Orphan date February 2009 Unreferenced date November 2008 CyclicalAlternatingPattern occurs in sleep . Characterized as periodic episodes of aroused Electroencephalography EEG activity more Sleep spindle s and K complex es followed by a period of more quiet sleep. Both these periodic activities, when combined, are considered the CAP period. CAP does not occur in Rapid eye movement sleep REM . Category Sleep physiology med stub ... more details
Alternating may refer to In mathematics alternating form alternating group alternating series alternating knot alternating map In electronics alternating current See also Alternate bass Alternative disambiguation disambig ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Cyclical asymmetry is an economic term which describes any large imbalance in economic factors that occur due to purely cyclical reactions by a market or nation. This can include employment rates, debt retention, interest rate s, bond strength s, or stock market imbalances. Types of cyclical asymmetry There are two main types of CA fiscal and economic . While there are equivalents to cyclical asymmetries in investment banking and stock market transactions, these systems are designed to deal with such things. Fiscal cyclical asymmetry Fiscal CA is based on national or international changes to fiscal policy as a result of cyclical intervention in money markets or Exchange rate currency exchanges . ref name beta Timo Ter svirta. Modelling Nonlinear Economic Relationships Published 1993 Oxford University Press. ISBN 019877320X ref A simple example is the reaction of the US Federal Reserve to raise interest rates when the dollar performs too well against other currencies ... 1995 Routledge UK ISBN 0415102782 ref When this does occur, it is a cyclical asymmetry. Economic cyclical asymmetry Economic CA is usually based on cyclical trends in national markets, such as the Labour ... for labor. Job markets are, by nature, cyclical, with upswings in certain sectors such as retail ... Papers 93 39, C.V. Starr Center for Applied Economics, New York University ref Causes of cyclical asymmetry The primary cause of cyclical asymmetry is rapid change in an otherwise regularly cyclical ..., any Model economics economic model subject to cyclical stressors must find a balance. When it does not, cyclical asymmetries occur. Effects Cyclical asymmetry is a form of nonlinear economics and, as such, its effects can be widely varied. However, the primary identification of a cyclical asymmetry .... Evidence and Theory on the Cyclical Asymmetry in Unemployment Rate Fluctuations. Canadian Journal ... of cyclical asymmetry carried to ridiculous extremes, with most economic and fiscal policy bent to the ideal ... more details
The cyclical theory refers to a model used by historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Sr. Arthur Schlesinger to attempt to explicate the fluctuations in politics throughout American History . Liberalism and conservatism are rooted in the national mood that shows a continuing shift in national involvement between public purpose and private interest. Each of these cycles includes a phase of dominant public interest, a transition phase, and a phase of prevalent private interest. The cycles Schlesinger defined these to be self generating and autonomous . They begin in the mentality of the masses, rather than creations of influential individuals of a time period. Leaders or politicians are representations of the mood , chosen to express the voice of the majority. Shifts in the national mentality are initiated when discontent with present conditions over time drives Americans to pursue a new trend that promises to satisfy the interest of the masses. This discontent, described by Schlesinger as inextinguishable , drives the cycles of change in national politics. Modernity is the psychology behind the disenchantment of the people with their surroundings. As society modernizes, or advances, the external conditions around each individual evolves, therefore stimulating changes in the individual s attitude. Over a period of time, the attitude towards society and its goals will become negative, and whichever stage public purpose private interest , will cease to be ideal. Studies and surveys show that in the 20th century, this critical time period to develop discontent has decreased, implying that people are quickly dissatisfied with the ever changing society. Shifts are produced by changes in the mood of the majority. When more and more people shift from one end of the balance to the other ... in one direction. The cyclical theory is a tool to analyze political, social, and economic ... to Schlesinger s Cyclical Theory of U.S. History Citation last Brown first Jerald title The Wave ... more details
