A security protocolcryptographicprotocol or encryption protocol is an abstract or concrete protocol computing protocol that performs a information security security related function and applies cryptographic methods. A protocol describes how the algorithm s should be used. A sufficiently detailed protocol includes details about data structures and representations, at which point it can be used to implement multiple, interoperable versions of a program. Cryptographic protocols are widely used for secure application level data transport. A cryptographicprotocol usually incorporates at least some of these aspects Key agreement or establishment Entity authentication Symmetric encryption and message ... Non repudiation methods For example, Transport Layer Security TLS is a cryptographicprotocol that is used ... as a complete cryptographicprotocol in itself for other applications. Cryptographic protocols can ... Cryptographic protocols ar ca Protocol criptogr fic de Verschl sselungsprotokoll es Protocolo criptogr fico he ka nl Cryptografisch protocol pl Protok kryptograficzny ru simple Cryptographicprotocol vi Giao .... Standard TLS does not have non repudiation support. There are other types of cryptographic protocols as well, and even the term itself has various readings Cryptographic application protocols ... referred to as cryptographic protocols . For instance, TLS employs what is known as the Diffie ... to formalize the environment in which the protocol operate in order to identify treats. This is frequently done through the Dolev Yao model Advanced cryptographic protocols A wide variety of cryptographic protocols go beyond the traditional goals of data confidentiality, integrity, and authentication ... data such as private bids , so that when the protocol is complete the participants know only their own ... Exchange IPsec Kerberos protocol Kerberos Point to Point Protocol Transport Layer Security See also ... more details
than X operations, that cryptographic primitive is said to fail. If a cryptographic primitive is found to fail, almost every protocol that uses it becomes vulnerable. Since creating cryptographic routines ...Cryptographic primitives are well established, low level cryptography cryptographic algorithms that are frequently ... way hash function s and cipher encryption function s. Rationale When creating Cryptosystem cryptographic system s, designers use cryptographic primitives as their most basic building blocks. Because of this, cryptographic primitives are designed to do one very specific task in a highly reliable fashion. They include encryption schemes, cryptographic hash function hash functions and digital signatures schemes. Since cryptographic primitives are used as building blocks, they must be very reliable ... nor secure to design a new cryptographic primitive to suit the needs of a new cryptographic system ... considerations involved in cryptographic primitives Designing a new cryptographic primitive ... community, even if a cryptographic routine looks good from a design point of view it might still ... confidence that the algorithm is indeed secure enough to use security proofs for cryptographic primitives are generally not available. Cryptographic primitives are similar in some ways to programming ... program in . Cryptographic primitives are one of the building block of every crypto system, e.g. ... they use as secure. Choosing the best primitive available for use in a protocol usually provides the best ... of the designer s to avoid them. Combining cryptographic primitives Cryptographic primitives, on their own, are quite limited. They cannot be considered, properly, to be a cryptographic ... the message so that message digest values can t be successfully faked. Combining cryptographic primitives to make a protocol is itself an entire specialization. Most exploitable errors i.e., insecurities ... chosen with care , but to the way they are used, i.e. bad protocol design and buggy or not careful ... more details
s possession. Known cryptographic failures fall into several classes. Future failures may also, or may find new categories. Examples include Design errors cryptographicprotocol errors user ...unreferenced date March 2009 cryptography Cryptographic engineering is the discipline of using cryptography .... Cryptographic engineering is a complicated, multidisciplinary field. It encompasses mathematics ... to practice state of the art cryptographic design, mathematicians, computer scientists, and electrical engineers need to collaborate. Below are the main topics that are specifically related to cryptographic engineering Cryptographic implementations Hardware architectures for public key and secret key cryptographic algorithms Cryptographic