In botany , the plant cuticle is covered by epicuticular wax or bloom consisting mainly of straight chain aliphatic hydrocarbon s with a variety of substituted groups, serving to decrease surface wetting and moisture loss. ref http www.welchsfresh.com faqs.asp ref Common examples are paraffin s in leaves of pea s and cabbage s, alkyl ester s in leaves of carnauba palm and banana , the asymmetrical secondary alcohol 10 nonacosanol in most conifer s such as Ginkgo biloba and Sitka spruce , many of the Ranunculaceae , Papaveraceae and Rosaceae and some mosses , symmetrical secondary alcohol s in Brassicaceae including Arabidopsis thaliana , primary alcohol s mostly octacosan 1 ol in most grasses Poaceae , Eucalyptus and legume s among many other plant groups, diketone s in many grasses, Eucalyptus , box Buxus and the Ericaceae , aldehyde s in young beech leaves, sugarcane culms and lemon fruit and triterpene s in fruit waxes of apple , plum and grape ref name Baker1982 Baker, EA 1982 Chemistry and morphology of plant epicuticular waxes. In The Plant Cuticle eds DJ Cutler, KL Alvin, and CE Price , Academic Press, London, pp. 139 165 ref ref name Holloway2005 Holloway, PJ and Jeffree, CE 2005 Epicuticular waxes, Encyclopedia of Applied Plant Sciences, 3, pp. 1190 1204 ref Image Rosa epicuticular wax stoma.jpg thumb right 250px Epicuticular wax crystals surrounding a stomatal aperture ... compounds. Solvent extracts of cuticle waxes contain both epicuticular and cuticular waxes, often ... of Plant Sciences, 161, 143 148 ref that distinguish the epicuticular wax outside the plant cuticle from the cuticular wax embedded in the cuticle polymer. As a consequence, these two are now known ... The fine structure of the Plant Cuticle. Chapter 2 In Riederer, M & M ller, C, eds 2006 Biology of the Plant Cuticle . Blackwell Publishing. pps 11 125. ref ref name RiedererMuller Riederer, M & M ller, C, eds. 2006 Biology of the Plant Cuticle . Blackwell Publishing ref http www.blackwellpublishing.com ... more details
it is fresh , pale and soft bodied. Within one or two hours, the cuticle hardens and darkens ... layer and the loosening of the underpart of the cuticle occur. Once the old cuticle has separated from ... remains inactive until the upper part of the new cuticle has been formed. Then, by crawling movements ... themselves. While the old cuticle is being digested, the new layer is secreted. All cuticular ... moulting 1.gif alt1 The process of moulting in insects begins with the separation of the cuticle ..., moulting fluid is secreted into the space between the old cuticle and the epidermis the exuvial .... image3 The arthropods moulting 3.gif alt3 The lower regions of the old cuticle are then digested by the enzymes ..., such as expansion of the cuticle and collapse of air sacs to allow growth of internal organs. The process of moulting in insects begins with the separation of the cuticle from the underlying epidermal cells apolysis and ends with the shedding of the old cuticle ecdysis . In many of them it is initiated by an increase in the hormone ecdysone . This hormone causes apolysis the separation of the cuticle from the Squamous epithelium epidermis secretion of new cuticle materials beneath the old degradation of the old cuticle After apolysis , moulting fluid is secreted into the space between the old cuticle and the epidermis the exuvial space , this contains inactive enzymes which are activated ... as it is laid down. The lower regions of the old cuticle the endocuticle and mesocuticle are then digested ... more details
Arcanum duplicatum potassium sulfate , also known as panacea duplicata , in pre modern medicine , is a preparation of the caput mortuum , or the remaining residue from distillation or sublimation, of aqua fortis , by dissolving it in hot water, filtering, and evaporating it to a cuticle. It is then left to shoot. It was used as a diuretic and sudorific . The recipe was purchased for 500 dollars by the Karl Friedrich, Duke of Holstein Gottorp Duke of Holstein . Schroder, the prince s physician, wrote wonders of its great uses in hypochondriac al cases, continued and intermitting fever s, stone, scurvy , etc. References 1728 http digicoll.library.wisc.edu cgi bin HistSciTech HistSciTech idx?type turn&entity HistSciTech000900240170&isize L treatment stub Category Alchemical substances Category Traditional medicine ... more details
