Crossresistance is the Drug tolerance tolerance to a usually toxic substance as a result of exposure to a similarly acting substance. It is a phenomenon affecting e.g. pesticide s and antibiotic s. As an example rifabutin and rifampin cross react in the treatment of tuberculosis. This sort of resistance is also see against drugs involved with the treatment of HIV. Drugs ending with ine and inavir are the most common. See also Drug resistance Pesticide resistance Category Toxicology immunology stub med toxic stub ja de Kreuzresistenz ... more details
Infobox Military Award name Dutch Cross of Resistance image Image VERZETSKRUIS 1945.jpg 125px caption The Dutch Cross of Resistance awarded by Image Flag of the Netherlands.svg 18px Kingdom of the Netherlands type Civil decoration eligibility for For extreme bravery awarded to the Dutch Resistance status Not awarded anymore description clasps established 3 May 1946 first award last award total 95 times posthumous 93 times recipients Gerard Tieman only living recipient individual higher Honorary Sabre same lower Honorary Medal for Charitable Assistance image2 Image Baton Verzetskruis 1945.jpg 85px caption2 Ribbon bar of the Dutch Cross of Resistance The Verzetskruis 1940&ndash 1945 English Cross of Resistance 1940&ndash 1945 is the second highest Decorations and medals of the Netherlands decoration ... Lion , the Bronze Cross Netherlands Bronze Cross , the Cross of Merit Netherlands Cross of Merit and the Airman s Cross . There was no decoration for Dutch Dutch Resistanceresistance fighters , however ... May 1946 the ResistanceCross was created. The medal, designed by L. O. Wenckebach , is a Latin cross of bronze, crowned with the Dutch royal crown. The cross shows Saint George impaling a fire breathing ... were awarded to Dutch, but some French and Belgians were honoured with the Cross of Resistance. One ... Military decorations or create a civilian one. Within the Dutch resistance there was a forceful movement against decoration of acts of resistance. They considered that every act of resistance, being equally dangerous under German occupation, was of equal merit. Other countries did decorate Dutch resistance ... for their resistance work. Wilhelmina of the Netherlands Queen Wilhelmina s wish for resistance ... chains. The words TROUW TOT IN DEN DOOD loyal to death are engraved in the arms of the cross. The decoration was awarded only 95 times, to the bravest of the resistance, and by design posthumously ... Dutch resistance ca Creu de la Resist ncia 1940 1945 fy Fersetskr s nl Verzetskruis ... more details
File Verzetsherdenkingskruis 1980.jpg thumb 300x300px The Resistance Memorial Cross or Resistance Commemorative Cross Dutch Verzetsherdenkingskruis is a medal awarded in the Netherlands to members of the Dutch resistance during the Second World War . The medal was instituted by Royal Decree No. 104 on 19 December 1980, after the 35th anniversary of the liberation of the Netherlands. It is worn after the War Memorial Cross Dutch Oorlogsherinneringskruis and before the Medal of Order and Peace Dutch Ereteken voor Orde en Vrede . The cross is only awarded at the request of a person eligible to receive it. Approximately 15,000 have been awarded, recorded in the Gedenkenboek verzetsherdenkingskruis . The medal comprises a silver cross hung from a striped ribbon. The obverse of the cross bears the Dutch royal crown above a sword in flames and the dates 1940 1945 on the vertical element, and inscribed with the words DE TYRANNY VERDRYVEN Dutch to destroy tyranny a line in the Dutch national anthem on the horizontal element. The reverse bears a Dutch lion . The cross is carried on a ribbon coloured with asymmetric stripes the left half is red white blue for the Dutch flag and the right half orange the national color of the Netherlands with a black border on each edge. It should not to be confused with the rarer and more prestigious Dutch Cross of Resistance Dutch Verzetskruis , the second highest decoration for valour in the Netherlands, which was instituted in 1946 and awarded to only 95 people. There was a belief after the War that awarding medals would make distinctions between different acts of resistance, all of which would have been punishable by death. After a first round of awards were made of the Dutch Cross of Resistance in 1946, it became politically difficult to agree a list of furhter recipients. References http books.google.co.uk books?id KOBCfpJGG0sC&pg PA74 The legacy ... Category Awards established in 1980 Category Dutch resistance ca Creu Commemorativa ... more details
