class wikitable Chemical structure of cyanotoxins ref name Chorus&Bartram Structure Cyanotoxin Primary ... environment dying from ingesting a cyanotoxin. ref name Milleretal cite journal author Miller MA ... Algal Bloom Cyanotoxin Microcystin Transfer from Land to Sea Otters url http dx.plos.org 10.1371 journal.pone.0012576 ... First Report of the Cyanotoxin Anatoxin A from Aphanizomenon issatschenkoi cyanobacteria journal Journal ... disease 20 years on a review of research on the cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin url journal Environ ... Category Cyanotoxins cs Cyanotoxin el fr Cyanotoxine it Cianotossina ja pl Toksyny ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 408396032 ImageFile Anatoxin a.png ImageSize 150px IUPACName 1 1R,6R 9 azabicyclo 4.2.1 non 4 en 5 yl ethanone OtherNames Anatoxin A Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 381822 KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG C10841 InChI 1 C10H15NO c1 7 12 9 4 2 3 8 5 6 10 9 11 8 h4,8,10 11H,2 3,5 6H2,1H3 InChIKey SGNXVBOIDPPRJJ UHFFFAOYAZ ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 25619 StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C10H15NO c1 7 12 9 4 2 3 8 5 6 10 9 11 8 h4,8,10 11H,2 3,5 6H2,1H3 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey SGNXVBOIDPPRJJ UHFFFAOYSA N CASNo Ref cascite correct ?? CASNo 64285 06 9 PubChem 431734 SMILES CC O C1 CCCC2CCC1N2 Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 10 sub H sub 15 sub NO MolarMass 165.232 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Anatoxin a , also known as Very Fast Death Factor , is a secondary, bicyclic amine alkaloid and cyanotoxin with acute neurotoxicity . The toxin is produced by at least four different genera of cyanobacteria and has been reported in North America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and New Zealand. The toxin is much less likely to be identified in the southern hemisphere. Symptoms of anatoxin exposure are loss of coordination, Fasciculation muscular fasciculations , convulsions and death by respiratory paralysis . Its mode of action is through the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor where it acts as an analogue of acetylcholine . The molecule is not degraded by cholinesterase , thus causing permanent stimulation of muscle cells leading to paralysis. Information on carcinogenicity is not available. See also Cyanotoxin References Wood, S. A., J. P. Rasmussen, P. T. Holland, R. Campbell, and A. L. M. Crowe. 2007. First Report of the Cyanotoxin Anatoxin A from Aphanizomenon issatschenkoi cyanobacteria Journal of Phycology 43 356 365. National Center for Environm ... more details
Taxobox regnum Bacteria phylum Cyanobacteria classis Cyanophyceae ordo Nostocales familia Nostocaceae genus Cylindrospermopsis species C. raciborskii binomial Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii binomial authority Woloszynska Seenaya & Subba Raju Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is a freshwater cyanobacterium . It s cyanotoxin s, in addition to the excessive misapplication of the copper sulfate used to fight it s bloom, is thought responsible for Palm Island mystery disease , a hepatitis hepatitis like outbreak on the island of the same name in Queensland . ref name pmid12635096 cite journal author Griffiths DJ, Saker ML title The Palm Island mystery disease 20 years on a review of research on the cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin journal Environmental Toxicology volume 18 issue 2 pages 78 93 year 2003 month April pmid 12635096 doi 10.1002 tox.10103 ref ref name pmid3937492 cite journal author Hawkins PR, Runnegar MT, Jackson AR, Falconer IR title Severe hepatotoxicity caused by the tropical cyanobacterium blue green alga Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii Woloszynska Seenaya and Subba Raju isolated from a domestic water supply reservoir journal Applied and Environmental Microbiology volume 50 issue 5 pages 1292 5 year 1985 month November pmid 3937492 pmc 238741 url http aem.asm.org cgi content abstract 50 5 1292 ref Research has shown that C. raciborskii can naturally produce butylated hydroxytoluene , an antioxidant, food additive, and industrial chemical. ref name BHTalgae cite journal author Babu B, Wu JT title Production of Natural Butylated Hydroxytoluene as an Antioxidant by Freshwater Phytoplankton journal Journal of Phycology volume 44 issue 6 pages 1447 1454 year 2008 month December url http ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw bitstream 246246 162863 1 22.pdf doi 10.1111 j.1529 8817.2008.00596.x ref See also Cyanotoxin Palm Island mystery disease Butylated hydroxytoluene References reflist Category Cyanobacteria bacteria stub ... more details