Alternating Currents may refer to Alternating Currents collection , a collection of science fiction stories by Frederik Pohl Alternating Currents album Alternating Currents album , an album by Spyro Gyra Alternating current dab ... more details
In mathematics , an alternating factorial is the absolute value of the alternating sum of the first n factorial s. This is the same as their sum, with the odd indexed factorials multiplied by 1 number &minus 1 if n is even, and the even indexed factorials multiplied by &minus 1 if n is odd, resulting in an alternation of signs of the summands or alternation of addition and subtraction operators, if preferred . To put it algebraically, math mathrm af n sum i 1 n 1 n i i math or with the recurrence relation math mathrm af n n mathrm af n 1 math in which af 1 1. The first few alternating factorials are 1, 1 number 1 , 5 number 5 , 19 number 19 , 101 number 101 , 619, 4421, 35899, 326981, 3301819, 36614981, 442386619, 5784634181, 81393657019 OEIS id A005165 For example, the third alternating factorial is 1 &minus 2 3 . The fourth alternating factorial is &minus 1 2 3 4 19. Regardless of the parity of n , the last n sup th sup summand, n , is given a positive sign, the n 1 sup th sup summand is given a negative sign, and the signs of the lower indexed summands are alternated accordingly. This pattern of alternation ensures the resulting sums are all positive integers. Changing the rule so that either the odd or even indexed summands are given negative signs regardless of the parity of n changes the signs of the resulting sums but not their absolute values. Miodrag Zivkovi proved in 1999 that there are only a finite number of alternating factorials that are also prime number s, since 3612703 divides af 3612702 and therefore divides af n for all n &ge 3612702. As of 2006 , the known primes and probable prime s are af n for OEIS id A001272 n 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 15, 19, 41, 59, 61, 105, 160, 661, 2653, 3069, 3943, 4053, 4998, 8275, 9158, 11164 Only the values up to n 661 have been proved prime in 2006. af 661 is approximately 7.818097272875 × 10 sup 1578 sup . References MathWorld urlname AlternatingFactorial title Alternating Factorial Yves Gallot, http perso.wanadoo.fr ... more details
otheruses In The Chronicles of Amber series of fantasy novels, The Pattern is an inscribed labyrinth which gives the Parallel universe fiction multiverse its order. The Pattern The Pattern exists in a huge cavern, in the caves beneath the mountain Kolvir, deep under Amber Castle. The Pattern is a single ... walk along the Pattern to its center in order to gain the power to walk among shadows &mdash Parallel ... the shadows they walk into or that the shadows already exist and that the pattern walker merely enters ... foot upon the Pattern, he must continue following its labyrinthine course to the center stopping for too long, or leaving the pathway of the Pattern, results in a terrible death. Walking the Pattern ... the resistance to let up a bit. Once at the Pattern s center, the walker has acquired the power to walk in Shadow. As well, being at the center gives him the opportunity to command the Pattern to send ... Shadow of a Primal pattern located when the Unicorn of Order leads Corwin to a previously unseen location. The Primal Pattern is guarded by a purple Griffin named Wixer that apparently has also been ..., lost much of his mental faculties. This Primal Pattern is damaged prior to the events of Nine Princes In Amber by the spilling of Amberite blood on the Pattern the blood of Martin, son of Random, Oberon s youngest acknowledged child. Oberon attempts to repair the Pattern, although he realizes the process will kill him. Brand, whom Dworkin acknowledged as his most apt pupil in study on the Pattern ... his own Pattern that there cannot be two such centers of order in the multiverse, and that it is necessary to destroy Corwin s Pattern before he can inscribe his own. However, Oberon successfully repairs the Pattern, and it is seen to coexist peacefully with Corwin s Pattern possibly because both are merely reflections of the Pattern in the Jewel of Judgment. It is implied that nobody could successfully repair the damaged Pattern perfectly , or reproduce it as it originally was and that their own ... more details