Taxobox name Venturia inaequalis image Apple scab SEM.jpg image caption The reproductive conidia of Venturia inaequalis erupting through the cuticle of a crabapple leaf regnum Fungi divisio Ascomycota subdivisio Pezizomycotina classis Dothideomycetes ordo Pleosporales familia Venturiaceae genus Venturia genus Venturia species V. inaequalis binomial Venturia inaequalis binomial authority Cooke Wint. Venturia inaequalis is an ascomycete fungus that causes the Apple scab disease. Systematics Venturia inaequalis anamorph s have been described under the names Fusicladium dendriticum and Spilocaea pomi . Whether V. inaequalis is a single species or contains several cryptic species has been a matter of debate for a long time. Recent genetic studies have revealed a considerable uniformity of the species. In addition, the fungus Spilocaea pyracanthae , a parasite of Pyracantha appeared not to genetically differ from V. inaequalis , being thus a special form of the latter. Morphology The fruiting bodies , ascocarp s appear in the form of Pseudothecium pseudothecia . They are solitary and embedded into the host plant tissue. A pseudothecium has small dark hairs around its opening, and contains pseudoparaphyse s along with ascus asci . The asci contain eight haploid ascospore s. The haploid chromosome number of V. inaequalis is seven. Life cycle The infection cycle begins in the springtime, when suitable temperatures and moisture promote the release of V. inaequalis ascospore s. These spores rise into the air and land on the surface of a susceptible tree, where they germinate and form a germ tube that can directly penetrate the plant s waxy Plant cuticle cuticle . A fungal mycelium forms between the cuticle and underlying Epidermis botany epidermal tissue, developing asexual reproduction asexually the conidia , that germinate on fresh areas of the host tree, which in turn produce another generation of conidial spores. This cycle of secondary infection s continues throughout the ... more details
Ommochrome or visual pigment refers to several biology biological pigment s that occur in the arthropod eye eye s of crustacean s and insect s. The eye color is determined by the ommochromes. Ommochromes are also found in the chromatophore s of cephalopod s, and in spider s. ref name OxfordGillespie1998 Cite pmid 15012400 ref Ommochromes are metabolites of tryptophan , via kynurenine and 3 hydroxykynurenine . They are responsible for a wide variety of colors, ranging from yellow over red and brown to black. Lighter colors tend to be generated by ommatin s, while mixtures of ommatin and ommin biochemistry ommin s are responsible for darker colors. ref name OxfordGillespie1998 ref name Threy2009 Cite pmid 18990672 ref In spiders, ommochromes are usually deposited as pigment granules within the cells of the hypodermis, immediately beneath the cuticle. ref name OxfordGillespie1998 References references Category Pigments Category Organic pigments biochemistry stub ... more details
Chordotonal organs are stretch receptor organs in insect s and other arthropods ref http books.google.com books?id RBbxm3yeyMgC&pg PA86&dq scolopidia mechanical&lr &cd 9 v onepage&q scolopidia 20mechanical&f false Methods in insect sensory neuroscience , Thomas A. Christensen. ref They are used to detect the position of the body segments and appendages, or, in tympanal organ s, the vibrations caused by sounds. An example for hearing is the Johnston s organ at the base of the antennae. Sound waves deflect hairs on the antennae which causes stretching on the cuticle of the Johnston s organ. This stretching is detected by underlying scolopidia. See also Scolopidia Crista acustica References Scoble, Malcolm J., 1992, The Lepidoptera Form, Function and Diversity , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 19 854952 0. reflist Category Arthropod anatomy Category Insect anatomy insect anatomy stub de Chordotonalorgan sl Hordotonalni organ ... more details
Poikilohydry is a condition in organisms that lack a mechanism to prevent desiccation , such as the lichen s and bryophytes . The structures supporting poikilohydry are typically small enough to reside in the diffusion boundary layer , where the cuticle or stomata do not have a sufficient guarding effect on the amount of water lost from the organism. Poikilohydry is also noted in many forms of aquatic alga e, which may be able to survive desiccation between successive high tides, or during occasional stranding due to the drying of a lake or pond. The antonym is Homoiohydry . External links Wiktionary poikilohydric Category Desiccation Botany stub de Wechselfeuchte Pflanze ca Poiquiloh dria cs Poikilohydrick organismus ... more details
Pure hair nail type ectodermal dysplasia is a genetic mutation in the hair matrix and cuticle keratin KRTHB5 gene that causes ectodermal dysplasia of hair and nail type. ref http jmg.bmj.com content 43 3 274.full ref Manifestations of this disorder include onychodystrophy and severe hypotrichosis . It represents as an autosomal dominant trait. ref cite web url http www.gfmer.ch genetic diseases v2 gendis detail list.php?cat3 1615 title Ectodermal dysplasia, pure hair nail type publisher Gfmer.ch date 2009 12 26 accessdate 2010 01 20 ref See also List of cutaneous conditions References reflist disease stub Category Papulosquamous hyperkeratotic cutaneous conditions ... more details