The Resistance can refer to a Resistance movement . It can also refer to The Resistance series , a book series by Vlad Matviets The Resistance album The Resistance album , an album by British rock band Muse The Resistance Animorphs , an Animorphs book The Resistance comics , a Wildstorm comic book series The Resistance party game , a card game The Resistance series , an American science fiction series The Resistance novel , a children s novel by Gemma Malley, published in 2008 Battlestar Galactica The Resistance , a series of Battlestar Galactica Webisodes The Resistance , a song on the studio album New Surrender by the rock band Anberlin See also Resistance disambiguation Resistance deliberate link to the dab redirect page per WP DAB disambig ... more details
wiktionary resistance tocright Resistance may refer to Physics Electrical resistance , a measure of the degree to which an object opposes an electric current through it Friction , Drag physics air resistance , fluid or gas forces opposing motion and flow Geological resistance , a measure of how well ... pore spaces or fractures in soil or rock Thermal resistance , a measure of difficulty of heat transfer ... resistance in electronics , heat considerations in electronics design In materials science, the term is sometimes used for hardness Investing Resistance technical analysis , a price level in security trading that, if reached, activates many sell triggers Medicine Antibiotic resistance , used for bacteria resistant to antibiotics. Airway resistance , a concept used in respiratory physiology to describe ... determine airflow. Politics and military Resistance movement , a group trying to thwart foreign occupation Resistance during World War II French Resistance Polish resistance movement in World War II Polish ResistanceResistance socialist youth organisation , an Australian Marxist organisation Draft dodger Draft resistance , organized or personal opposition to military conscription HMS Resistance HMS Resistance , the name of four ships of the Royal Navy, and one planned one Resistance military is the ability of an organized force to stand on the defensive White Aryan ResistanceResistance Journal of the Earth Liberation Movement , an earth liberation magazine Resistance YBNP , from 2011, new name of Young BNP age 18 30 Entertainment In music Resistance Burning Spear album Resistance Burning Spear album , 1986 album Resistance Mika Nakashima album Resistance Mika Nakashima album , 2002 album Resistance Alove for Enemies album Resistance Alove for Enemies album , 2006 album The Resistance album The Resistance Muse album , 2009 album Resistance song Resistance , the title track from the same album. Resistance , a song by Japanese band High and Mighty Color La Resistance South Park song ... more details
disambig Hydraulic resistance may refer to Resistance training hydraulic resistance training Hydraulic conductivity hydraulic resistance of an aquifer ... more details
Image Carbon film Resistor Construction.svg thumb Sheet resistance is a measure of Electrical resistanceresistance of thin films that are nominally uniform in thickness. It is commonly used to characterize ... of Hybrid Integrated Circuit thick film hybrid microcircuits . The utility of sheet resistance as opposed to Electrical resistanceresistance or resistivity is that it is directly measured using a four ... sheet resistance.jpg thumb right 400px Geometry for defining resistivity left and sheet resistance right ... L . Sheet resistance is applicable to two dimensional systems in which thin films are considered as two dimensional entities. When the term sheet resistance is used, it is implied that the current ..., the electrical resistanceresistance can be written as math R rho frac L A rho frac L W t math where math rho math is the resistivity, math A math is the cross sectional area and math L math is the length. The cross sectional area can be split into the width math W math and the sheet thickness math t math . Upon combining the resistivity with the thickness, the resistance can then be written as math R frac rho t frac L W R s frac L W math math R s math is then the sheet resistance. Units Because the bulk resistance is multiplied with a dimensionless quantity to obtain sheet resistance, the units of sheet resistance are ohm s. An alternate, common unit is ohms per square denoted sq ... resistance. This is an advantage, because sheet resistance of 1 could be taken out of context and misinterpreted as bulk resistance of 1 ohm, whereas sheet resistance of 1 sq cannot thusly be misinterpreted. The reason for the name ohms per square is that a square sheet with sheet resistance 10 ohm square has an actual resistance of 10 ohm, regardless of the size of the square. For a square, math ... the sheet resistance using the average resistivity math overline rho frac 1 overline sigma math ... math and the surface impurity concentration the sheet resistance junction depth product math R s x ... more details
