File Cryosphere Fuller Projection.png thumb right 300px Overview of the Cryosphere and its larger components, from the http maps.grida.no go graphic cryosphere UN Environment Programme Global Outlook for Ice and Snow . The cryosphere from the Ancient Greek Greek lang grc cryos cold , frost or ice is the term which collectively describes the portions of the Earth s surface where water is in solid form, including sea ice , lake ice, river ice , snow cover, glaciers , ice cap s and ice sheet s, and frozen ground which includes permafrost . Thus there is a wide overlap with the hydrosphere . The cryosphere is an integral part of the global climate system with important linkages and feedback s generated through its influence on surface energy and moisture fluxes, cloud s, Precipitation meteorology ..., the cryosphere plays a significant role in global climate and in climate model response to global .... ref The role of snow cover in modulating the monsoon is just one example of a short term cryosphere ... cryosphere climate feedbacks in the global climate system. These operate over ... extent of any component of the cryosphere, with a mean maximum areal extent of approximately 47 million ... Hemisphere Zhang et al., 2003 and therefore has the largest areal extent of any component of the cryosphere ... Slaymaker and Richard E J Kelly. The cryosphere and global environmental change. Malden, Mass. Blackwell ... geo geo ice Global Outlook for Ice and Snow Assessment on the state and future of the Cryosphere, by the UN Environment Programme, June 2007 http maps.grida.no go graphic cryosphereCryosphere overview map, from the UN Environment Programme http arctic.atmos.uiuc.edu cryosphere Department of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Illinois Cryosphere Today http www.ccin.ca Canadian Cryospheric Information Network http www.socc.ca State of the Canadian Cryosphere http nsidc.org cryosphere ... Kriosfera pt Criosfera ru si simple Cryosphere sk Kryosf ra sl Kriosfera ... more details
Continental Glaciers and Ice Sheets Marine and Freshwater Ice Cryosphere, Atmosphere and Climate ... scientific problems of the cryosphere that are timely and well constrained. Recent examples include ... more details
Stange Ice Shelf coord 73 15 S 076 30 W scale 2000000 display inline,title , is an Antarctic ice shelf in Stange Sound , English Coast , bounded to the east by Spaatz Island , to the northwest by Smyley Island , and to the west by fast ice in Carroll Inlet . Named in association with Stange Sound. ref name USGSgnisstange cite web url gnis3 type antarid 14471 title Stange Ice Shelf work Geographic Names Information System publisher United States Geological Survey accessdate 2009 11 06 ref In contrast to the some other ice shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula , for example the Larsen Ice Shelf , the Stange Ice Shelf has been relatively stable. ref name cook2009 cite journal author Cook A.J., Vaughan D.G. title Overview of areal changes of ice shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula over the past 50 years journal The Cryosphere Discuss volume 3 pages 579 630 year 2009 url http www.the cryosphere discuss.net 3 579 2009 tcd 3 579 2009.html ref See also Ice shelves of Antarctica References reflist usgs gazetteer Category Ice shelves of Antarctica Category Landforms of Palmer Land PalmerLand geo stub ... more details
The word cryo or cryos is Greek and means icy cold from crystallos . The word is also known from cryobiology . ref http dk.cryosinternational.com about us history.aspx Cryos ref Cryos or Cryos International is also an international network of sperm banks. ref http www.cryosinternational.com home.aspx Cryos network of Sperm Banks ref Ice , the solid state of water. Cryobiology Cryoelectronics Cryogenics , the study of producing extremely low temperatures. Cryo Interactive , a game manufacturer. Cryolithology Cryonics Cryoprecipitate , a blood derived protein product used to treat some bleeding disorders. Darkspore Planets Cryos , a planet in the video game Darkspore Cryosphere Cryosurgery Cryotronics Notes Reflist disambig uk ... more details
Notes on usage This table is a reference tool for rapidly locating Wikipedia articles on global climate system components class wikitable Component Type Region Composed Of Functions Dimensions Earth s Atmosphere Atmosphere Global layer Planetary Atmospheric gases nitrogen, oxygen and others Absorb and distribute radiation exchange gases Hydrosphere Global layer Planetary Water H sub 2 sub O and dissolved minerals carbon, calcium, magnesium and others Absorb and distribute radiation supply vapor Lithosphere Global layer Planetary Rocks and minerals Supply minerals Troposphere Atmospheric layer Planetary Air, water vapor Weather Tropopause Atmospheric layer Planetary Air Thin layer of temperature NASA NASA US identifies the five components of earth s climate system as Earth s Atmosphere Atmosphere , hydrosphere , cryosphere , lithosphere , and biosphere . ref http earthobservatory.nasa.gov Glossary index.php?mode alpha&seg b&segend d ref References Reflist Climate stub Category Climatology ... more details