processors and co processors Hardware accelerators for security ... Tools and methodologies Computer aided cryptographic engineering Verification methods and tools ... Trusted computing platforms Interactions between cryptographic theory and implementation issues New and emerging cryptographic algorithms and protocols targeting embedded devices Non classical cryptographic ... Major Issues In modern practice, cryptographic engineering is deployed in crypto system s. Like ... by wire control in some fighters with great agility. Cryptographic designs also have performance ... level of cryptographic awareness some 400 years after Alberti. As this history suggests, an important ... Opposition. Inherent zero defect requirement Many failures in cryptographic engineering are catastrophic. That is, success in breaking one message leads to reading all messages. Most cryptographic algorithms and protocols make certain assumptions random key cryptography key or cryptographic ... Netscape random bug found at UC Berkeley, Microsoft s PPTP protocol implementation problems found by Schneier. Invisibility of most failure modes Success in cryptographic engineering is unclear ... errors operating system insecurities with effects on cryptographic software eg, keys retained in swap ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2010 A cryptographic accelerator is a device that performs processor intensive decrypting encrypting while freeing the host CPU to perform other tasks. In general cryptographic accelerator is a co processor . Common use for cryptographic accelerator is a webserver protecting data transmitted through insecure network with Secure Sockets Layer SSL SSL acceleration . Physically cryptographic accelerator is usually an add on card that fits into computers expansion slot like Conventional PCI PCI or PCIe . compu hardware stub Category Cryptographic hardware sr ... more details
dablink For other uses of the word, see Nonce . Image Nonce cnonce uml.svg thumb right 345px Typical client server communication during a nonce based authentication process including both a server nonce and a client nonce. In security engineering , nonce is an arbitrary number used only once to sign a cryptographic communication. It is similar in spirit to a nonce word , hence the name. It is often a randomness random or pseudo random number issued in an authentication protocol to ensure that old communications cannot be reused in replay attack s . For instance, nonces are used in HTTP digest access authentication to calculate an MD5 digest of the password . The nonces are different each time the 401 authentication challenge list of HTTP status codes response code is presented, thus making replay attacks virtually impossible. A nonce may be used to ensure security for a stream cipher . Where the same key is used for more than one message then a different nonce is used to ensure that the keystream is different for different messages encrypted with that key. Often the message number is used. Some also refer to initialization vector s as nonces for the above reasons. To ensure that a nonce is used only once, it should be time variant including a suitably fine grained timestamp in its value , or generated with enough random bits to ensure a probabilistically insignificant chance of repeating a previously generated value. Some authors define pseudorandomness or unpredictability as a requirement for a nonce. ref http www.cs.ucdavis.edu rogaway papers nonce.pdf Nonce Based Symmetric Encryption ref Another example is the bitcoin protocol. Each block in the block chain is signed by a nonce which must be found by trial and error by a miner such that the hash of the block, including the nonce and the prior block hash string, has a specified number of leading zeros. This nonce is computationally non trivial to find and serves to prevent counterfeiting and double spending. See a ... more details
A cryptographic tableau is a construct of rows and columns with which one can encrypt and decrypt information. The Vigen re cipher is a well known example of a cryptograph ic scheme that uses a Table information tableau . External links http www.cs.uiuc.edu class fa07 cs461 slides 461.9 20Classical 20Cryptography.pdf Department of Computer Science University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Classical cryptography Category Ciphers crypto stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 The Cryptographic Quarterly is an internal, classified journal of the U.S. National Security Agency NSA . In 2003, Michael Ravnitzky submitted a Freedom of Information Act FOIA request for an index of articles published in their Cryptographic Quarterly journal. Three years later in 2006, the NSA declassification declassified a number of these articles from the 1980s and 1990s. A number of these declassified documents have been made publicly available. External links http www.nsa.gov public cryptologicquarterly.cfm NSA s Declassified Initiative http www.schneier.com blog archives 2006 09 indexes to nsa.html B. Schneier s Blog http www.crypto.com blog Matt Blaze s Exhaustive Search Blog http www.thememoryhole.org nsa bibs.htm NSA Bibliographies provided by the TheMemoryHole.org Category Quarterly journals crypto stub ... more details