terrorism A resistance movement is a group or collection of individual groups, dedicated to opposing ... of nonviolent resistance sometimes called civil resistance or the use of armed force. In many cases, as for example in Norway in the Second World War, a resistance movement may employ both violent and non ... or geographical areas within a country. ref On the relation between mlitary and civil resistance in occupied Norway 1940 45, see Magne Skodvin, Norwegian Non violent Resistance during the German Occupation , in Adam Roberts scholar Adam Roberts ed., The Strategy of Civilian Defence Non violent Resistance to Aggression , Faber, London, 1967, pp. 136 53. Also published as Civilian Resistance as a National ... and Civilian Defence , as Civilian Resistance as a National Defence , Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, UK, and Baltimore, USA, 1969. ISBN 0140210806. ref The term resistance is generally used to designate ... citizens are affected tend to favor the term. When such a resistance movement uses violence, those favorably disposed to it may also speak of freedom fighters . On the lawfulness of armed resistance movements ... 1909 A Humanist of Modern Times , International Review of the Red Cross IRRC , No. 312, May June 1996 ..., a resistance movement may or may not be labelled a terrorist group based on whether the members of a resistance movement are considered lawful or unlawful combatants and their right to resist ... The modern usage of the term Resistance originates from the self designation of many movements during World War II, especially the French Resistance . The term is still strongly linked to the context ... the term resistance to designate a movement meeting the definition prior to World War II might ... against colonialism and foreign military occupations. Resistance has become a generic term that has been used to designate underground resistance movements in any country. Background Resistance ... includes groups that consider themselves to be resisting tyranny . Some resistance movements are Underground ... more details
Airway Resistance is a concept in respiratory physiology that describes the resistance of the respiratory tract to airflow during inspiration and expiration. Airway resistance can be indirectly measured ... AW math Airway Resistance math Delta P math Pressure Difference driving airflow math P ATM math Atmospheric ... change constantly during the respiratory cycle. Determinants of Airway Resistance There are several important determinants of airway resistance including The diameter of the airways Whether airflow is laminar ... a constant circular cross section that is substantially longer than its diameter. The equation ... small changes in the radius of the airways causes large changes in airway resistance. An individual small airway has much greater resistance than a large airway, however there are many more small airways than large ones. Therefore resistance is greatest at the bronchi of intermediate size ... versus Turbulent flow Where air is flowing in a laminar manner it has less resistance than when it is flowing ... to maintain flow, this response itself increases resistance. This means that a large increase in pressure ... resistance, this can be treated by administering Heliox which is much less dense than air and consequently more conducive to laminar flow. Changes in Airway Resistance Airway resistance is not constant. As shown above airway resistance is markedly affected by changes in the diameter of the airways, therefore diseases affecting the respiratory tract can increase airway resistance. Airway resistance ... in airway resistance. Airway resistance can also vary between inspiration and expiration, for example ... causing increased airway resistance. Derived Parameters Airway Conductance G sub AW sub This is simply the mathematical inverse of airway resistance. math G AW frac 1 R AW math Specific Airway Resistance ... et al title Reference equations for specific airway resistance in children the Asthma UK initiative ... resistance. Due to the elastic nature of the tissue that supports the small airways airway resistance ... more details