John Frederick Nye born 1923 ref cite book last Lalena first John N. coauthors David A. Cleary title Principles of Inorganic Materials Design publisher Wiley publisher Wiley IEEE year 2005 page 183 isbn 9780471714880 ref is a physicist , with publications spanning more than six decades. Citation needed date August 2009 His early work was on the physics of plasticity physics plasticity , and in the early 1950s he became the first to apply plasticity theory to understand to glacier flow . ref name rs http royalsociety.org DServe dserve.exe?dsqIni Dserve.ini&dsqApp Archive&dsqCmd Show.tcl&dsqSearch RefNo EC 2F1976 2F26 &dsqDb Catalog Certificates of Election and Candidature, RefNo EC 1976 26 Nye, John Frederick . Royal Society . Accessed 2009 04 26. ref Nye published on topics spanning ice rheology , ice flow mechanics, laboratory ice flow measurements, glacier surges, meltwater penetration in ice, and response of glaciers and ice sheets to seasonal and climatic changes. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1976. ref name rs He has served as president of the International Glaciological Society 1966 9 , ref name rs who awarded him the Seligman Crystal in 1969 for outstanding contributions to glaciology, ref http www.igsoc.org awards seligman The Seligman Crystal . International Glaciological Society. Accessed 2009 04 26. ref and was also president of the International Commission of Snow and Ice of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 1971 5 . ref cite journal doi 10.1080 02626669709492015 last Radok first Uwe year 1997 title The International Commission on Snow and Ice ICSI and its precursors, 1894 1994 journal Hydrological Sciences Journal des Sciences Hydrologique volume 42 issue 2 pages 131 140 url http www.cig.ensmp.fr iahs hsj 420 hysj 42 02 0131.pdf ref The Cryosphere Focus Group of the American Geophysical Union hosts a Nye Lecture each year at its fall meeting. ref http www.agu.org focus group cryosphere nye History.html AGU Cryosphe ... more details
of the cryosphere in the Earth system. NSIDC contributes to a number of international programs. Most ... , and the World Climate Research Programme WCRP , including Climate and Cryosphere CliC , Global Energy ... icelights Icelights , a regular column by cryosphere experts and questions from the public http ... more details
Japanese name mura Nihongo Atsumu Ohmura mura Atsumu born 1942 is a Japan ese climatologist , known for his contributions to the theory of global dimming . Ohmura was born in the Bunkyo, Tokyo Bunky ward of Tokyo in 1942. In 1965 he graduated with a B.Sc from the University of Tokyo and in 1969 received an M.Sc from McGill University . He later received a Dr.sc.nat from the ETH Zurich . Ohmura is a professor emeritus of the Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science at ETH Zurich, where he was the leader of the institute s climate research group. The group has strong interests in the planetary boundary layer and the cryosphere including its interaction with the atmosphere and ocean. The group maintains a general circulation model. Ohmura also initiated the Baseline Surface Radiation Network BSRN . External links http fm eth.ethz.ch eth peoplefinder FMPro? db whoiswho.fp5& format who 5fdetail 5fen.html& lay html& sortfield who 5fname&who 5fstatus 0& op cn&who 5fname 5ffirstname ohmura& max 20& recid 34725& find Biography http iacweb.ethz.ch staff ohmura Personal webpage Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Ohmura, Atsumu ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1942 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Ohmura, Atsumu Category 1942 births Category Living people Category Climatologists Category Japanese scientists japan scientist stub climate bio stub de Atsumu mura es Atsumu mura ja ... more details