Cryptographic log on CLO is a process that uses Common Access Card s CAC and embedded Public Key Infrastructure PKI certificates to authenticate a user s identification to a workstation and network. It replaces the username and passwords for identifying and authenticating users. To log on cryptographically to a CLO enabled workstation, users simply insert their CAC into their workstation s CAC reader and provide their Personal Identification Number PIN . The Navy Marine Corps Intranet , among many other secure networks, uses CLO. References cite web first James last Mauck year 2006 month January &ndash March url http www.chips.navy.mil archives 06 jan web pages logon.htm title Cryptographic Logon work CHIPS &mdash The Department of the Navy Information Technology Magazine publisher United States Department of the Navy accessdate 2006 06 01 Category Computer access control computer security stub crypto stub ... more details
Wiktionary Protocol may refer to TOCright Society Protocol, etiquette Protocol diplomacy , the etiquette of diplomacy and affairs of state Protocol politics , a formal agreement between nation states The Protocols of the Elders of Zion , an antisemitic tract Kyoto Protocol , a protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Protocol I , an amendment to the Geneva Conventions Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees , a United Nations convention on the status of refugees The arts Protocol band , British band Protocol film , a 1984 comedy film Protocol album , the d but album EP from Simon Phillips Science Protocol natural sciences , a predefined written procedural method of conducting experiments Clinical trial protocol , a document that plans a clinical trial Medical protocol disambiguation , various meanings, most prominently including guidelines for medical treatment Communications Communications protocol , a set of rules & regulations that determine how data is transmitted in telecommunications and computer networking Cryptographicprotocol , a protocol for encrypting messages Proprietary protocol , a telecommunications protocol that is patented Quantum cryptography protocol , a protocol for encrypting messages Simple Mail Transfer Protocol , a set of rules for the design of an electronic mail system Computer related AAA protocol , a computer security protocolProtocol Buffers , a serialization format of computer software Protocol object oriented programming , a common means for unrelated objects to communicate with each other Routing protocol , a set of rules that determines how routers shall route communications URI scheme , often referred to as protocol See also Proto List of network protocols disambiguation ar bg ca Protocol cs Protokol da Protokol de Protokoll Begriffskl rung es Protocolo eo Protokolo fr Protocole gl Protocolo ja ko io Protokolo it Protocollo he lt Protokolas reik m s ... more details
The Sigma Protocol is the name of a novel. Sigma Protocol may also refer to Proof of knowledge Sigma protocols Sigma protocols , a type of cryptographicprotocol. disambig ... more details
The Cryptographic Message Syntax CMS is the IETF s standard for Cryptography cryptographically protected messages. It can be used to Digital signature digitally sign , Cryptographic hash function digest , Message authentication code authenticate or encryption encrypt any form of digital data. CMS is based on the syntax of PKCS 7, which in turn is based on the Privacy enhanced Electronic Mail Privacy Enhanced Mail standard. The newest version of CMS As of 2009 lc on is specified in RFC 5652 but see also RFC 5911 for updated ASN.1 modules conforming to ASN.1 2002 . The architecture of CMS is built around X.509 certificate based key management, such as the profile defined by the PKIX working group . CMS is used as the key cryptographic component of many other cryptographic standards, such as S MIME , PKCS 12 and the RFC 3161 Digital timestamping protocol. OpenSSL is an open source software that can encrypt, decrypt, sign and verify, compress and uncompress CMS documents. See also Portal Cryptography CAdES computing CAdES CMS Advanced Electronic Signatures S MIME PKCS 7 External links http www.ietf.org rfc rfc5652.txt RFC 5652 http www.ietf.org rfc rfc3852.txt RFC 3852 obsolete http www.ietf.org rfc rfc2630.txt RFC 2630 obsolete http tools.ietf.org rfc rfc5911.txt RFC 5911 http www.ietf.org rfc rfc3278.txt RFC 3278 obsolete http tools.ietf.org html rfc5753 RFC 5753 Using Elliptic Curve Cryptography with CMS Categories Category Cryptographic protocols Crypto navbox Crypto stub de Cryptographic Message Syntax ja pl Cryptographic Message Syntax ... more details
