitpressjournals.org loi neco Official website sci journal stub Portal Neuroscience Category Neuroscience journals Category MIT Press academic journals Category Monthly journals Category English language journals Category Publications established in 1989 Category Academic journal stubs ... more details
about accurate manipulation of mathematical expressions simultaneous exploration of the many paths computer execution can take symbolic execution Symbolic computation or algebraic computation or computer algebra relates to algorithm s and software for manipulating mathematics mathematical expression mathematics expressions and equation s in symbol symbolic form, as opposed to manipulating the approximations of specific numerical analysis numerical quantities represented by those symbols. Software applications that perform symbolic calculations are called computer algebra system s . These systems might be used for symbolic symbolic integration integration or derivative differentiation , substitution of one expression into another, simplification of an expression, etc., for most operations of calculus and, more generally, for every computation with mathematical objects for which algorithms are known. Computer algebra softwares are widely used in many scientific and engineering domains. Symbolic computation is also sometimes referred to as symbolic manipulation , symbolic processing , symbolic mathematics , or symbolic algebra , but these terms also refer to non computational manipulation. See also Automated theorem prover Computer assisted proof Proof checker Model checker Symbolic numeric computation Symbolic simulation Symbolic execution References reflist http www.risc.jku.at about editorial editorial.pdf Symbolic Computation An Editorial , Bruno Buchberger, Journal of Symbolic Computation 1985 1, pp. 1 6. http www.csd.uwo.ca watt pub reprints 2006 tc sympoly.pdf Making Computer Algebra More Symbolic Invited , Stephen M. Watt, pp. 43 49, Proc. Transgressive Computing 2006 A conference in honor or Jean Della Dora , TC 2006 , April 24 26 2006, Granada Spain. External links http www.cs.mu.oz.au schachte lpanalysis.html A Gentle Introduction to Static Analysis and Logic Programming showing an example of application of symbolic computation to perform static program anal ... more details
Citations missing date September 2007 In theoretical computer science , the theory of computation is the branch that deals with whether and how efficiently problems can be solved on a model of computation ... of computation, computer scientists work with a mathematical abstraction of computers called a model of computation. There are several models in use, but the most commonly examined is the Turing machine ... reasonable model of computation. Citation needed date September 2010 It might seem that the potentially ... of computation The theory of computation can be considered the creation of models of all kinds in the field ... of computation were Alonzo Church , Alan Turing , Stephen Kleene , John von Neumann and Claude Shannon ... only models of computation which are reducible to the Turing model. Many mathematicians and computational ..., which are respectively how many steps does it take to perform a computation, and how much memory is required to perform that computation. In order to analyze how much time and space a given algorithm ... and NP . Models of computation This section is linked from Abstract machine main Model of computation Aside from a Turing machine , other equivalent See Church Turing thesis models of computation are in use. Lambda calculus A computation consists of an initial lambda expression or two if you want to separate ... in mathematics . mu recursive function s a computation consists of a mu recursive function, i.e. ... 5 3 to appear, terms like g 5 6 and h 5,6 3 must occur above. The computation terminates only if the final ... recursive function s are a defined subclass of the recursive functions. Different models of computation ... Hopcroft, John E. , and Jeffrey D. Ullman 2006 . Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation ... in the field. cite book author Michael Sipser year 2006 title Introduction to the Theory of Computation ... to the Theory of Computation url http www.cse.ohio state.edu gurari theory bk theory bk.html publisher Computer Science Press isbn 0 7167 8182 4 Hein, James L. 1996 Theory of Computation. Sudbury ... more details
Primary sources date January 2010 italictitle Infobox journal title Information and Computation cover File Journalcover Ic.gif editor Albert R. Meyer discipline Computer Science peer reviewed language abbreviation publisher Academic Press country United States USA frequency monthly history 1957 present formerly named Information and Control openaccess license impact 1.504 impact year 2008 website http www.elsevier.com wps find journaldescription.cws home 622844 description description link1 http www.sciencedirect.com science journal 08905401 link1 name online access link2 http projects.csail.mit.edu iandc link2 name Journal homepage at Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT RSS http rss.sciencedirect.com publication science 6825 atom JSTOR OCLC LCCN CODEN ISSN 0890 5401 eISSN boxwidth Information and Computation is a computer science scientific journal journal published by Elsevier Academic Press . The journal was founded in 1957 under its former name Information and Control . The editor in chief is A.R. Meyer Lab. for Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA . This particular journal publishes 12 issues a year. All articles from the Information and Computation journal can be viewed on indexing services like Scopus and Science Citation Index . The 2008 Impact Factor for this journal is 1.504 and the 5 Year Impact Factor is 1.600 Journal Citiation Reports 2009, Published by Thomson Reuters . Category Computer science journals Category Elsevier academic journals Category Publications established in 1957 sci journal stub ... more details