Infobox journal title Climate Dynamics cover File Climate Dynamics.jpg editor J. C.Duplessy, E.K. Schneider, S. Corti, B.P. Kirtman, D.G. DeWitt discipline Climatology abbreviation Clim. Dynam. publisher Springer Science Business Media country frequency Monthly history 1986 present openaccess impact 3.843 impact year 2010 website http www.springer.com earth sciences geophysics journal 382 link1 http www.springerlink.com content 1432 0894 link1 name Online access link2 link2 name JSTOR OCLC 609893843 LCCN 89642379 CODEN CLDYEM ISSN 0930 7575 eISSN 1432 0894 Climate Dynamics is a peer review peer reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science Business Media . It covers all aspects of the dynamics of global climate systems, including analytical and numerical modeling research on the structure and behavior of the atmosphere , oceans , cryosphere , biomass , and land surface as interacting components of the dynamics of global climate . The journal also publishes reviews and papers emphasizing an integrated view of the physical and biogeochemical processes governing climate and climate change . Impact According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2010 impact factor of 3.843, ranking it 5th out of 68 journals in the category Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences . ref name WoS cite book year 2012 chapter Journals Ranked by Impact Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences title 2010 Journal Citation Reports publisher Thomson Reuters edition Science accessdate 2012 01 30 series Web of Science postscript . ref Editors The editors in chief are J C Duplessy CNRS , Gif sur Yvette E. K. Schneider George Mason University Ben Kirtman University of Miami Susanna Corti Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Bologna David G. DeWitt International Research Institute for Climate and Society , Palisades, NY References Reflist External links Official http www.springer.com earth sciences geophysics journal 382 Category English language journals Category Earth and atmospheric ... more details
chapter from Nathaniel Bowditch s American Practical Navigator http arctic.atmos.uiuc.edu cryosphereCryosphere Today Current Arctic sea ice conditions http www.antarctica.ac.uk met wmc misc seaice ... more details
The IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society GRSS is a professional society of the IEEE , active in the fields of geoscience and remote sensing . ref name IEEE GRSS Home History The IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society was first established on April 20th, 1961 as the IRE Professional Group on Geoscience Electronics. ref cite web url http www.ieeeghn.org wiki index.php IEEE Geoscience 26 Remote Sensing Society History title IEEE Geoscience & Remote Sensing Society History author IEEE Global History Network date 2011 publisher IEEE History Center accessdate 6 July 2011 ref Fields of Interest From the IEEE GRSS website The fields of interest of the Society are the theory, concepts, and techniques of science and engineering as they apply to the remote sensing of the earth , ocean s, atmosphere , and space , as well as the processing, interpretation and dissemination of this information. Fields of interest by category Remote Sensing of Land The advances of desertification is a menace to agriculture and urban settlements in many areas of the world. Urban areas, natural resource s and crop monitoring and critical for our development and sustainability . Oceanic Remote Sensing Oceans cover 71 percent of the Earth s surface and contain 97 percent of the planet s water. Oceans contain the largest food and energy stocks, necessary for the development of an increasing population, and play an integral role in many of the Earth s systems including climate and weather . Atmospheric Remote Sensing Hurricane Katrina Katrina s hurricane is a clear example of a devastating event due to an uncontrolled atmospheric event . Predicting hurricane trajectories helps save hundreds of lives and goods. Remote Sensing of the Cryosphere The cryosphere contains an immense amount of solid water. During the past decades the amount of ice has been continuously decreasing, while the mean sea level has been slightly rising. Cryospheric monitoring provides the clues of the past of our planet, a ... more details
and 50 in the Arctic. ref http arctic.atmos.uiuc.edu cryosphere Polar Sea Ice Cap and Snow Cryosphere ... 300 alt2 caption2 NASA Cryosphere Program manager Tom Wagner in his video interpretation of the 2011 ... 4 abbr on , close to the maximum recorded of convert 16020000 km sqmi sigfig 4 abbr on . ref name cryosphere .... ref name cryosphere http arctic.atmos.uiuc.edu cryosphere The Cryosphere Today ref The northernmost ... from Nathaniel Bowditch s American Practical Navigator . http arctic.atmos.uiuc.edu cryosphereCryosphere ... more details
and the wider cryosphere. The YSC s activities developed concurrently with many if not most of the early ... academic positions. Participation by engineers and those interested in the cryosphere in general ... more details
home Topical coverage includes solid earth geophysics, Cryosphere cryospheric science, oceans and Atmospheric ..., and volcanology volcanic eruption potentials. ref cite web title AGUs Cryosphere Focus Group url http www.agu.org focus group cryosphere accessdate 2010 10 07 ref ref cite web title About ... more details