Refimprove date February 2008 The Cryptographic Modernization Program is a United States Department of Defense Department of Defense directed, NSA Information Assurance Directorate led effort to transform and modernize Information Assurance capabilities for the 21st century. It has three phases br Replacement All at risk devices to be replaced. br Modernization Integrate modular programmable embedded crypto solutions. br Transformation Be compliant to GIG NetCentric requirements. br The CM is a joint initiative to upgrade the DoD crypto inventory. Of the 1.3 million cryptographic devices in the U.S. inventory, 73 percent will be replaced over the next 10 to 15 years by ongoing and planned C4ISR systems programs, Information Technology modernization initiatives and advanced weapons platforms. Fact date August 2007 All command and control , communications, computer, Intelligence information gathering intelligence , surveillance , reconnaissance , information technology and weapons systems that rely upon cryptography for the provision of assured confidentiality , Data integrity integrity , and authentication services will become a part of this long term undertaking. The Cryptographic Modernization program is a tightly integrated partnership between the NSA, the military departments, operational commands, defense agencies, the Joint Staff , federal government entities and industry. The program is a multi billion dollar, multi year undertaking that will transform cryptographic security capabilities for national security systems at all echelons and points of use. It will exploit new and emerging technologies, provide advanced enabling infrastructure capabilities, and at the same ... purpose channels for distribution of key cryptography cryptographic keys with a network based ... lock in. ref name autogenerated2 High Assurance Internet Protocol Encryptor HAIPE Link Encryptor Family LEF Secure Communications Interoperability Protocol SCIP Devices The modernized devices that are being ... more details
key KEK key used to protect other keys e.g. TEK, TSK . key fill NSA loading keys into a cryptographic ... , electronic warfare . seed key NSA a key used to initialize a cryptographic device so it can ... Standard DES key, Advanced Encryption Standard AES key, RC4 key, BATON key, Kerberos protocol Kerberos key, etc. Category Cryptographic algorithms Category Cryptographic protocols Category Glossaries of computers Cryptographic keys Category Glossaries of mathematics Cryptographic keys Category Key management Category Technology related lists Cryptographic keys Category Cryptography lists and comparisons Cryptographic keys ... more details
One of the most important aspects of any cryptography cryptographic system is key management it is also the aspect which is most often neglected. Citation needed date July 2011 A very common mistake is mixing different key types and reusing the same key for different purposes. An example with devastating consequences is the reuse of the same symmetric key algorithm symmetric key for both symmetric message authentication code authentication in CBC MAC and symmetric data encryption in block cipher modes of operation CBC encryption. This page shows the classification of key types from the point of view of key management. In a key management system each key should be labeled with one such type and that key should never be used for a different purpose. According to NIST SP 800 57 the following types of keys exist Private signature key Private digital signature signature keys are the private keys of asymmetric public key cryptography public key pairs that are used by public key algorithms to generate digital signatures with possible long term implications. When properly handled, private signature keys can be used to provide authentication , integrity and non repudiation . Public signature verification key A public signature verification key is the public key of an asymmetric public key pair that is used by a public key algorithm to verify digital signatures, either to authenticate a user s identity, to determine the integrity of the data, for non repudiation, or a combination thereof. Symmetric authentication key symmetric key algorithm Symmetric authentication keys are used with symmetric ..., data encryption keys, key wrapping keys, or authentication keys using symmetric cryptographic methods ..., other keying material e.g., Initialization Vectors . Symmetric key agreement protocol ... privileges to an entity using a symmetric cryptographic method. The authorization key is known ... NIST Cryptographic Toolkit Category Key management ... more details