In computer science , a computation history is a sequence of steps taken by an abstract machine in the process of computing its result. Computation histories are frequently used in Mathematical proof proofs about the capabilities of certain machines, and particularly about the undecidable problem undecidability of various formal languages . Formally, a computation history is a normally Finite set finite sequence of configurations of a formal automaton . Each configuration fully describes the status of the machine at a particular point. To be valid, certain conditions must hold the first configuration must be a valid initial configuration of the automaton and each transition between adjacent configurations ... , a computation history must be finite and the final configuration must be a valid terminal ... has exactly one computation history for a given initial configuration, though the history may be infinite ... 642 01798 8 page 337 ref Turing Machines Computation histories are more commonly used in reference ... Blass2010 cite book author Andreas Blass title Fields of Logic and Computation Essays Dedicated to Yuri ... 468 ref Decidability results Computation histories can be used to show that certain problems for pushdown automata are undecidable problem undecidable . This is because the language of non accepting computation ... recognizable by a non deterministic pushdown automaton. We encode a Turing computation history math ... Complexity and real computation url http books.google.com books?id zxtrVqUP AwC&pg PA31 accessdate ... be used to recognize accepting computation histories with an NPDA, since non determinism could be used ... accepting computation histories. This result allows us to prove that math ALL PDA math , the language ... automaton math P math which accepts non accepting computation histories for that machine. math D P math will accept if and only if there are no accepting computation histories for math M math on math ... reflist Category Theory of computation pt Hist rico de computa o ... more details
In computability theory , the theory of real computation deals with hypothetical computing machines using infinite precision real number s. They are given this name because they operate on the set of real number s. Within this theory, it is possible to prove interesting statements such as the complement of the Mandelbrot set is only partially decidable . These hypothetical computing machines can be viewed as idealised analog computer s which operate on real numbers, whereas digital computer s are limited to computable numbers. They may be further subdivided into differential mathematics differential and algebraic models digital computers, in this context, should be thought of as topology topological , at least insofar as their operation on computable real s is concerned ref cite book title A Simple Introduction to Computable Analysis author Klaus Weihrauch year 1995 url http eccc.uni trier.de static books A Simple Introduction to Computable Analysis Fragments of a Book ref . Depending on the model chosen, this may enable real computers to solve problems that are inextricable on digital computers for example, Hava Siegelmann s neural nets can have noncomputable real weights, making them able to compute nonrecursive languages , or vice versa Claude Shannon s idealized analog computer can only solve algebraic differential equations, while a digital computer can solve some transcendental ... analog computer computations are immediately done, i.e. computation is done in real time. Shannon ... 317 335 month Jun year 2007 doi 10.1016 j.jco.2006.12.005 ref A canonical model of computation over the reals is Blum Shub Smale machine BSS . If real computation were physically realizable, one could ... Lenore Blum , Felipe Cucker, Michael Shub, and Stephen Smale title Complexity and Real Computation ... and Analog Computation Beyond the Turing Limit isbn 0 8176 3949 7 authorlink Hava Siegelmann cite book ... ftp ftp.cs.cuhk.hk pub neuro papers jcss1.ps.Z Category Theory of computation Category Hypercomputation ... more details
Use mdy dates date January 2012 for the journal Evolutionary Computation journal Evolutionary biology In computer science , evolutionary computation is a subfield of artificial intelligence more particularly computational intelligence that involves combinatorial optimization problems. Evolutionary computation uses iterative progress, such as growth or development in a population. This population is then artificial selection selected in a guided random search using parallel processing to achieve the desired ... computation has largely become swarm based computation, and nature inspired algorithms are becoming ... Main Evolutionary algorithm Evolutionary algorithms form a subset of evolutionary computation in that they generally ... to become a parent or to survive. Evolutionary computation practitioners Incomplete list Kalyanmoy ... R. V. Rao Major conferences and workshops IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation CEC Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference GECCO ref name SIGEVO cite web title Special Interest Group on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation url http www.sigevo.org publisher SIGEVO ref International Conference ... robotics Fitness approximation Grammatical evolution Human based evolutionary computation Inferential programming Interactive evolutionary computation Mutation testing No free lunch in search and optimization ... computation a unified approach. MIT Press , Cambridge MA, 2006 A. E. Eiben and J.E. Smith, Introduction ... An Introduction. Morgan Kaufmann, 1998. D. B. Fogel. Evolutionary Computation. Toward a New Philosophy .... An overview of evolutionary algorithms for parameter optimization. Evolutionary Computation, 1 ... Europe http www.fmi.uni stuttgart.de fk evolalg Evolutionary Computation Repository http www.cse.dmu.ac.uk rij gafaq top.htm Hitch Hiker s Guide to Evolutionary Computation FAQ for comp.ai.genetic http userweb.eng.gla.ac.uk yun.li ga demo Interactive illustration of Evolutionary Computation http www.vita sciences.org VitaSCIENCES DEFAULTSORT Evolutionary Computation Category Evolutionary computation ... more details