Conidiomata are blister like fruiting structures produced by a specific type of fungus called Coelomycetes . They are formed as a means of dispersing asexual spores call conidia , which they accomplish by creating the blister like formations which then rupture to release the contained spores. Structure Conidiomata mainly consist of a mass of densely packed hypha which develops below the surface of the host cuticle, and the fungus may or may not use some of the host s own tissue to construct the structure. Development of these structures can either occur just below the cuticle or below the epidermal layer of the tissue. Formation on the differing levels is dependent upon the type of conidiomata being formed. Five types of conidiomata have been found and are classified as acervuli , pycnidia , sporodochia , synnemata and corenima. Types Avervuli Acervuli is one of the two major groups of conidiomata the other being pycnidia . Conidiomata of this type form just below the cuticle of host tissue and produce massive blisters which protrude fairly far into the outside environment. Acervuli also have a large opening at the top from which the conidia are released. Colletotrichum and Pestaloptiopsis are examples of genera which produce these structures. Pycnidia Pycnidia, the other major group of conidiomata, forms beneath the epithelial layer of host tissue. The structure resembles that of ascospores , and a pear shaped structure produced entirely below the surface. This formations leaves the cuticle with only a minor bulge on the outside surface rather that a massive blister which was seen with Acervuli. Genera which produce this type of structure include Phomopsis , Botryodiplodia , and Phoma ref Hernandez, G. 2006.Fungus of the month Coelomycetes.The Environmental Reporter Volume 4 Issue 6 ref Sporodochia and Synnmata Sporodochia are small, compact, slightly raised circles which form on host. Deuteromycota and Hyphomycetes produce these types of structures ref Fulbright, ... more details
Image banded tube.jpg thumb A banded tube from the late Silurian early Devonian. The bands are difficult to see on this specimen, as an opaque carbonaceous coating conceals much of the tube. Bands are just visible in places on the left half of the image click on the image for a larger view. Scale bar 20 &mu m File Cosmochlaina.png thumb Cuticle of Cosmochlaina , retrieved from the Burgsvik beds by acid maceration . Cells about 12 &mu m in diameter. Phytoclasts are microscopic plant fragments present in the fossil record, usually found in palynological preparations and acid macerations , and include banded tubes and various nematophyte s. ref cite doi 10.2307 3514860 ref References Reflist paleo stub Category Paleontology ... more details
italic title Taxobox image image width 200px image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Lepidoptera infraordo Heteroneura familia Gracillariidae genus Phyllocnistis species P. amydropa binomial Phyllocnistis amydropa binomial authority Meyrick, 1934 ref name GTD http gc.bebif.be species show 2039 Phyllocnistis amydropa Meyrick, 1934 at the Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae Lepidoptera . ref synonyms Phyllocnistis amydropa is a moth of the Gracillariidae family, known from Maharashtra , India . ref name GTD The hostplant for the species is Gmelina arborea . They leaf miner mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a wandering gallery under the upper cuticle of the leaf. References Reflist Category Phyllocnistis Phyllocnistis stub vi Phyllocnistis amydropa ... more details
italic title Taxobox image image width 200px image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a class Insect a ordo Lepidoptera infraordo Heteroneura familia Gracillariidae genus Acrocercops species A. bifrenis binomial Acrocercops bifrenis binomial authority Meyrick, 1918 ref name GTD http gc.bebif.be species show 751 Acrocercops bifrenis Meyrick, 1918 at the Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae. ref synonyms classis Insect a Acrocercops bifrenis is a moth of the Gracillariidae family, known from Maharashtra and Karnataka , India . ref name GTD The hostplant for the species is Calycopteris floribunda . They leaf miner mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine consists of a rather long blotch under the upper cuticle of the leaf. References Reflist Acrocercops stub Category Acrocercops vi Acrocercops bifrenis ... more details
italic title Taxobox image image width 200px image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a class Insect a ordo Lepidoptera infraordo Heteroneura familia Gracillariidae genus Acrocercops species A. calycophthalma binomial Acrocercops calycophthalma binomial authority Meyrick, 1926 ref name GTD http gc.bebif.be species show 760 Acrocercops calycophthalma Meyrick, 1926 at the Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae. ref synonyms classis Insect a Acrocercops calycophthalma is a moth of the Gracillariidae family, known from Maharashtra and Karnataka , India . ref name GTD The hostplant for the species is Terminalia bellirica . They leaf miner mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a blotch mine under the upper cuticle of the leaves. There may be up to seven larvae feeding in one mine. References Reflist Acrocercops stub