Image CMVPlogo.gif thumb right 226px Logo of the Cryptographic Module Validation Program. The Cryptographic Module Validation Program CMVP is a joint American and Canadian security accreditation program for cryptographic modules. The program is available to any vendors who seek to have their products certified for use by the U.S. Government and regulated industries such as financial and health care institutions that collect, store, transfer, share and disseminate sensitive, but not classified information. All of the tests under the CMVP are handled by third party laboratories that are accredited as CMTL Cryptographic Module Testing Laboratories by the National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program NVLAP . Product certifications under the CMVP are performed in accordance with the requirements of FIPS 140 2 . The CMVP was established by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST and the Communications Security Establishment CSE of the Politics of Canada Government of Canada in July 1995. See also CAVP Cryptographic Algorithm Validation Program CAVP External links http csrc.nist.gov cryptval NIST Cryptographic Module Validation Program http csrc.nist.gov cryptval 140 2.htm NIST FIPS 140 2 http www.oss institute.org index.php?option com content&view article&id 410 fips validated openssl program faq&catid 140 fips validated openssl modules&Itemid 207 FAQ of a validated implementation OpenSSL crypto stub Category Cryptography standards ... more details
In computer security , a key server is a computer that receives and then serves existing cryptographic key cryptography key s to users or other programs. The users programs can be working on the same network as the key server or on another networked computer. The keys distributed by the key server are almost always provided as part of a cryptographically protected identity certificate containing not only the key but also entity information about the owner of the key. The certificate is usually in a standard format, such as the OpenPGP public key format, the X.509 certificate format, or the PKCS format. Further, the key is almost always a public key for use with an asymmetric key encryption algorithm. History Key servers are made possible by the invention of public key cryptography . In public key cryptography an individual is able to generate a key pair , where one of the keys is kept private while the other is distributed publicly. Knowledge of the public key does not compromise the security of public key cryptography. An individual holding the public key of a key pair can use that key to carry out cryptographic operations that allow secret communications with or strong authentication of the holder of the matching private key. The need to have the public key of a key pair in order to start communication or verify signatures is a bootstrapping problem. Locating keys on the web or writing to the individual asking them to transmit their public keys can be time consuming and insecure ... was called the HKP Keyserver after a web based OpenPGP HTTP Keyserver Protocol HKP it used to allow ..., though the protocol was arguably correctly referred to as HTTP or HTTPS also formed the basis ... in a key server when using decentralized web of trust based cryptographic systems, like PGP, may ... supports secured key requests over TLS See also Portal Cryptography Lightweight Directory Access Protocol ... Protocol HKP http sourceforge.net projects pks OpenPGP Public Key Server PKS an OpenPGP key server ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 An authentication protocol is a type of cryptographicprotocol with the purpose of authentication authenticating entities wishing to communicate securely. There are many different authentication protocols such as AKA security AKA CAVE based authentication Challenge handshake authentication protocol CHAP CRAM MD5 Diameter protocol Diameter Extensible Authentication Protocol EAP Host Identity Protocol HIP Kerberos protocol Kerberos MS CHAP and MS CHAPv2 variants of CHAP LAN Manager NTLM , also known as NT LAN Manager Password authenticated key agreement protocols Password Authentication Protocol PAP Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol PEAP RADIUS Secure Remote Password protocol SRP TACACS and TACACS RFID Authentication Protocols Woo Lam 92 protocol DEFAULTSORT Authentication Protocol Category Computer access control protocols computer security stub Compu network stub ... more details