of Economic Entomology 85 262 267. ref Multiple and crossresistance Multiple resistance is the phenomenon ... to that one, and so on. ref name Daly Crossresistance, a related phenomenon, occurs ...File Pest resistance labelled light.svg right thumb 250px Pesticide application can artificially select ... resistance to a pesticide red . After pesticide application, its descendants represent a larger ... applications, resistant pests may comprise the majority of the population. Pesticide resistance ... to that chemical. In other words, pests develop a resistance to a chemical through natural selection ... Pesticide resistance . Retrieved on September 15, 2007. ref Manufacturers of pesticides tend to prefer ... resistance . For example, the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee IRAC definition of insecticide resistance is a genetic inheritance heritable change in the sensitivity of a pest population that is reflected ... according to the label recommendation for that pest species . ref Insecticide Resistance Action Committee 2007 , http www.irac online.org Resistance Overview.asp Resistance Definition . Retrieved on September 15, 2007. ref Pesticide resistance is increasing in occurrence. In the 1940s, farmers in the United ... have developed a resistance to a pesticide. ref grapes.msu.edu. http grapes.msu.edu pesticideResist.htm How pesticide resistance develops . Excerpt from Larry Gut, Annemiek Schilder, Rufus Isaacs and Patricia ... to develop resistance is probably caused by a number of factors. First, pest species are usually capable ... to detoxify or tolerate poisons. ref Ferro DN. 1993. Potential for resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis .... ref ref Bishop BA and EJ Grafius. 1996. Insecticide resistance in the Colorado potato beetle. In P ... pressure towards resistance. Pesticides that fail to break down quickly and remain in the area contribute ... resistance, pest managers may resort to increased use of pesticides, exacerbating the problem ... likely to develop resistance than are the primary targets of the pesticides, such as mosquitoes ... more details
cannot persist. This was used successfully in tuberculosis. However, crossresistance where mutations ...Drug resistance is the reduction in effectiveness of a drug such as an antimicrobial or an antineoplastic ref MeshName Drug Resistance ref in curing a disease or condition. When the drug is not intended ... commonly, the term is used in the context of resistance acquired by pathogen s. When an organism is resistant to more than one drug, it is said to be multidrug resistance multidrug resistant . In a broad ... the same arms race problems as external drug delivery. The development of antibiotic resistance ..., resulting in antibiotic resistance. ref http www.detectingdesign.com antibioticresistance.html ref ... Enzymology of Bacterial Resistance Jed F. Fisher, Shahriar Mobashery ref Resistance to chemicals is only one aspect of the problem, another being resistance to physical factors such as temperature ... factors affecting microbial life . Introduction Drug or toxin or chemical resistance is a consequence ..., resistance to the drug will inevitably follow. This can be seen in cancerous tumours where some cells may develop resistance to the drugs used in chemotherapy . ref http www.merckmanuals.com home drugs factors affecting response to drugs tolerance and resistance to drugs.html ref Malaria in 2012 ... news health 17628172 BBC News ref A rapid process of sharing resistance exists among single celled ... resistance to the anticoagulant rodenticides, with particular reference to Denmark year 1972 volume ... Hyeock Lee, J. Marshall Clark 2008 . Biochemical and Molecular Analysis of Deltamethrin Resistance ... to develop resistance and thereby become increasingly problematic. ref http www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au bhcv2 bhcarticles.nsf pages Antibacterial cleaning products ref Drug resistance develops naturally ... account for more than 85 of the mortality from infection worldwide. Resistance to first line ... resistance to second and thirdline agents is seriously compromising treatment outcome. Added ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Amp resistance is a term for antibiotic resistanceresistance to the antibiotic ampicillin . It is used as a selectable marker in bacterial transformation. DEFAULTSORT Amp Resistance Category Antibiotics Bacteria stub ... more details
The Zeitun Resistance by the Armenian militia against the Ottoman Empire may refer to Zeitun Rebellion 1895 1896 Zeitun Rebellion in 1895 1896 , First Zeitun Resistance. Zeitun Resistance 1915 Second Zeitun Resistance . disambig ... more details
The Sasun Resistance by the Armenian militia against the Ottoman Empire may refer to Sasun Resistance 1894 Sasun Uprising 1904 Sasun Resistance 1904 disambig ru ... more details