Refimprove date January 2011 Aquatic toxicology is the study of the effects of manufactured chemical s and other human impact on the environment anthropogenic and natural materials and activities on Category aquatic organisms aquatic organism s at various levels of organization, from subcellular through individual organism s to communities and ecosystem s. ref cite book title Fundamentals of aquatic toxicology Methods and applications last1 Rand first1 Gary M. last2 Petrocelli first2 Sam R. authorlink coauthors year 1985 publisher Hemisphere Publishing location Washington isbn 0 89116 382 4 page pages url accessdate ref In the United States aquatic toxicology plays an important role in the NPDES wastewater permit program. In addition to analytical testing for known pollutant s, aquatic, whole effluent toxicity tests have been standardized and are performed routinely as a tool for evaluating the potential harmful effects of effluent s discharged into surface water s. ref For an overview of the U.S. federal biomonitoring publications, see U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA , http www.epa.gov waterscience methods wet Whole Effluent Toxicity. ref See also Refbegin 2 Clean Water Act in the US ecotoxicology Cyanotoxin freshwater biology hydrobiology toxicology water management water pollution water purification water quality Refend References Reflist aquatic ecosystem topics state expanded marine pollution Toxicology Category Aquatic ecology Category Toxicology Category Water pollution chem stub med toxic stub ar pt Toxicologia aqu tica ... more details
Infobox Disease Name PAGENAME Image Caption DiseasesDB 32220 ICD10 ICD10 T 61 2 t 51 ICD9 ICD9 988.0 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj emerg eMedicineTopic 528 MeshID There are four syndromes called shellfish poisoning , which share some common features and are primarily associated with Bivalvia bivalve molluscs such as mussel s, clam s, oyster s and scallop s . ref Citation title Protecting Ourselves from Shellfish Poisoning first1 Mary Wilcox last1 Silver journal American Scientist volume 94 issue 4 year 2006 pages pp.316 325 ref These shellfish are filter feeder s and, therefore, accumulate toxin s produced by microscopic alga e, such as dinoflagellate s and diatom s, and cyanobacteria . The syndromes are Amnesic shellfish poisoning ASP Diarrheal shellfish poisoning DSP Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning NSP Paralytic shellfish poisoning PSP See also Cyanotoxin Foodborne illness References references External links http www.whoi.edu science B redtide illness illness.html Human Illness Associated with Harmful Algae http www.aboutfoodpoisoning.com shellfish food poisoning.html More information on shellfish food poisoning Poisoning and toxicity Category Seafood Category Toxic effect of noxious substances eaten as food de Muschelvergiftung is Skelfiskeitrun ja ... more details
Image Microcystin LR.png thumb Chemical structure of Microcystin LR Microcystins are cyclic nonribosomal peptide s produced by cyanobacteria e.g. Microcystis aeruginosa and Planktothrix . They are cyanotoxin s and can be very toxic for plants and animals including humans. Their hepatotoxic ity may cause serious damage to the liver . Microcystins can strongly inhibit protein phosphatases type 1 PP1 and 2A PP2A , and are linked to pansteatitis . ref http www.pwrc.usgs.gov health rattner rattner blackwaternwr.cfm ref Microcystins consist of several uncommon non proteinogenic amino acid s such as dehydroalanine derivatives and the special amino acid ADDA all S,all E 3 Amino 9 methoxy 2,6,8 trimethyl 10 phenyldeca 4,6 diene acid . Microcystin LR is one of over 80 known toxic variants and is the most studied by chemists, pharmacologists, biologists and ecologists. Microcystin containing blooms are a problem worldwide, including China, Brazil, Australia, the United States and much of Europe. Once ingested, microcystin travels to the liver, via the bile acid transport system, where most is stored though some remains in the blood stream and may contaminate tissue. Microcystin