2007 A pattern , from the French language French patron , is a type of theme of recurring events or objects, sometimes referred to as elements of a Set mathematics set of objects. The elements of a pattern repeat in a predictable manner. Patterns can be based on a template or model which generates pattern elements, especially if the elements have enough in common for the underlying pattern to be inferred, in which case the things are said to exhibit the unique pattern. The most basic patterns, called ..., like Fern s, generate a pattern using an affine transformation which combines Translation geometry translation , scaling, rotation and Reflection physics reflection . A different kind of pattern generator is a simple harmonic oscillator , which produces repeated movements in time. Pattern matching is the act of checking for the presence of the constituents of a pattern, whereas the detecting for underlying patterns is referred to as pattern recognition . The question of how a pattern emerges is accomplished through the work of the scientific field of pattern formation . Pattern recognition ... follow the N VP noun verb phrase pattern, but some knowledge of the English language is required to detect the pattern. Computer science , ethology , and psychology are fields which study patterns. A pattern has an integrity independent of the medium by virtue of which you have received the information that it exists. Each of the chemical elements is a pattern integrity. Each individual is a pattern integrity. The pattern integrity of the human individual is evolutionary and not static. R. Buckminster ... 1975 , http www.rwgrayprojects.com synergetics s05 p0400.html 505 Pattern Integrity 505.201 ... bee.jpg thumb A honeycomb is a tiling of hexagonal cells, while worker bees form a random pattern of nearly repeating elements on top of it Nature provides examples of many kinds of pattern, including ... a ratio such that a b a a b a b being the golden ratio . This pattern was exploited by Leonardo ... more details
Image Knot 8sb19.svg right thumb 250px One of three non alternating knots with Crossing number knot theory crossing number 8 In knot theory , a knot mathematics link diagram is alternating if the crossings alternate under, over, under, over, as you travel along each component of the link. A link is alternating if it has an alternating diagram. Many of the knots with crossing number less than 10 are alternating. This fact and useful properties of alternating knots, such as the Tait conjectures, was what ... or omissions. The simplest non alternating prime knot s have 8 Crossing number knot theory crossings ... of knots that are alternating goes to 0 exponentially quickly. Alternating links end up having an important ... useful and interesting geometric and topological properties. This led Ralph Fox to ask, What is an alternating ... characterize alternating knots. Various geometric and topological information is revealed in an alternating .... The Crossing number knot theory crossing number of a reduced, alternating diagram is the crossing number of the knot. This last is one of the celebrated Tait Conjectures. An alternating knot ... The Tait conjectures are Any reduced knot diagram diagram of an alternating link has the fewest possible Crossing number knot theory crossings . Any two reduced knot diagram diagrams of the same alternating knot mathematics knot have the same writhe . Given any two reduced knot diagram alternating diagrams D sub 1 sub and D sub 2 sub of an oriented, prime alternating link D sub 1 sub may be transformed ... that any prime, non split alternating link is hyperbolic link hyperbolic , i.e. the link complement ... of many alternating links. Marc Lackenby has shown that the volume has upper and lower linear bounds as functions of the number of twist regions of a reduced, alternating diagram. References reflist ... in alternating knot and link complements . Topology 23 1984 , no. 1, 37 44. Marc Lackenby, The volume of hyperbolic alternating link complements. With an appendix by Ian Agol and Dylan Thurston. Proc ... more details
In algebra, an alternating polynomial is a polynomial math f x 1, dots,x n math such that if one switches ...,x n,y 1, dots,y t math is said to be alternating in math x 1, dots,x n math if it changes sign if one ... and alternating polynomials in the same variables math x 1, dots,x n math behave thus the product of two symmetric polynomials is symmetric, the product of a symmetric polynomial and an alternating polynomial is alternating, and the product of two alternating polynomials is symmetric. This is exactly the addition table for parity mathematics parity , with symmetric corresponding to even and alternating corresponding to odd . Thus, the direct sum of the spaces of symmetric and alternating ... are the even part, and the alternating polynomials are the odd part. This grading is unrelated to the grading of polynomials by degree of a polynomial degree . In particular, alternating polynomials ... ring mathematics ring is 2, there is no difference