Specific resistance may refer to Resistivity Specific electrical resistance Specific airway resistance R sub aw sub functional residual capacity FRC disambig ... more details
Czechoslovakian resistance can refer to Czech resistance to Nazi occupation Czech resistance to Soviet domination see Prague Spring and Velvet Revolution disambig ... more details
Jewish resistance may refer to Jewish Resistance Movement , a Jewish underground movement in Mandate Palestine Jewish resistance under Nazi rule disambig ... more details
About the video game series the first game in the series Resistance Fall of Man Infobox VG series title Resistance image File ResistanceLogo.png 256px caption genre First person shooter br Third person ... Vita platform of origin PlayStation 3 first release version Resistance Fall of Man first release date November 11, 2006 latest release version Resistance 3 latest release date September 6, 2011 website http www.insomniacgames.com games resistance Official Page Resistance is a science fiction horror ... & Clank series . Games Main trilogy Resistance Fall of Man main Resistance Fall of Man Resistance Fall of Man is the first installment in the Resistance trilogy and was released on the PlayStation 3 .... Resistance 2 main Resistance 2 Resistance 2 is the second installment in the Resistance trilogy and was released ... in 1953, shortly after the events of the first game. The Chimera have managed to cross over into North America and threaten to take over the continent. Resistance 3 main Resistance 3 Resistance 3 is the third and final installment in the Resistance trilogy and was released on the PlayStation 3 on September ... Ted Price ref http www.youtube.com watch?v EGnh9ze5KTQ ref Other games Resistance Retribution main Resistance Retribution Resistance Retribution is a spin off to Resistance Fall of Man and was released ... Marine as he helps the human resistance force in Europe to retake the continent from the Chimera in 1951. Resistance Burning Skies main Resistance Burning Skies Resistance Burning Skies is the second spin off in the Resistance series being developed by Nihilistic Software . It is scheduled to be released ... stages of development. Future According to Resistance 3 creative director Marcus Smith, the studio has a number of franchises it wants to pursue and that Resistance is not one of them. It is possible ... action resistance 3 news 6330802 insomniac not signed on for resistance 4 Insomniac not signed for Resistance 4 ref Insomniac CEO Ted Price stated that Insomniac won t be making any more Resistance games ... more details
Thermal resistance is a heat property and a measure of a temperature difference by which an object or material resists a heat flow heat per time unit or thermal resistance . Thermal resistance is the reciprocal thermal conductance . Thermal resistance R has the units m sup 2 sup K W. Specific thermal resistance or specific thermal resistivity R sub sub in K m W is a material constant . Absolute thermal resistance R sub th sub in K W is a specific property of a component. It is e.g., a characteristic of a heat sink . Absolute thermal resistance Absolute thermal resistance is the temperature difference ... of thermal conductance . The SI units of thermal resistance are kelvin s per watt or the equivalent ... resistance of materials is of great interest to electronic engineers because most electrical components ... is the device s absolute thermal resistance from junction to case. br math R theta CH math is the absolute thermal resistance from the case to the heatsink. br math R theta HA math is the absolute thermal resistance of the heat sink. The heat flow can be modelled by analogy to an electrical circuit ... parameters in the datasheet called the absolute thermal resistance from junction to case symbol ... before it overheats. The calculations are as follows. Total absolute thermal resistance ... resistance of the bond between the transistor s case and the metalwork. This figure depends on the nature ... to reduce the absolute thermal resistance. Maximum temperature drop from junction to ambient math T JMAX ... across a given absolute thermal resistance math R theta math with a given heat flow math Q math through ... frac x A k math where math R theta math is the absolute thermal resistance across the length of the material ... conductivity of the material W K m A is the cross sectional area perpendicular to the path ... Thermal Resistance, Theory and Practice . Infineon Infineon Technologies AG , Munich , Germany ... Ixys RF , Fort Collins, Colorado. Example thermal resistance and power dissipation calculation in semiconductors ... more details