binds covalently to protein phosphatases thus disrupting cellular control processes. There appears to be inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential of microcystins by applying EPA Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment . A few studies suggest that there may be a relationship between liver and colorectral cancers and the occurrence of cyanobacteria in drinking water in China Yu et al., 1989 Zhou et al., 2002 . Evidence is, however, limited due to limited ability to accurately assess and measure exposure. See also Cyanotoxin Harmful algal bloom Microcystis Nodularin s Nonribosomal peptide s References reflist National Center for Environmental Assessment. Toxicological Reviews of Cyanobacterial Toxins Microcystins LR, RR, YR and LA NCEA C 1765 Yu, S. Z. 1989. Drinking water and primary li ... more details
Taxobox name Nodularia regnum Bacteria phylum Cyanobacteria classis see http ijs.sgmjournals.org cgi content abstract 54 5 1895 ordo Nostocales familia Nostocaceae genus Nodularia genus authority Mertens 1822 subdivision ranks Species subdivision Nodularia armorica br Nodularia harveyana br Nodularia sphaerocarpa br Nodularia spumigena Nodularia is a genus of Filamentation filamentous nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria , or blue green algae . ref Ji Kom rek and Tom Hauer ref They occur mainly in brackish or salinic waters, such as the hypersaline lake hypersaline Makgadikgadi Pans , ref C. Michael Hogan, 2008 ref the Peel Harvey Estuary in Western Australia or the Baltic Sea . Nodularia cells occasionally form heavy algal bloom s. Some strains produce a cyanotoxin called nodularin R , which is harmful to humans. Morphology Nodularia is forms solitary filaments or groups of filaments. They reproduce by the formation of hormogonia , filament breakage, and by akinetes . ref Martin Dworkin and Stanley Falkow, 2006 ref See also Kruger, T., Oelmuller, R., and Luckas, B. 2009 Comparative PCR analysis of toxic Nodularia spumigena and non toxic Nodularia harveyana Nostocales, Cyanobacteria with respect to the nodularia synthetase gene cluster. Eur. J. Phycol. 44 3 291 295. References C. Michael Hogan 2008 http www.megalithic.co.uk article.php?sid 22373&mode &order 0 Makgadikgadi , The Megalithic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham Ji Kom rek and Tom Hauer http www.cyanodb.cz Nodularia Cyano Database of genera Nodularia Martin Dworkin and Stanley Falkow 2006 The Prokaryotes a handbook on the biology of bacteria , Published by Springer, ISBN 0387254943 Line notes reflist Category Cyanobacteria bacteria stub ca Nodularia de Nodularia eo Nodularia ... more details
Mergeto Microbial toxins date April 2010 A bacterial toxin is a type of toxin that is generated by bacteria . ref DorlandsDict eight 000109722 bacterial toxins ref Toxinosis is pathogenesis caused by the bacterial toxin alone, not necessarily involving bacterial infection e.g. when the bacteria have died, but have already produced toxin, which becomes ingested It can be caused by Staphylococcus aureus toxins. ref name Microbiology348 Page 348 in cite book author Fisher, Bruce Harvey, Richard P. Champe, Pamela C. title Lippincott s Illustrated Reviews Microbiology Lippincott s Illustrated Reviews Series publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins location Hagerstown, MD year pages isbn 0 7817 8215 5 oclc doi ref One primary classification used is to distinguish between exotoxin and endotoxin . Exotoxins are generated by the bacteria and actively secreted. Endotoxins are part of the bacteria itself. Usually, endotoxin is part of the bacterial outer membrane , and it is not released until the bacteria is killed by the immune system . The body s response to endotoxin can involve severe inflammation . In general, the inflammation process is usually considered beneficial to the infected host, but if the reaction is severe enough, it can lead to sepsis . Some bacterial toxins can be used in the treatment of tumor s. ref name urlDefinition of bacterial toxin NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms cite web url http www.cancer.gov Templates db alpha.aspx?CdrID 45610 title Definition of bacterial toxin NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms format work accessdate 2008 12 13 ref See also colbegin Alpha toxin Anthrax toxin Botulinum toxin Cholera toxin Cyanotoxin Diphtheria toxin Exotoxin Food microbiology Microbiology Microbial toxins Neurotoxin Pertussis toxin Shiga toxin Shiga like toxin Toxin Toxin antitoxin system colend References Reflist Toxins Category Bacterial toxins sv Bakterietoxin ar ... more details