between the two concepts the alternating ... The basic alternating polynomial is the Vandermonde polynomial math v n prod 1 le i j le n x j x i . math This is clearly alternating, as switching two variables changes the sign of one term ... math x 3 x 1 math with math x 3 x 2 math , but does not change their sign. ref The alternating ... s math where math s math is symmetric. This is because math v n math is a factor of every alternating polynomial math x j x i math is a factor of every alternating polynomial, as if math x i x j math ... , math so math x j x i math is a factor , and thus math v n math is a factor. an alternating polynomial times a symmetric polynomial is an alternating polynomial thus all multiples of math v n math are alternating polynomials Conversely, the ratio of two alternating polynomials is a symmetric function, possibly rational not necessarily a polynomial , though the ratio of an alternating polynomial over the Vandermonde polynomial is a polynomial. Schur polynomial s are defined in this way, as an alternating ... more details
Alternating hemiplegia refers to a form of hemiplegia that has an ipsilateral and contralateral presentation in different parts of the body. The disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of paralysis on one side of the body. ref name NINDS Info Page http www.ninds.nih.gov disorders alternatinghemiplegia alternatinghemiplegia.htm at http www.ninds.nih.gov index.htm . ref This type of syndrome can result from a unilateral lesion in the brainstem affecting both upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons. The muscles that would receive signals from these damaged upper motor neurons result in spastic paralysis. With a lesion in the brainstem, this affects the majority of limb and trunk muscles on the contralateral side due to the upper motor neurons decussation after the brainstem. The cranial nerves and cranial nerve nuclei are also located in the brainstem making them susceptible to damage from a brainstem lesion. Cranial nerves III Oculomotor , VI Abducens , and XII Hypoglossal are most often associated with this syndrome given their close proximity with the pyramidal tract, the location which upper motor neurons are in on their way to the spinal cord. Damages to these structures produce the ipsilateral presentation of paralysis or palsy due to the lack of cranial nerve decussation aside from the trochlear nerve before innervating their target muscles. The paralysis may be brief or it may last for several days, many times the episodes will resolve after sleep. Some common symptoms of alternating hemiplegia are mental impairment, gait and balance difficulties, excessive sweating and changes in body temperature. ref name NINDS Info Page Treatment A drug called flunarizine, which is a calcium channel blocker can help to reduce the severity and the length of attacks of the paralysis. ref name NINDS Info Page References Reflist More specifically, the term can refer to Alternating ... syndrome Lesions of spinal cord and brain DEFAULTSORT Alternating Hemiplegia Category Neurological ... more details
Refimprove date January 2010 In mathematics , an alternating series is an infinite series of the form math sum n 0 infty 1 n ,a n, math with a sub n sub 0 or a sub n sub 0 for all n . Like any series, an alternating Convergent series series converges if and only if the associated sequence of partial sums Limit of a sequence converges . Alternating series test main alternating series test The theorem known as Leibniz Test or the alternating series test tells us that an alternating series will converge if the terms a sub n sub converge to 0 monotonic function monotonically . Proof Suppose the sequence math a n math converges to zero and is monotone decreasing. If math m math is odd and math m n math , we obtain the estimate math S m S n a m 1 math via the following calculation math begin align S m S n & displaystyle left sum k 0 m 1 k ,a k , , sum k 0 n , 1 k ,a k right displaystyle left sum k m 1 n , 1 k ,a k right & a m 1 a m 2 a m 3 a m 4 cdots a n & displaystyle a m 1 a m 2 a m 3 a m 4 a m 5 cdots a n a m 1 end align math Since math a n math is monotonically decreasing, the terms math a m a m 1 math are negative. Thus, we have the final inequality math S m S n a m 1 math . Since math a m 1 math converges to math 0 math , our partial sums math S m math form a cauchy sequence i.e. the series satisfies the cauchy convergence criterion for series and therefore converge. The argument for math m math even is similar. Approximating sums The estimate above does not depend on math ... series math sum n 1 infty frac 1 n , math diverges, while the alternating version math sum n 1 infty frac 1 n 1 n , math converges by the Alternating series Alternating series test alternating series ... In practice, the numerical summation of an alternating series may be sped up using any one of a variety ... Rice integral Series mathematics References MathWorld title Alternating Series urlname AlternatingSeries Notes reflist DEFAULTSORT Alternating Series Category Calculus Category Mathematical series Category ... more details