Underground resistance may refer to Underground Resistance band , a musical collective from Detroit, Michigan Underground resistance during World War II , the inhabitants of various locales resisting the rule of the Nazis, the Empire of Japan, and Mussolini disambig ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2007 In military terminology, resistance or organised resistance refers to the ability of a military unit to continue to oppose an attack. Resistance ends when a unit surrender military surrender s, when all members of unit are killed or captured, or when a unit disperses. The term is used in the phrase organized resistance has ceased to describe the end of a battle or military campaign campaign when no formal surrender occurs after a unit is defeated. The term also occurs in the phrase Salients, re entrants and pockets pocket of resistance . When a unit disperses, individuals who avoid capture may continue to resist the opposing force, e.g. by joining or forming a resistance movement , but this resistance is no longer organized resistance in the military sense. DEFAULTSORT Resistance Military Category Military strategy Mil stub ... more details
Infobox VG title Resistance Retribution image File Resistance RetributionPSPNACover.jpg 250px developer SCE Bend Studio publisher Sony Computer Entertainment composer Garry Schyman series Resistance series Resistance engine Modified Syphon Filter Logan s Shadow Logan s Shadow engine released vgrelease ... Media Disc UMD requirements Firmware 5.03 Resistance Retribution is a third person shooter handheld ... act convert&om clk newlyadded&tag newlyadded title 1 title E3 08 Resistance Retribution Impressions ... Games in the initial process of the game design. ref name e32008 It is set between Resistance Fall of Man and Resistance 2 . Plot Two months before the Chimera s central tower in London is destroyed and Resistance Fall of Man their armies are defeated in Britain , British Royal Marines Royal Marine ... Bouchard, a member of the European mainland resistance movement known as the Maquis World War II Maquis ... have evolved a more advanced method of converting humans, and that Resistance 2 they are already developing ... in Resistance Fall of Man , is also present in Retribution . Retribution features new characters and weapons ... with a copy of Resistance 2 in their PlayStation 3, while having their PSP 2000 or 3000 also works with PSP 1000 connected via AV output to the television, will be able to play Resistance Retribution with a DualShock 3 controller. This is a new, cross link feature of both games dubbed PSP Plus. While ... 2008 10 09 resistance retribution resistance 2 interoperability and then some ref Also announced was Infected mode which, by connecting Resistance Retribution to Resistance 2 using a USB cable, going ... accordingly. ref http www.ps3fanboy.com 2008 10 09 infect your psp with resistance 2 and retribution ... Defense Perimeter from Resistance 2 . There, the player meets Cartwright from Resistance Fall of Man during an assault on the fortress. Multiplayer Resistance Retribution features 5 game modes ... holds the most for the longest wins similar to Meltdown from Resistance Fall of Man . In Assimilation ... more details
WikiProject Albums Name The Resistance Type Album Artist Muse band Muse Cover Theresistance.jpg ... album HAARP br 2008 This album The Resistance br 2009 Next album Misc Singles Name The Resistance Type ... single 3 Resistance song Resistance single 3 date 22 February 2010 ref cite news url http muse.mu news article 579 resistance single release watch 30 seconds of the video now title Resistance Single ... limited edition box set of The Resistance , including a CD, DVD, double vinyl, USB flash drive and a poster. The Resistance is the fifth studio album by English alternative rock band Muse band Muse ... stream new album The Resistance online magazine NME publisher IPC Media location United Kingdom issn ... 2009. Resistance song Resistance was released as the third single from the album on 22 February ... tour The Resistance Tour . The album yielded the band their first Grammy at the 53rd ... and release File MuseNIA.JPG thumb Muse performing Resistance at the Birmingham NIA. The title of the album was revealed as The Resistance on the band s Twitter page on 22 May, ref cite web url http ... detailing the progress made by the band by saying Yes, The Resistance is on its way. Out in a few ... blog.view&friendId 128674509&blogId 490886434 title The Resistance publisher MySpace author Dominic ... and was supported by The Resistance Tour an international tour . ref cite journal url http www.soundonsound.com ... news url http www.nme.com news muse 45413 title Muse s new album The Resistance gets release date ... listing for The Resistance , which was completed by the end of the day. On 14 July, Muse confirmed ... WebObjects MZStore.woa wa viewPreorder?id 326691732&s 143449 title Official iTunes Link for The Resistance ... news article 476 listen to the resistance online this week title Listen to The Resistance Online ... 2009, it was announced that The Resistance would be released on iTunes as one of the first iTunes ... videos. ref cite web title MUSE The Resistance iTunes LP url http muse.mu news article 492 the resistance ... more details