Chembox verifiedrevid 433999757 ImageFile Nodularin R.svg ImageSize 200px ImageAlt IUPACName OtherNames Cyclo 2 S ,3 S ,4 E ,6 E ,8 S ,9 S 3 amino 9 methoxy 2,6,8 trimethyl 10 phenyl 4,6 decadienoyl D glutamyl 2 Z 2 methylamino 2 butenoyl 3 S 3 methyl small D small aspartyl small L small arginyl Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 118399 22 7 PubChem KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG C15713 SMILES Section2 Chembox Properties C 41 H 60 N 8 O 10 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Nodularin R is a cyclic nonribosomal peptide produced by the planktonic cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena . ref cite journal author Sivonen K, Kononen K, Carmichael WW, Dahlem AM, Rinehart KL, Kiviranta J, Niemela SI title Occurrence of the hepatotoxic cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena in the Baltic Sea and structure of the toxin journal Appl. Environ. Microbiol. volume 55 issue 8 pages 1990 5 year 1989 pmid 2506812 pmc 202992 ref This cyanobacterium forms blooms in brackish water bodies throughout the world. The late summer blooms of Nodularia spumigena are among the largest cyanobacterial mass occurrences in the world. Nodularin R is a pentapeptide and contains several unusual non proteinogenic amino acid s such as methyldehydrobutyrine and the amino acid ADDA all S,all E 3 Amino 9 methoxy 2,6,8 trimethyl 10 phenyldeca 4,6 diene acid . Nodularin R is a cyanotoxin and poses a health risk for wild and domestic animals as well as humans. Nodularin R is a potent hepatotoxin and may cause serious damage to the liver . References reflist See also Microcystin s Nonribosomal peptide s Category Peptides Category Macrocycles Category Cyanotoxins pl Nodularyna fi Nodulariini ... more details
on a review of research on the cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin journal Environ. Toxicol. volume 18 issue ... abstract . Toxicon Suppl 1983 45 48. See also Cyanotoxin Category Toxicology ... more details
Infobox lake lake name Luxhay Reservoir image lake Luxhay Reservoir from the south west geograph.org.uk 1238536.jpg alt lake caption lake image bathymetry alt bathymetry caption bathymetry location Angersleigh , Somerset , England coords coord 50 57 31 N 3 07 41 W region GB type waterbody display inline,title type inflow outflow catchment convert 30.5 km2 acre ref name castro basin countries date built c. 1905 ref name millmore date flooded length width area depth max depth volume residence time shore elevation frozen islands cities reference Luxhay Reservoir is an artificial reservoir near Angersleigh , Somerset , England. It is now owned by Wessex Water . It was built in 1905 by the town corporation to provide drinking water for Taunton . ref name millmore cite web last Millmore first J.P. title The rehabilitation of Luxha Dam Somerset url http www.britishdams.org conferences 1998 20BDS 20The 20prospect 20for 20reservoirs 20in 20the 2021st 20Century, 20Bangor.pdf work Proceedings of Conference publisher British Dam Society accessdate 6 March 2011 coauthors Stables, J.F. Shannon, F.E. location Bangor page 265 format PDF month September year 1998 ref The reservoir is fed by other local water sources including Otterhead Lakes and Blagdon reservoir. ref cite web title Commentary by Company url http www.ofwat.gov.uk legacy aptrix ofwat publish.nsf AttachmentsByTitle JR07 WSX NonFinancialMeasures.pdf FILE JR07 WSX NonFinancialMeasures.pdf publisher Office of the Water Regulator accessdate 6 March 2011 year 2007 ref From 1969 leakage was detected in the retaining dam . This got worse in 1990s remedial works, including a diaphragm wall were undertaken. ref name millmore In 2006 the lake was found to have an intense bloom of Microcystin s which was associated high concentrations of cyanotoxin s probably associated with eutrophication of nutrient enriched sediments. ref name castro cite journal last Castro first Ana title Investigating blooms of microcystis in Luxhay Reserv ... more details