Groups Refimprove date January 2008 In mathematics , an alternating group is the group mathematics group of even permutation s of a finite set . The alternating group on the set 1,..., n is called the alternating group of degree n , or the alternating group on n letters and denoted by A sub n sub or Alt n . Basic properties For n 1, the group A sub n sub is the commutator subgroup of the symmetric group S sub n sub with Index of a subgroup index 2 and has therefore factorial n 2 elements. It is the kernel algebra kernel of the signature group homomorphism sgn S sub n sub 1, &minus 1 explained under symmetric group . The group A sub n sub is abelian group abelian if and only if n 3 and simple group simple if and only if n 3 or n 5. Note A3 is in fact a simple group of order 3. A1 and A2 are groups of order 1, so not usually called simple, and A4 has a non identity proper normal subgroup so is not simple. A sub 5 sub is the smallest non abelian simple group , having order 60, and the smallest ... of the symmetric and alternating groups align right cellspacing 2 bgcolor A0E0A0 math n math ... some of the small alternating groups and small groups of Lie type , particularly projective ... points 4 cycles in orange style vertical align top File Alternating group 4 Cayley table numbers.svg thumb 350px Cayley table of the alternating group A sub 4 sub br Elements ... Cycle graph algebra Cycle graph of S sub 4 sub style vertical align top File Alternating ... the whole group. Group homology see also Symmetric group Homology The group homology of the alternating ... main Covering groups of the alternating and symmetric groups The Schur multiplier s of the alternating ... Chapter 2 Alternating groups chapterurl http www.maths.qmul.ac.uk raw fsgs files alt.ps postscript ... 8 year 1987 Refend External links mathworld urlname AlternatingGroup title Alternating group mathworld urlname AlternatingGroupGraph title Alternating group graph DEFAULTSORT Alternating Group Category ... more details
More footnotes date April 2009 File Types of current.svg thumb Alternating Current green curve . The horizontal axis measures time the vertical, current or voltage. In alternating current AC , also ac ... simply alternating and direct , as when they modify Electric current current or voltage . ref cite ... frequency radio signals carried on electrical wires are also examples of alternating current. In these applications ... pat373035.pdf US patent 373035 The first alternator to produce alternating current was a Dynamo ... current. The earliest recorded practical application of alternating current is by Guillaume Duchenne ... in the success of alternating current power distribution early on, and was one of the few experts ... electricity efficiently over long distances even though Edison attempted to discredit alternating ... States using three phase alternating current was at the Mill Creek No. 1 Hydroelectric Plant ... distribution grid 3000 V 110 V included six transforming stations. Alternating current circuit ... to the theoretical basis of alternating current calculations include Charles Steinmetz , James ... deliver power from electric generation plants over long distances using alternating current. These lines ... with the more common alternating current systems as a means for the efficient bulk transmission ... section of a uniform wire. An alternating current of any frequency is forced away from the wire s center, toward its outer surface. This is because the acceleration of an electric charge in an alternating ... above, an alternating current is made of electric charge under periodic acceleration , which ... to the space outside the waveguide. Waveguides have dimensions comparable to the wavelength of the alternating ... line represents the root mean square RMS value at about 0.707 Alternating currents are accompanied or caused by alternating voltages. An AC voltage v can be described mathematically as a function mathematics ... History with AC , IEEE Power Engineering Review, February 1997, Pages 22 24 External links Alternating ... more details