unreferenced date August 2011 In Microsoft Windows , a Cryptographic Service Provider CSP is a software library that implements the Microsoft CryptoAPI CAPI . CSPs implement encoding and decoding functions, which computer application programs may use, for example, to implement strong user authentication or for secure email. garbled language from original stub, need rewrite and explanation of how applications can select between multiple CSPs. CSPs are independent modules that can be used by different applications. A user program calls CryptoAPI functions and these are redirected to CSPs functions. Since CSPs are responsible for implementing cryptographic algorithms and standards, applications do not need to be concerned about security details. Furthermore, one application can define which CSP it is going to use on its calls to CryptoAPI. In fact, all cryptographic stuff is implemented in CSPs. CryptoAPI only works as a bridge between the application and the CSP. CSPs are implemented basically as a special type of Dynamic link library DLL with special restrictions on loading and use. Every CSP must be digitally signed by Microsoft and the signature is verified when Windows loads the CSP. In addition, after being loaded, Windows periodically re scans the CSP to detect tampering, either ... for example on cryptographic key length that might be built into the CSP s code. To obtain ... and the transfer of cryptographic regulatory authority from the U.S. United States Department ... hardware such as hardware security module s HSM or smart card s. Smart Card CSP These cryptographic ... ProviderArch Java Cryptography Architecture Cryptographic Service Provider http jce.iaik.tugraz.at IAIK JCE Cryptographic Service Provider http flexiprovider.de overview.html FlexiProvider a cryptographic Service Provider Category Cryptography Category Microsoft Windows security technology Category Windows components de Cryptographic Service Provider fr Cryptographic Service Provider ... more details
A Cryptographic Module Testing Laboratory CMTL is an information technology IT computer security testing laboratory that is accredited to conduct cryptographic module evaluations for conformance to the FIPS 140 2 United States U.S. United States Government Government standard. The NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST NVLAP National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program NVLAP accredits CMTLs to meet CMVP Cryptographic Module Validation Program CMVP standards and procedures. CMTL requirements These laboratories must meet the following requirements NIST Handbook 150, NVLAP Procedures and General Requirements NIST Handbook 150 17 Information Technology Security Testing Cryptographic Module Testing NVLAP Specific Operations Checklist for Cryptographic Module Testing FIPS 140 2 in relation to the Common Criteria A CMTL can also be a Common Criteria CC Testing Laboratory CCTL . The CC and FIPS 140 2 are different in the abstractness and focus of tests. FIPS 140 2 testing is against a defined cryptographic module and provides a suite of conformance tests to four FIPS 140 2 Security Levels FIPS 140 security levels . FIPS 140 2 describes the requirements for cryptographic modules and includes such areas as physical security , key management , self tests, RBAC roles and services, etc. The standard was initially developed in 1994 prior to the development of the CC. The CC is an evaluation against a Protection Profile PP , usually created by the user, or security target ST . Typically, a PP covers a broad range of products. A CC evaluation does not supersede or replace a validation to either FIPS 140 1 or FIPS 140 2. The four security levels in FIPS 140 1 and FIPS 140 2 do not map directly to specific CC Evaluation Assurance Level EAL s or to CC functional requirements. A CC certificate cannot be a substitute for a FIPS 140 1 or FIPS 140 2 certificate. If the operational environment is a modifiable operational environment, the operating system requirements ... more details