See also Index of earth science articles The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to earth science Earth science &ndash all embracing term for the science s related to the planet Earth planet Earth . ref http wordnetweb.princeton.edu perl webwn?s Earth science&sub Search WordNet&o2 &o0 1&o7 &o5 &o1 1&o6 &o4 &o3 &h 0 Wordnet Search Earth science ref It is also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth sciences, and is arguably a special case in planetary science , the Earth being the only known life bearing planet. Earth s spheres Image Seawifs global biosphere.jpg thumb 300px A false color composite of global oceanic and terrestrial photoautotroph abundance from September 1997 to August 2000, showing Earth s biosphere. Provided by the SeaWiFS Project, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and ORBIMAGE . The Earth s spheres are the many spheres into which the planet Earth is divided. The four most often recognized are the atmosphere , the biosphere , the hydrosphere and the geosphere . As a whole, the system is sometimes referred to as an ecosphere. Listed roughly from outermost to innermost the named spheres of the Earth are Magnetosphere Atmosphere , the gases that surround the Earth its air By altitude Exosphere Exobase Ionosphere Thermopause Thermosphere Mesopause Mesosphere Stratopause Stratosphere Ozone layer Tropopause Troposphere Planetary boundary layer By air turbulence Heterosphere Turbopause Homosphere Biosphere , all life on Earth Anthroposphere Noosphere rare Hydrosphere , all water found on, under, and over the surface of Earth Cryosphere sometimes Pedosphere Geosphere Lithosphere Crust geology Asthenosphere Mesosphere mantle Mesosphere Earth s mantle Earth s core Inner core Outer core Branches of earth science Geology Geology Economic geology Engineering geology Environmental geology Quaternary geology Planetary geology Petroleum geology Historical geology Hydrogeology Structural geology Geochemistry Geochronology Geoma ... more details
MarsGeo Valley name Mangala Valles latitude 11.6 N or S S longitude 151.0 E or W W length 828.0 naming Word for Mars in Sanskrit. Mangala Valles is a complex system of criss crossing channels on Mars , located in the Tharsis Tharsis region originating in the Martian geologic timescale Amazonian epoch . It is thought to be an outflow channel , carved by catastrophic and release of vast quantities of water across the Martian surface. This flooding was probably initiated by tectonic stretching and the formation of a graben at the channels head, perhaps breaching a pressurized aquifer trapped beneath a thick cryosphere layer of frozen ground beneath the surface. ref http www.msss.com http ps channels channels.html ref ref name Carr2006 cite book author Michael H. Carr title The surface of Mars url http books.google.com books?id uLHlJ6sjohwC accessdate 21 March 2011 year 2006 publisher Cambridge University Press isbn 9780521872010 ref ref Carr, M. 1979. Formation of martian flood features by release of water from confined aquifers. J. Geophys. Res. 84 2995 3007. ref ref ISBN 978 0 521 87501 0 ref ref Hanna, J. and R. Phillips. 2005. Tectonic pressurization of aquifers in the formation of Mangala and Athabasca Valles on Mars. LPSC XXXVI. Abstract 2261. ref There are many wind sculpted ridges or yardang s covering many of the surfaces in the Mangala Vallis region. ref http photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov catalog PIA03827 Catalog Page for PIA03827 ref ref http www.uapress.arizona.edu onlinebks mars chap12.htm The Planet Mars A History of Observation and Discovery. Chapter 12 Mariner 9. University of Arizona Press ref Mangala comes from the word for Mars in Sanskrit . The Mangala Valles is referred to in Michael Crichton s book Sphere novel Sphere . In Stephen Baxter s novel Voyage Stephen Baxter novel Voyage , it is the location of the first manned Mars landing. gallery Image Wikimemnoniamap.JPG Map of Memnonia quadrangle labeled with major features. Image Mangala Vallis.JPG Mana ... more details