one source date October 2011 Family law Alternating custody , also known as serial custody or shared custody , is an arrangement in which children live for long periods of time with one parent, and then spend a similar amount of time with the other parent. ref name Child Custody Made Simple cite book author Webster Watnik title Child Custody Made Simple Understanding the Laws of Child Custody and Child Support url http books.google.com books?id DrFXX8H1NT8C&pg PA17 accessdate 25 September 2011 date April 2003 publisher Single Parent Press isbn 978 0 9649404 3 7 pages 16 38 ref The primary difference between alternating custody and joint custody is that in alternating custody , the parent that currently has the child also retains sole authority over the child children for the duration that the child children are with said parent. ref name Child Custody Made Simple The general reason for using this arrangement rather than a more commonly used arrangement is that the parents tend to live too far away from each other to allow for other arrangements to be feasible. ref name Child Custody Made Simple Other forms of custody Sole custody is an arrangement whereby only one parent has physical and legal custody of a child. Joint custody is an arrangement whereby both parents have legal custody and or both parents have physical custody. Split custody is an arrangement whereby one parent has full time custody over some children, and the other parent has full custody over the other children. Third party custody is an arrangement in whereby the children do not remain with either biological parent, and are placed under the custody of a third person. Bird s nest custody is an arrangement whereby the parents go back and forth from a residence in which the child children reside, placing the burden of upheaval and movement on the parents rather than the child children. See also Divorce Family law Family court Legal custody Parens patriae Parenting plan Physical custody Shared parenting ... more details
distinguish alternating group In combinatorics combinatorial mathematics , an alternating permutation of the set 1, 2, 3, ..., n is an arrangement of those numbers into an order c sub 1 sub , ..., c sub n sub such that no element c sub i sub is between c sub i &minus 1 sub and c sub i 1 sub for any value of i and c sub 1 sub < c sub 2 sub . In other words, c sub i sub c sub i 1 sub if i is odd and c sub i sub c sub i 1 sub if i is even. For example, the five alternating permutations of 1, 2, 3, 4 are 1, 3, 2, 4 because 1 3 2 4 1, 4, 2, 3 because 1 4 2 3 2, 3, 1, 4 because 2 3 1 4 2, 4, 1, 3 because 2 4 1 3 3, 4, 1, 2 because 3 4 1 2 This type of permutation was first studied by D sir Andr in the 19th century. ref Jessica Millar, N.J.A. Sloane, Neal E. Young, http arxiv.org abs math 0205218v3 A New Operation on Sequences the Boustrouphedon Transform J. Combinatorial Theory, Series A 76 1 44 54 1996 ref If the condition c sub 1 sub < c sub 2 sub is dropped, so we only require that no element c sub i sub is between c sub i &minus 1 sub and c sub i 1 sub , then the permutation is called a zigzag permutation . By exchanging ... > c sub 2 sub can be paired uniquely with an alternating permutation. Related integer sequences The determination of the number, A sub n sub , of alternating permutations of the set 1, ..., n is called ... ki kk math See also Boustrophedon transform Fence mathematics , partially ordered sets that have alternating ... sur les permutations altern es. J. Math. 7, 167&ndash 184, 1881. Further reading MathWorld title Alternating ... more details
as cyclical industrial dynamics . They have recently come under investigation in the specialized .... Cyclical Industrial Dynamics The case of the global semiconductor industry. Technological Forecasting ... Management 30 487 497 ref Durable Goods Based on his observations of the explicit cyclical movement ... is becoming a cyclical and oligopolistic industry. Information Economics and Policy 18 272 284 ... years. Industry cycles versus business cycles Cyclical dynamics at the level of individual industries ... three times more cyclical than nondurable goods industries. ref Petersen, B., and S. Strongin. 1996. Why are some industries more cyclical than others? Journal of Business & Economic Statistics ... the cyclical component of a time series from the underlying trend. Combining the growth cycle .... ref Tan, Hao 2007. Cyclical Industrial Dynamics Identification and Analysis of Cyclical Bebaviour .... L. Tushman. 1990. Technological discontinuities and dominant designs A cyclical model of technological ... concentrated during the industry cycle downturns. ref Tan, H., & Mathews, J. A. In Press. Cyclical .... ref Cyclical industrial dynamics constitute a key strategic setting for firms and thus bring many important implications to strategy making of firms. For example, in the highly cyclical oil well ... over the business cycle. Strategic Management Journal 10 199 210. ref In the highly cyclical flat panel ..., John Mathews demonstrated that there is a striking pattern in firms entry behavior, where not a single ... and the Crystal Cycle. California Management Review 47 2 6 32. ref In the marketing literature, the pattern ... more details