Category Acrocercops vi Acrocercops calycophthalma ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Acrocercops psaliodes regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Lepidoptera familia Gracillariidae genus Acrocercops species A. psaliodes binomial Acrocercops psaliodes binomial authority Edward Meyrick Meyrick , 1926 Acrocercops psaliodes is a moth of the Gracillariidae family. It is known from India Karnataka and Maharashtra . ref http gc.bebif.be species show 961 Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae Lepidoptera ref The larva e feed on Bridelia species. They leaf miner mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a short broad gallery under the upper cuticle of the leaf. The frass is gathered along both sides of the gallery. References Reflist Category Acrocercops Category Butterflies and moths of Asia Category Animals described in 1926 Acrocercops stub vi Acrocercops psaliodes ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Acrocercops quadrisecta regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Lepidoptera familia Gracillariidae genus Acrocercops species A. quadrisecta binomial Acrocercops quadrisecta binomial authority Edward Meyrick Meyrick , 1932 Acrocercops quadrisecta is a moth of the Gracillariidae family. It is known from India Maharashtra and Maharashtra . ref http gc.bebif.be species show 965 Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae Lepidoptera ref The larva e feed on Bridelia retusa and Bridelia stipularis . They probably leaf miner mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine starts as a a wandering narrow gallery and then an irregularly shaped blotch under the upper cuticle of the leaf. References Reflist Category Acrocercops Category Butterflies and moths of Asia Category Animals described in 1932 Acrocercops stub vi Acrocercops quadrisecta ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Acrocercops scandalota regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Lepidoptera familia Gracillariidae genus Acrocercops species A. scandalota binomial Acrocercops scandalota binomial authority Edward Meyrick Meyrick , 1914 Acrocercops scandalota is a moth of the Gracillariidae family. It is known from India Karnataka . ref http gc.bebif.be species show 978 Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae Lepidoptera ref The larva e feed on Mallotus philippinensis and Helicteres isora . They probably leaf miner mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a blotch beneath the upper cuticle of the leaves. Several larvae are found in one mine. References Reflist Category Acrocercops Category Butterflies and moths of Asia Category Animals described in 1914 Acrocercops stub vi Acrocercops scandalota ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Acrocercops sporograpta regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Lepidoptera familia Gracillariidae genus Acrocercops species A. sporograpta binomial Acrocercops sporograpta binomial authority Edward Meyrick Meyrick , 1932 Acrocercops sporograpta is a moth of the Gracillariidae family. It is known from India Maharashtra . ref http gc.bebif.be species show 990 Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae Lepidoptera ref The larva e feed on Litsea stocksii . They leaf miner mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a large oblong opaque blotch under the upper cuticle of the leaf. References Reflist Category Acrocercops Category Butterflies and moths of Asia Category Animals described in 1932 Acrocercops stub vi Acrocercops sporograpta ... more details
italic title Taxobox name rocercops strophala regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Lepidoptera familia Gracillariidae genus Acrocercops species A. strophala binomial Acrocercops strophala binomial authority Edward Meyrick Meyrick , 1908 Acrocercops strophala is a moth of the Gracillariidae family. It is commonly found in India Assam, Maharashtra, Meghalaya , Indonesia Java , Samoa , Guadalcanal and Sri Lanka . ref http gc.bebif.be species show 995 Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae Lepidoptera ref The larva e feed on Glochidion lanceolarium . They leaf miner mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a blotch under the upper cuticle of the leaf. There may be as many as six blotches in a single leaf. References Reflist Category Acrocercops Category Butterflies and moths of Asia Category Animals described in 1908 Acrocercops stub vi Acrocercops strophala ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Acrocercops thylacaula regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Lepidoptera familia Gracillariidae genus Acrocercops species A. thylacaula binomial Acrocercops thylacaula binomial authority Edward Meyrick Meyrick , 1932 Acrocercops thylacaula is a moth of the Gracillariidae family. It is known from India Maharashtra . ref http gc.bebif.be species show 1012 Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae Lepidoptera ref The larva e feed on Allophylus cobbe . They leaf miner mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a slightly star shaped blotch under the upper cuticle of the leaf. References Reflist Category Acrocercops Category Butterflies and moths of Asia Category Animals described in 1932 Acrocercops stub vi Acrocercops thylacaula ... more details