MarsGeo Valley name Cerberus Fossae image image Cerberus fossae.jpg 200px caption A 3km section of the Cerberus Fossae fissure, taken by the Mars Global Surveyor MGS Mars Orbiter Camera MOC latitude 11.9 N or S N longitude 188.8 E or W W length 1,630.0 km naming From albedo feature br at 10n, 212W. Changed br from Cerberus Rupes. The Cerberus Fossae are a series of semi parallel fissures on Mars formed by faults which pulled the crust apart in the Cerberus region 9 N, 197 W . Ripples seen at the bottom of the fault are sand blown by the wind http photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov catalog PIA05498 . The underlying cause for the faulting was magma pressure related to the formation of the Elysium Volcanic field, located to the northwest. The faults pass through pre existing features such as hills, indicating that it is a younger feature http themis.asu.edu zoom 20050321a . The formation of the fossae is suspected to have released pressurised underground water, previously confined by the cryosphere , with flow rates up to 2 10 sup 6 sup m sup 3 sup s sup 1 sup , leading to the creation of the Athabasca Valles . ref cite journal title Generation of recent massive water floods at Cerberus Fossae, Mars by dike emplacement, cryospheric cracking, and confined aquifer groundwater release doi 10.1029 2003GL017135 url http www.agu.org pubs crossref 2003 2003GL017135.shtml author James W. Head coauthors Lionel Wilson, Karl L. Mitchell journal Geophysical Research Letters year 2003 volume 30 issue 11 pages 2265 bibcode 2003GeoRL..30k..31H ref However, early radar analysis suggests there s no evidence of pack ice tens of metres thick as hypothesised based on the images from Mars Express of the area. This is in support of the US view of images of the area, based on impact crater morphology which do not show any evidences of meteorite hitting anything but solid stone lava fields. ref http www.lpi.usra.edu meetings lpsc2008 pdf 1866.pdf 1866.PDF Bot generated title ref gallery Image Cerberus ... more details
No footnotes date April 2009 The Older Peron transgression was a period of unusually warm climate during the Holocene Epoch . It began in the 5000 BCE to 4900 BCE era, and lasted to about 4100 BCE different climate indices at different locations over the globe yield slightly varying chronologies . The Older Peron was a period of generally clement and balmy weather conditions that favored plant growth in the dendrochronology of the bristlecone pine , which extends back from the modern era to 6700 BCE, the single best year for the growth of the pine was 4850 BCE, early in the Older Peron era. The Older Peron was a transgression in the sense of Sea level rise marine transgression , a period of advancing global sea level. Warm temperatures forced a retreat in the glacier s and ice sheet s of the global cryosphere throughout the period, global sea levels were 2.5 to 4 meters 8 to 13 feet higher than the twentieth century average. The higher sea level lasted for several centuries and eroded coastlines. Several locations around the world have Older Peron terraces along their coasts as a result. The period derives its name from Cape Peron in Western Australia , where a terrace from the relevant era is prominent and was a focus of climatological study. The Older Peron transgression was one of a series of gradually diminishing marine transgressions during the middle Holocene. It was followed by the Younger Peron, Abrolhos, and Rottnest transgressions. During the Younger Peron transgression c. 4000&ndash 3400 BCE , sea level peaked at 3 meters above the twentieth century level during the Abrolhos c. 2600&ndash 2100 BCE , 1.5 meters and during the Rottnest c. 1600&ndash 1000 BCE , 1 meter. At least a few commentators &mdash anthropologists, folklorists, and others &mdash have linked era of the Older Peron transgression and the Neolithic Subpluvial with tales of a time of plenty Golden Age Garden of Eden that occur in the legendary backgrounds of many cultures. See also 4.2 kilo ... more details
Main Earth science See also Outline of earth science Earth science also known as geoscience , the geosciences or the Earth Sciences , is an all embracing term for the science s related to the planet Earth planet Earth . ref http wordnet.princeton.edu perl webwn?s earth 20science Wordnet Search Earth science ref It is arguably a special case in planetary science , the Earth being the only known life bearing planet. There are both reductionist and holism holistic approaches to Earth science. There are four major discipline s in earth sciences, namely geography , geology , geophysics and geodesy . These major disciplines use physics , chemistry , biology , chronology and mathematics to build a quantitative understanding of the principal areas or Earth s spheres spheres of the Earth system. Articles related to earth science include CompactTOC8 short1 seealso no f i j k r u w x y z A Antarctic convergence Atmospheric chemistry Atmospheric physics Atmospheric sciences B Biosphere Biogeography C Cartography Chemical oceanography Climatology Crust geology Crust Cryosphere Crystallography mineralogy D Dynamo theory E Earth s core disambiguation Earth s core Earth s magnetic field Earth s mantle Economic geology Edaphology soil science Engineering geology Environmental geology Environmental science Exosphere Atmospheric sciences Erosion G Gaia hypothesis Gemology mineralogy Geochemistry Geochronology Geophysics Geodesy see Surveying Geodynamics Geophysics and Tectonics Geography Geoinformatics GIS Geology Geomagnetic s Geophysics Geomicrobiology Geomorphology Geophysics Geosphere Geostatistics Glaciology Geology and Hydrology Gravimetry Geophysics H Historical geology Human geography Hydrogeology Hydrology Hydrometeorology Hydrosphere I Intertropical Convergence Zone L Limnology Hydrology List of earth science topics alphabetical deliberate self link Lithosphere Geology M Magma Volcanology Magnetosphere Marine biology Oceanography Marine geology Oceanography Meridional flow M ... more details