Counter cyclical payment CCP Under the Direct and Counter cyclical Program DCP created by the 2002 farm bill P.L. 101 171, Sec. 1101 1108 , counter cyclical payments are made to participating producers when the marketing year average price received by farmers for a covered commodity is less than the target price. The total payment to a producer is the payment acres 85 of base acres times the payment rate target price minus average market price , except not more than the difference between the target price and the sum of the national loan rate and the direct payment rate . References CRS article Report for Congress Agriculture A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition url http ncseonline.org nle crsreports 05jun 97 905.pdf author Jasper Womach DEFAULTSORT Counter Cyclical Payment Category United States Department of Agriculture Category Agricultural subsidies ... more details
Mergefrom Covered commodities date July 2009 The Direct and Counter cyclical Payment Program DCP of the USDA provides payments to eligible producers on farms enrolled for the 2002 through 2007 crop years. There are two types of DCP payments direct payments and counter cyclical payments. Both are computed using the base acres and payment yields established for the farm. DCP was authorized by the 2002 Farm Bill and is administered by the Farm Service Agency FSA . Eligible producers To be eligible for payments under DCP, owners, operators, landlords, tenants, or sharecroppers must share in the risk ... final direct payments were reduced by the 2002 PFC payments they had already received. Counter cyclical Payments The Farm Bill added counter cyclical payments, which provide support counter to the cycle of market prices as part of a safety net in the event of low crop prices. Counter cyclical payments ... for the commodity. The counter cyclical payment rate is the amount by which the target price of each ... for each crop year equals 85 percent of the farm s base acreage times the farm s counter cyclical payment yield times the counter cyclical payment rate. Counter cyclical payments are not available ... to or greater than their target price. Refund Producers must refund to FSA counter cyclical payments that exceed the actual counter cyclical payment for each respective crop. This situation may occur .... Counter cyclical Payment Yields Farm owners, or their designees, who updated their base acres had a one time opportunity to also partially update their counter cyclical payment yields. using ... yield. Farm owners had to use the same counter cyclical payment yield method for all eligible commodities on a farm. If farm owners did not choose to partially update their counter cyclical payment yields, then their established PFC payment yields are used to calculate counter cyclical payments. See ... s Web site DEFAULTSORT Direct And Counter Cyclical Program Category Agricultural subsidies Category ... more details
nofootnotes date November 2011 Structural deficit forms part of the public sector Government budget deficit deficit . Structural deficit differs from cyclical deficit in that structural deficit exists even when the economy is at its potential. Structural deficit issues can only be addressed by explicit and direct government policies reducing spending, increasing the tax base, and or increasing tax rates. It can be described as more chronic or long term in nature hence needing government action to remove it. While enduring a structural deficit, the government spends money on the future of the country e.g. infrastructure . If the government thinks that the investment in infrastructure may yield better returns in the long run, they borrow more money for purposes of infrastructure investment. If the borrowed money continues to be more than the revenues generated by the government through tax and other means , it will cause a structural deficit for the country. The opposite of a structural deficit is a structural surplus . Likewise, the opposite of a cyclical deficit is a cyclical surplus . See also Fiscal theory of the price level Output gap Rubinomics External links http lexicon.ft.com term.asp?t structural deficit structural deficit FT lexicon http www.investorschronicle.co.uk Columnists ChrisDillow article 20100215 1b8f8020 1a1e 11df b0bd 0015171400aa The myth of the structural deficit.jsp The myth of the structural deficit DEFAULTSORT Structural Deficit Category Fiscal policy Category Public finance Category Economics terminology econ policy stub ... more details