name Strother1988 until Strother 1993 found more complete specimens, with tubes attached to the cuticle ... of two layers of cuticle, although fossils giving this impression may in fact represent two layers which happened to overlap one another and become stuck. It is not readily established what the cuticle represents. ref name Edwards1984 Lang 1945 had it as an epidermal layer, similar to the waxy cuticle ... tubes connected to the rims of cuticle. ref name Strother1988 cite jstor 1305385 ref Nematothallus is widespread from the late Silurian, but similar cuticle is reported from the Caradoc epoch late ..., difficult to distinguish Nematothallus cuticle from that of arthropod s. ref name Strother1988 Further ... well be an illusion, of spores being trapped between two layers of cuticle. ref name Edwards1984 Habitat ... more details
death. At the same time it hastens the tanning reaction, and hardens the newly expanded cuticle of the wing ... J, Hsu SY, Honegger HW, Hsueh AJ title Bursicon, the insect cuticle hardening hormone, is a heterodimeric ... more details
File Pedicure 1.jpg thumb right Pedicure Tools Acetone Cotton balls Cuticle cream Cuticle pusher or Cuticle nipper Foot bath Lotion Nail file Nail polish Orangewood sticks Toenail clippers Towels ... them Nail cosmetics Base coat Cuticle creams Cuticle oil Cuticle remover Dry nail polish Liquid ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Eponychium Latin GraySubject 234 GrayPage 1067 Image Fingernail label enwiki .jpg Caption Fingernail Image2 Gray943.png Caption2 Longitudinal section through nail and its nail groove sulcus . Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre e 13 DorlandsSuf 12339446 In human anatomy , the eponychium Greek epi on, upon onychion little claw , also known as the cuticle , is the thickened layer of skin surrounding nail anatomy fingernails and toenails . Beneath the cuticle is a thin layer of a membrane known as the pterygium . The function is to protect the area between the nail and Epidermis skin epidermis from exposure to harmful bacteria. The vascularization pattern is similar to that of perionychium . ref name pmid15032919 cite journal author Sangiorgi S, Manelli A, Congiu T, et al. title Microvascularization of the human digit as studied by corrosion casting journal J. Anat. volume 204 issue 2 pages 123 31 year 2004 pmid 15032919 doi 10.1111 j.1469 7580.2004.00251.x pmc 1571248 ref Similarly, in ungulate hoofed animals , the eponychium is the deciduous hoof capsule in fetus es and newborn foal s, and is a part of the permanent hoof in older animals. ref cite journal last Bragulla first H. title The deciduous hoof capsule Capsula ungulae decidua of the equine fetus and newborn foal journal Anat Histol Embryol. year 1991 month Mar volume 20 issue 1 pages 66 74 pmid 1877762 ref References reflist Integumentary system Category Nail anatomy anatomy stub fr ponychium pt Epon quio ... more details
Omega hydroxy acids also known as hydroxy acids are a class of naturally occurring straight chain aliphatic organic acids n carbon atoms long with a carboxyl group at position 1 and a hydroxyl at position n . The C16 and C18 omega hydroxy acids 16 hydroxy palmitic acid and 18 hydroxy stearic acid are key monomers of cutin in the plant cuticle . ref name kolattukudy1972a P. E. Kolattukudy, T. J. Walton 1972 Structure and biosynthesis of the hydroxy fatty acids of cutin in Vicia faba leaves. Biochemistry. 11, 10 ,1897 1907 ref ref name Soliday1977 C. L. Soliday and P. E. Kolattukudy 1977 Biosynthesis of Cutin hydroxylation of fatty acids by a microsomal preparation from germinating Vicia faba . Plant Physiology 59, 6 , 1116 1121. ref The polymer cutin is formed by inter esterification of omega hydroxy acids and derivatives of them that are substituted in mid chain, such as 10,16 dihydroxy palmitic acid. ref name Walton1972 T.J. Walton TJ and P.E. Kolattukudy 1972 Enzymatic conversion of 16 hydroxypalmitic acid into 10,16 dihydroxypalmitic acid in Vicia faba epidermal extracts. Biochem Biophys Res Communications 46, 1 , 16 21 ref ref name Holloway1982 P. J. Holloway 1982 The chemical constitution of plant cutins. p45 85 in In The Plant Cuticle . ed. by DF Cutler, KL Alvin and CE Price. Academic Press, London. ISBN 0 12 199920 3 ref Only the epidermal cells of plants synthesize cutin. ref name Kolattukudy1996 Kolattukudy, PE 1996 Biosynthetic pathways of cutin and waxes, and their sensitivity to environmental stresses. In Plant Cuticles. Ed. by G. Kerstiens, BIOS Scientific publishers Ltd., Oxford, pp 83 108 ref References reflist Category Hydroxy acids Category Plant physiology organic compound stub ... more details
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