chembox Watchedfields changed verifiedrevid 451097180 ImageFile Lyngbyatoxin A.svg thumb 300px ImageSize IUPACName 4S,7S 11 R 3,7 dimethylocta 1,6 dien 3 yl 4 hydroxymethyl 7 isopropyl 8 methyl 4,5,7,8 tetrahydro 1H 1,4 diazonino 7,6,5 cd indol 6 3H one OtherNames Lyngbyatoxin a Section1 Chembox Identifiers SMILES CN C H 1C C C C2 C3C NC C3C C H CO NC1 O C C C C C CC C C C C C C2 PubChem 91706 CASNo Ref cascite correct ?? CASNo 70497 14 2 Section2 Chembox Properties C 27 H 39 N 3 O 2 Appearance MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Lyngbyatoxin a is a cyanotoxin produced by certain cyanobacteria species, notably Moorea producta . It is used as a defensive secretion to protect this cyanobacteria from predation by fish, being a potent irritation irritant and vesicant , as well as a carcinogen . Low concentrations more commonly encountered cause milder symptoms, known as seaweed dermatitis . ref Cardellina JH 2nd, Marner FJ, Moore RE. Seaweed dermatitis structure of lyngbyatoxin A. Science . 1979 Apr 13 204 4389 193 5. PMID 107586 ref ref Fujiki H, Mori M, Nakayasu M, Terada M, Sugimura T, Moore RE. Indole alkaloids dihydroteleocidin B, teleocidin, and lyngbyatoxin A as members of a new class of tumor promoters. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA . 1981 Jun 78 6 3872 6. PMID 6791164 ref ref Kozikowski AP, Shum PW, Basu A, Lazo JS. Synthesis of structural analogues of lyngbyatoxin A and their evaluation as activators of protein kinase C. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry . 1991 Aug 34 8 2420 30. PMID 1875340 ref ref Osborne NJ, Webb PM, Shaw GR. The toxins of Lyngbya majuscula and their human and ecological health effects. Environment International . 2001 Nov 27 5 381 92. PMID 11757852 ref ref Ito E, Satake M, Yasumoto T. Pathological effects of lyngbyatoxin A upon mice. Toxicon . 2002 May 40 5 551 6. PMID 11821127 ref ref Edwards DJ, William H. Gerwick Gerwick WH . Lyngbyatoxin biosynthesis sequence of biosynthetic gene cluster and identification of a novel arom ... more details
10.1016 S0043 1354 00 00039 7 ref Toxins see also Cyanotoxin M. aeruginosa can produce both neurotoxins ... accessdate 24 June 2011 ref See also Cyanobacteria Cyanotoxin Harmful algal blooms Microcystin Butylated ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 455100739 ImageFile Aplysiatoxin.svg thumb 300px ImageSize IUPACName OtherNames Aplysiatoxin Section1 Chembox Identifiers SMILES C C H O C CC O1 O OC C C 2 O C H C CC C C C 3 C C H 1 C H C C H C H C CCC OC C4 C Br C CC O C4 O3 O2 O PubChem 40465 CASNo Ref cascite correct ?? CASNo 52659 57 1 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 10282349 InChI 1 C32H47BrO10 c1 17 8 11 24 39 7 22 12 21 35 9 10 23 22 33 29 19 3 26 15 32 42 29 30 5,6 14 18 2 31 38,43 32 16 28 37 40 25 20 4 34 13 27 36 41 26 h9 10,12,17 20,24 26,29,34 35,38H,8,11,13 16H2,1 7H3 t17 ,18 ,19 ,20 ,24 ,25 ,26 ,29 ,31 ,32 m0 s1 InChIKey RHJPBGWFGOAEID BEDNPZBZBK StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C32H47BrO10 c1 17 8 11 24 39 7 22 12 21 35 9 10 23 22 33 29 19 3 26 15 32 42 29 30 5,6 14 18 2 31 38,43 32 16 28 37 40 25 20 4 34 13 27 36 41 26 h9 10,12,17 20,24 26,29,34 35,38H,8,11,13 16H2,1 7H3 t17 ,18 ,19 ,20 ,24 ,25 ,26 ,29 ,31 ,32 m0 s1 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey RHJPBGWFGOAEID BEDNPZBZSA N Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 32 sub H sub 47 sub Br sub 1 sub O sub 10 sub MolarMass 671.614 Appearance MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Aplysiatoxin is a cyanotoxin produced by certain cyanobacteria species. It is used as a defensive secretion to protect these cyanobacteria from predation by fish, being a potent irritation irritant and carcinogen , by acting as a powerful activator of Protein kinase C . ref Kato Y, Scheuer PJ. Aplysiatoxin and debromoaplysiatoxin, constituents of the marine mollusk Stylocheilus longicauda Quoy and Gaimard, 1824 . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 1974 Apr 3 96 7 2245 6. PMID 4833645 ref ref Weinstein IB, Arcoleo J, Backer J, Jeffrey A, Hsiao WL, Gattoni Celli S, Kirschmeier P, Okin E. Molecular mechanisms of tumor promotion and multistage carcinogenesis. Princess Takamatsu Symposia . 1983 14 59 74. PMID 6097583 ref ref Arcoleo JP, Weinstein IB. Activation of protein kin ... more details
Digest 2010 09 14 . Retrieved on 2011 04 06. ref Health risks see also Cyanotoxin Some cyanobacteria produce toxin s, called cyanotoxin s. These include anatoxin a , anatoxin as , aplysiatoxin , cylindrospermopsin ... more details
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