orphan date May 2010 Confusing date May 2010 Stock price and bond yield movements are connected to changes in the economic environment. The cyclical approach to Tactical asset allocation involves monitoring economic environment for patterns that have historically led to trends in stock market movements. These are guidelines that can be followed to ascertain changes in market direction to a varying level of accuracy. This is very helpful to the investment decision since an exact reversal point is practically impossible to determine. Investors can use this information to improve their performance by modifying their strategic asset allocations. In this way, an investor with an asset mix of stocks and bonds could use the cyclical approach to tactical asset allocation to rebalance their weighting in a favorable manner based on the economic cycle. For example, the investor could increase the allocation in Bond finance bond s and decrease the allocation in Stock equities when it is expected that the economy is heading into a recession . Historically, bonds have outperformed stocks in recessionary periods and that would be the reason for this decision. References cite book last CSI Global Education Inc. authorlink CSI Global Education Inc. title Investment Management Techniques year 2007 publisher Canadian Securities Institute location Toronto isbn 1 894741 54 4 pages 5 18 External links http www.csi.ca Canadian Securities Institute Categories Category Investment Category Finance ... more details
For other meanings Plaid disambiguation Plaid A plaid is a pattern consisting of crossed horizontal and vertical bands in two or more colors in woven cloth. Common examples of plaid patterns include Tartan , the pattern most commonly associated with plaid. Gingham and Border tartan , featuring bands of equal widths in a simple pattern similar to Check pattern . Tattersall cloth , featuring very wide bands alternating with very narrow bands of contrasting colors. Madras cloth Scotland topics fabric Category Textile patterns ... more details
pattern welded knife blade, showing the dramatic patterning on the side below, and the layering ... the 15N20 alloy steel low alloy nickel steel, producing alternating bands of light and dark on the surface. Pattern welding is the practice in sword and knife making of forming a blade of several ... to form a pattern. Often called Damascus steel , blades forge d in this manner often display ... for cosmetic purposes by proper polishing or acid industrial etching etching . Pattern welding was an outgrowth ... modern steelmaking processes negate the need to blend different steels, pattern welded steel is still ... 1.jpg thumb 400px Pattern welded 19th century Moro Philippine barung sword File Barung shandigan lamination 2.jpg thumb 400px Close up view of the blade of the same Moro barung Pattern welding ... of the finished blade, and this forms the basis for pattern welding. ref name verhoeven1 cite journal ... 145 ref Pattern welding in Europe The earliest known use of pattern welding in Europe is from an 8th ..., 1984 ref By the 2nd and 3rd century AD, the Celts were commonly using pattern welding for decoration in addition to structural reasons. Alternating layers of steel would be forged into rods ..., pattern welding had reached a level where thin layers of patterned steel were being overlayed onto a soft iron core, indicating that the pattern welding was primarily visual rather than functional. By the end of the Viking era, pattern welding fell out of use in Europe ref name PeirceOakeshott .... The similarities in the markings led many to believe it was the same process being used, and pattern ... have yielded a process that does not involve pattern welding. ref name verhoeven1 This section needs ... believe that pattern welding originated in Japan. There are also examples of pattern welding in weaponry ... of pattern welded steel. The Viking s in particular were fond of twisting bars of steel around ... created the common chevron insigne chevron pattern. Often, the center of the blade was a core of soft ... more details
Test Pattern may refer to Test Pattern TV series Test Pattern TV series , a Canadian game show Test Pattern album Test Pattern album , an album by Sonia Dada Test pattern or test card, a television test signal Disambig ... more details
Cracking pattern may refer to Cracking pattern engineering , the fracture surfaces of materials Cracking pattern painting , the fine pattern of dense cracking formed on the surface of paintings disambig ... more details
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