The Centre for Applied Cryptographic Research CACR is a group of industrial representatives, professors, and students at the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario Waterloo , Ontario , Canada who work and do research in the field of cryptography . The CACR aims to facilitate leading edge cryptographic research, to educate students at postgraduate levels, to host conferences and research visits, and to partner with various industries. It was officially opened on June 19, 1998. The CACR involves students and professors from four departments at the school Combinatorics & Optimization mathematics Optimization , Computer science Computer Science , Electrical and computer engineering Electrical and Computer Engineering , and Pure Mathematics Math . It does not have a physical location, but utilizes resources from all the aforementioned departments. The CACR plays a part in many conferences and workshops, including the following CACR Information Security Workshop Privacy and Security Workshop Workshop on Elliptic Curve Cryptography ECC Workshop on Selected Areas in Cryptography SAC The CACR includes the following notable faculty Scott Vanstone , professor, co author of the Handbook of Applied Cryptography , founder of Certicom Alfred Menezes , professor, co author of the Handbook of Applied Cryptography Neal Koblitz , adjunct professor, creator of elliptic curve cryptography and hyperelliptic curve cryptography Doug Stinson , professor, author of Cryptography Theory and Practice Ian Goldberg , assistant professor, creator of Off the Record Messaging External links http www.cacr.math.uwaterloo.ca Centre for Applied Cryptographic Research homepage University of Waterloo Category University of Waterloo Category Organizations in cryptography ... more details
Infobox software name Nettle logo screenshot caption developer Niels M ller frequently updated yes Release version update? Don t edit this page, just click on the version number operating system Multi platform genre Cryptographic library license GNU Lesser General Public License website http www.lysator.liu.se nisse nettle Nettle is a cryptographic library that is designed to fit easily in a wide range of toolkits and applications. It began as a collection of low level crypto functions from lsh in 2001 ref cite web url http www.mail archive.com psst net.lut.ac.uk msg01093.html title ANNOUNCE Nettle 1.0 author Niels M ller date Tue, 25 Sep 2001 12 21 55 accessdate 29 November 2010 ref . Since June 2009, with version 2.0, it is a GNU package ref cite web url http www.mail archive.com info gnu gnu.org msg00739.html title GNU Nettle cryptographic library author Niels M ller date Tue, 30 Jun 2009 21 07 00 0700 accessdate 29 November 2010 ref . As of version 2.1, nettle provides the AES cipher also known as rijndael with assembler optimizations for x86 and sparc , the ARCFOUR also known as RC4 cipher with x86 and sparc assembler , the ARCTWO also known as RC2 , BLOWFISH, CAMELLIA with x86 assembler optimizations , CAST128, DES, the MD2, MD4, and MD5 with x86 assembler digests, the SERPENT cipher, the SHA1 with x86 assembler , SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, and SHA512 digests, the TWOFISH cipher, RSA, and DSA. Most algorithms are based on GNU Multi Precision Library GMP . Nettle can be used by GnuTLS as an alternative to parts of libgcrypt . References Reflist GNU Category Cryptographic software Category GNU Project software Category Free security software ... more details
Image Cryptographic Hash Function.svg thumb 375px right A cryptographic hash function specifically, SHA ... the resulting output, by the so called avalanche effect . A cryptographic hash function is a hash ... of data and returns a fixed size bit string, the cryptographic hash value , such that an accidental ... cryptographic hash function has four main or significant properties it is easy to compute the hash value ... to find two different messages with the same hash Cryptographic hash functions have many ... security contexts, cryptographic hash values are sometimes called digital fingerprints, checksums, or just ... and purposes. Properties Most cryptographic hash functions are designed to take a string computer science string of any length as input and produce a fixed length hash value. A cryptographic hash function ... and math m 2 , math such that math mathrm hash m 1 mathrm hash m 2 , math . Such a pair is called a cryptographic ... these criteria may still have undesirable properties. Currently popular cryptographic hash functions ..., given only its digest. Therefore, a cryptographic hash function should behave as much as possible ..., and are generally unsuitable as cryptographic hash functions. For example, a CRC was used for message ... discovered which exploited the linearity of the checksum. Degree of difficulty In cryptographic ... are important in the study of provably secure cryptographic hash function s but do not usually ... An illustration of the potential use of a cryptographic hash is as follows Alice and Bob Alice ... down her solution, appends a random cryptographic nonce nonce , computes its hash and tells Bob the hash ... kind, cryptographic hash functions lend themselves well to this application too. However, compared with standard hash functions, cryptographic hash functions tend to be much more expensive computationally ... There are several methods to use a block cipher to build a cryptographic hash function, specifically ... other cryptographic primitives Hash functions can be used to build other cryptographic primitives ... more details