and awarded a Dutch Cross of ResistanceResistanceCross Verzetkruis , not to be confused with the much ...Image 101st with members of dutch resistance.jpg thumb right 300px Members of the Eindhoven Resistance ... Garden , September 1944 Dutch resistance to the History of the Netherlands 1939 1945 Nazi occupation ... Wereldoorlog ref Dutch resistance developed relatively slowly, but the event of the February strike and its cause, the random razzia and deportation of over 400 Jews, stimulated resistance greatly ... 9780199566808 page 42 ref A number of resistance groups specialized in saving Jewish children including ... voor Oorlogsdocumentatie, RIOD, now NIOD distinguished between several types of resistance. Going into hiding, at which the Dutch appeared to excel, was generally not categorised by the Dutch as resistance ... condoned Dutch rule, was also not considered resistance. According to official publications, sabotage ... during the war collaboration was rife in the country , but until lately this was not seen as resistance ... to be resistance. Publishing illegal papers at which the Dutch excelled, with some 1100 separate ... was not considered resistance per se. ref name ReferenceA Only active resistance in the form of spying, sabotage or with arms was what the Dutch considered resistance. Nevertheless, thousands of members ... existed in Dutch historical research and publications, not to regard passive resistance as real resistance ... as resistance by the Dutch. The strikers, who numbered in their ten thousands, are not named resistance paticipants. The Dutch generally prefer to use the term illegality illegaliteit for all ... ReferenceA Major areas of intensive military resistance were the Grebbelinie , a north south line ... in the resistance, they were often immediately jailed. It was the social democrat s, Catholic s, and communist s who started the resistance movement . ref https www.cia.gov library center for the study of intelligence csi publications csi studies studies spring98 Dutch.html The Dutch Resistance and the OSS ... more details
In genetics , the term horizontal resistance was first used by J.E. Vanderplank ref name Vanderplank1963 Vanderplank, J.E. 1963 Plant Diseases Epidemics and Control. Academic Press, New York and London, 349pp. ref to describe many gene resistance. This contrasts with the term Vertical Resistance vertical resistance which was used to describe single gene resistance. Raoul A Robinson Raoul A. Robinson ref name Robinson1976 Raoul A Robinson Robinson, Raoul A. 1976 Plant Pathosystems. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 184pp. ref further refined the definition of horizontal resistance. Unlike Vertical Resistance vertical resistance and parasitic ability, horizontal resistance and horizontal parasitic ability are entirely independent of each other in genetic terms. In the first round of breeding for horizontal resistance, plants are exposed to pathogens and selected for partial resistance. Plants unaffected by the pathogen have vertical resistance and are removed. Obviously plants with no resistance die, the remaining plants have partial resistance and their seed is stored and bred back up to sufficient volume for further testing. The hope is that in these remaining plants are multiple types of partially resistant genes, and by crossbreeding this pool back on itself multiple partial resistance genes will be encouraged and provide resistance to a larger variety of pathogens than vertical resistance . Successive rounds of breeding for horizontal resistance proceed in a more traditional fashion, selecting plants for disease resistance as measured by yield. These plants are exposed to native regional pathogens, and given minimal assistance in fighting them. ref name Beyond GMO the REAL answer to healthy, disease resistant crops http newfarm.rodaleinstitute.org international pan am don nov04 chapingo.shtml ref References reflist 2 Category Phytopathology Category Molecular biology genetics stub ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