There are several physical and practical limits to the amount of computation or data storage device data storage that can be performed with a given amount of mass, volume, or energy The Bekenstein bound limits the amount of information that can be stored within a spherical volume to the entropy of a black hole with the same surface area. The temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation gives a practical lower limit to the energy consumed to perform computation of approximately 4 kT per state change, where T is the temperature of the background about 3 kelvin s , and k is the Boltzmann constant . While a device could be cooled to operate below this temperature, the energy expended by the cooling would offset the benefit of the lower operating temperature . Bremermann s limit is the maximum computational speed of a self contained system in the material universe, and is based on mass energy versus quantum uncertainty constraints. Several methods have been proposed for producing computing devices or data storage devices that approach physical and practical limits A cold degenerate star could conceivably be used as a giant data storage device, by carefully perturbing it to various excited states, in the same manner as an atom or quantum well used for these purposes. Such a star would have to be artificially constructed, as no natural degenerate stars will cool to this temperature for an extremely long time. It is also possible that nucleon s on the surface of neutron star s could form complex molecules ref cite encyclopedia year title Life on neutron stars encyclopedia ... and Computation date 20041025030505 ref creating a type of computronium based on femtotechnology ... this hypothetical computation is performed at ultra high densities and speeds, the total number ... 2000 month title Ultimate physical limits to computation journal Nature journal Nature volume 406 ... problem References Reflist Category Theory of computation pt Limites da computa o ... more details
cite journal last Bennett first Charles H. coauthors year 1982 title The thermodynamics of computation ... computation is somewhat simpler than reversible computing in that reverse computation is only required ... as reverse computation in software application areas such as database design, ref cite journal ... Institute National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique INRIA accessdate ref Reverse Computation ... computable and their costs. Based on the successful application of Reverse Computation ... 1999 title Efficient optimistic parallel simulations using reverse computation url http www.cs.uga.edu ... for Computing Machinery accessdate 2009 04 06 ref suggest the application of reverse computation ... amount of computation per event . The key property that reverse computation exploits is that a majority ... makes this operation reversible. History of Reverse Computation as applied to Parallel Discrete ... Computation has only been applied in software for optimistically synchronized, parallel discrete ... doctoral thesis focused on reverse computation at the hardware level, but included descriptions of both ... on reverse computation. ref cite journal last Vieri first C. coauthors Ammer, M.J. Frank, M. Norman ... reverse computation to 2004 and http www.eng.fsu.edu mpf pubs.htm later . ref In 1998 Carothers ..., introducing technique of Reverse Computation as an alternative rollback mechanism in optimistically ... System ROSS , which supported only reverse computation as the rollback mechanism. Carothers ... reverse computation. From 1998 to 2005 Bauer performed graduate work at RPI under Carothers, focusing solely on reverse computation. He developed the first PDES system solely based on reverse computation ... discrete event simulations of physical systems using reverse computation url http www.cs.mcgill.ca ... more details
Multiple issues notable June 2011 refimprove June 2011 italictitle Decimal Computation is a textbook by Hermann Schmid. First published in 1974 by John Wiley & Sons ISBN 047176180X and reprinted in 1983 by Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company ISBN 0898743184 , the book comprises twelve chapters providing detailed description of decimal calculations, including explanation of binary coded decimal s and algorithm s. ref cite journal title Electronic Design url http books.google.com books?id 90EAQAAIAAJ year 1974 publisher Hayden Pub. Co. volume 22 issue 19 22 oclc 1567748 page 161 ref References Reflist Category 1974 books compu book stub ... more details
in at most s text steps. 0 & text otherwise end cases math Now suppose that the computation math ... then the computation math phi X t z math converges in at most math s t math steps to math phi X z ... Theory of computation ... more details
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