About the protocol the TV show Firefly TV series other uses Firefly disambiguation Firefly is a U.S. National Security Agency public key cryptography public key key exchange protocol, used in EKMS , the STU III secure telephone, and several other U.S. cryptographic systems. References RFC 2522 http www.fas.org irp doddir army usareur pam380 40 380 40F.HTM Communications Security Custodian Guide , USAREUR Pamphlet 380 40 Crypto stub Category Type 1 encryption algorithms ... more details
Orphan date December 2010 Cryptographic Test Correction is a technique, published in 2008 by Eric Levieil and David Naccache ref Cite book title Cryptographic Test Correction url http books.google.fr books?id xF0krf15L1IC&lpg PA85&ots Ju4o3ny uu&dq cryptographic 20test 20correction&pg PA85 v onepage&q cryptographic 20test 20correction&f false ref for shifting the burden of correcting Multiple choice question Multiple Choice Questionnaires MQC to examinees. Because the corrector is only interested in the number of correct answers and not in knowing the examinee s answers to each and every question an ad hoc cryptosystem was purposely engineered to be additively Homomorphic encryption homomorphic . Levieil Naccache scheme is multiplicatively homomorphic but only for evaluating functions with a constant depth of operations a fact not mentioned in Levieil and Naccache s paper . Levieil and Naccache s encryption method is very closely related to an encryption scheme proposed by Bram Cohen ref cite web title Simple Public Key Encryption url http en.wikipedia.org wiki Cohen 27s cryptosystem author Bram Cohen ref in 1998. This cryptosystem is also related to an encryption scheme published in 2009 by Marten van Dijk, Craig Gentry , Shai Halevi and Vinod Vaikuntanathan ref cite web title Fully Homomorphic Encryption over the Integers url http eprint.iacr.org 2009 616 publisher International Association for Cryptologic Research date 2009 12 11 accessdate 2010 03 18 author Marten van Dijk coauthors Craig Gentry, Shai Halevi, and Vinod Vaikuntanathan ref , who used a somewhat similar encryption process math c i pq i 2r i m i math , using van Dijk et al. s notations and extended it using techniques of Gentry to get a fully homomorphic encryption scheme. The following variable renamings and assignments transform Levieil and Naccache s notations into van Dijk et al. s notations. class wikitable Levieil Naccache van Dijk et al. description. math v i,j pr i,j a i k tau i g epsilon i,j ... more details
unreferenced date September 2009 A Controlled Cryptographic Item CCI is a United States U.S. National Security Agency term for secure telecommunications or information handling equipment, associated cryptography cryptographic component or other hardware item which performs a critical COMSEC function. Items so designated may be unclassified but are subject to special accounting controls and required markings. Part of the physical security protection given to COMSEC equipment and material is afforded by its special handling and accounting. CCI equipment must be controlled in a manner that affords protection at lest equal to that normally provided other high value equipment, such as money, PC, and privacy act information. There are two separate channels used for the handling of such equipment and materials the COMSEC channel and the administrative channel. The COMSEC channel, called the COMSEC Material Control System, is used to distribute accountable COMSEC items such as Classified information classified and CCI equipment, key cryptography keying material , and maintenance manuals Some military departments have been authorized to distribute CCI equipment through their standard logistics system . This channel is composed of a series of COMSEC accounts, each of which has an appointed COMSEC Custodian who is personally responsible and accountable for all COMSEC materials charged to his her account. The COMSEC Custodian assumes accountability for the equipment or material upon receipt, then controls its dissemination to authorized individuals on job requirements and a need to know basis. The administrative channel is used to distribute COMSEC information other than that which is accountable in the COMSEC Material Control System. Persons with access to COMSEC materials are asked, among other restrictions, to avoid unapproved travel to any countries which are adversaries of the United States, or their establishments or facilities within the U.S. crypto stub Crypto navbox machines ... more details
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