The Distributed Active Archive Center s DAAC are part of NASA s Earth Observing System Data and Information System EOSDIS . DAACs process, archive, document, and distribute data from NASA s past and current Earth Observing System EOS satellites and field measurement programs. Each of the 12 data centers serves one or more specific Earth science disciplines and provides its user community with data products, data information, user services, and tools unique to its particular science. List of data centers and data specialization http www.asf.alaska.edu Alaska Satellite Facility ASF Synthetic Aperture Radar SAR data, sea ice , polar processes , geophysics . http cddis.gsfc.nasa.gov Crustal Dynamics Data Information System CDDIS Space geodesy . http ghrc.nsstc.nasa.gov Global Hydrology Resource Center GHRC hydrologic cycle , severe weather interactions, lightning , atmospheric convection . http daac.gsfc.nasa.gov Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center GES DISC global precipitation , solar irradiance , atmospheric composition , atmospheric dynamics , global modeling . http lpdaac.usgs.gov Land Processes DAAC LP DAAC surface reflectance , land cover , vegetation indices . http ladsweb.nascom.nasa.gov Level 1 Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System MODAPS LAADS radiance, atmosphere. http eosweb.larc.nasa.gov NASA Langley Research Center Atmospheric Science Data Center LaRC ASDC radiation budget , clouds , aerosols , tropospheric chemistry . National Snow and Ice Data Center http nsidc.org daac NSIDC snow, ice, cryosphere, climate. Oak Ridge National Laboratory DAAC http daac.ornl.gov ORNL DAAC biogeochemical dynamics, ecological data, environmental processes. http oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov Ocean Biology Processing Group ocean biology, ocean color, ocean biogeochemistry, sea surface temperature. http podaac.jpl.nasa.gov Physical Oceanography DAAC PO DAAC sea surface temperature, ocean winds, circulation and currents, topography and gravity. http sedac ... more details
File Katey Walter01.jpg thumb Katey M. Walter is an Alaskan aquatic ecologist and biogeochemist researching carbon and nutrient cycling between terrestrial and aquatic systems, and the cryosphere and atmosphere. Background Walter s research focuses on methane and carbon dioxide emissions from arctic and temperate lakes and wetlands in Alaska and Siberia , and the processes involved in greenhouse gas emissions from lakes, including thermokarst permafrost thaw , industrial plant emissions, geology, and changes in lake area. By using environmental gradients, isotopes, and remote sensing as tools, she hopes for an improved understanding of the basic processes in lake ecosystems. Many newly formed Arctic lakes have bacteria feeding on plant detritus previously frozen underground and producing methane as a waste product. Methane s contribution to the greenhouse effect is considerably more than that of carbon dioxide. Global warming extrapolations could be grossly underestimated if methane contributions from lakes have not been properly studied and are not taken into account. Studies of ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica have shown that in the early Holocene Period, between 14 000 and 11 500 years ago, methane concentration in the atmosphere spiked and was from a northern source. These spikes would be cyclic, coinciding with and aggravating global warming. Honours, awards and achievements In March 2007 Walter was appointed the Presidential International Polar Year Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Alaska in Fairbanks. Walter, who is fluent in Russian, works as project coordinator at Chersky research station Chersky for joint Russian U.S. projects over the International Polar Year , aiming to network arctic observatories in Alaska and Russia for long term monitoring of climate change in cold regions. Walter, who has conducted research projects in Russia, Germany, Central America and the United States, has an M.Sc in Ecology from the University of California with ... more details
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