File Aristippus.jpg thumb Aristippus of Cyrene The Cyrenaics were an ultra hedonist Greek school of philosophy founded in the 4th century BC, supposedly by Aristippus of Cyrene , although many of the principles of the school are believed to have been formalized by his grandson of the same name, Aristippus the Younger . The school was so called after Cyrene, Libya Cyrene , the birthplace of Aristippus. It was one of the earliest Socrates Socratic schools. The Cyrenaics taught that the only intrinsic good is pleasure, which meant not just the absence of pain, but positively enjoyable sensations. Of these, momentary pleasures, especially physical ones, are stronger than those of anticipation or memory. They did, however, recognize the value of social obligation, and that pleasure could be gained from altruistic behaviour. The school died out within a century, and was replaced by the philosophy of Epicureanism . History of the school Hedonism The history of the Cyrenaic school begins with Aristippus of Cyrene , who was born around 435 BCE. He came to Athens as a young man and became a pupil of Socrates . We have only limited knowledge of his movements after the Trial of Socrates execution of Socrates in 399 BCE, although he is said to have lived for a time in the court of Dionysius I of Syracuse Dionysius of Syracuse . It is uncertain precisely which doctrines ascribed to the Cyrenaic ... name long639 Harvnb Long 2005 p 639 ref Philosophy The Cyrenaics were hedonists and held that pleasure ... had any intrinsic value. Epistemology The Cyrenaics were known for their skeptical Epistemology ... annas230 Socrates had spoken of the higher pleasures of the intellect the Cyrenaics denied the validity ... of the pleasure they provide. ref name annas231 Thus the Cyrenaics believed in the hedonistic value ... , was clearly of prime importance to the Cyrenaics. Later Cyrenaics The later Cyrenaics, Anniceris ... Library. Cambridge Harvard University Press. External links iep c cyren.htm Cyrenaics Tim O Keefe ws ... more details
Aristotle of Cyrene or Aristoteles , lang el floruit fl. 325 BCE was a Greek philosophy Greek philosopher who may have belonged to the Cyrenaics Cyrenaic school . He was a native of Cyrene, Libya Cyrene , and a contemporary of Stilpo . He taught Cleitarchus and Simmias of Syracuse before they became pupils of Stilpo. ref Diogenes La rtius, ii. 113 ref It has generally been assumed that Aristotle was a member of the Cyrenaics Cyrenaic school , but this assumption is somewhat doubtful. ref Tiziano Dorandi, Chapter 2 Chronology , in Algra, et al., 1999 , The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy, page 47. Cambridge University Press ref According to Diogenes La rtius , he wrote a work on the art of poetry . ref Diogenes La rtius, v. 35 ref The only aspect of his philosophical views which is known is a short piece of ethical advice preserved by Claudius Aelianus Aelian ref Aelian, Varia Historia , x. 8 ref blockquote Aristoteles of Cyrene said that you should not accept a favor from anyone. For either you have trouble if you try to pay it back, or you appear to be ungrateful if you don t. blockquote An athlete of the same period called Aristotle of Cyrene, who spurned the love of Lais of Corinth Lais , is mentioned in a moral anecdote by Clement of Alexandria . ref Clement of Alexandria, Stromata , iii. 6. 50 51 ref Notes reflist Category 4th century BC Greek people Category 4th century BC philosophers Category Ancient Greek philosophers Category Cyrenaic philosophers ca Arist til de Cirene ... more details
List of philosophical schools and movements A Absurdism Academics Achintya Bheda Abheda Activism Agnosticism Agustinism Alexandrian School Analytic philosophy Anarchist schools of thought Antipositivism Arianism Arminianism Atheism Atomism Australian materialism Averroism B Illuminati The Bavarian Illuminati Bavarian Illuminati British idealism C Cambridge Platonists Carolingian Renaissance Chinese Legalism Christian humanism Classicism Collegium Conimbricense Communitarianism Confucianism Continental Philosophy Copernican revolution Cultural relativism Creationism Critical realism Cynicism Cynics Cyrenaics D Deconstruction Deism Deontological ethics Dialectical materialism Divine command theory Dvaita Dvaitadvaita E Eleatic School Eleatics Emanationism Empiricism Epicureanism Eretrian school of philosophy Eurasianists Existentialism Externism F Feminist philosophy Fictionalism Franciscan school of Paris Frankfurt School G Gaudiya Vaishnavism German idealism H Hedonism Hellenistic philosophy Hilbert s Program Historicism Huang Lao Humanism Hylic pluralism I Idealism Illuminationism Intuitionism Ionian School philosophy Ionian School Irrationalism K Kantianism Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics Kyoto School L Libertine Libertinism Lwow Warsaw School of Logic M Madrid school Marburg School Marxist humanism Marxist philosophy Materialism Megarian school N Neohumanism Neo Kantianism Baden school Neoplatonism Neopositivism Nihilism Nominalism Nyaya Nyaya School O Objectivism Ayn Rand Objectivism Orphism religion Oxford Calculators Oxford Franciscan school P Paris school philosophy Peripatetic school Peripatetics Personalism Phenomenology philosophy Phenomenology Platonism Pluralist School Port Royal des Champs Port Royal Schools Positivism Postmodernism Pragmatism Prague school philosophy Praxis School Pre Socratic philosophy Process philosophy Pythagoreanism R Rationalism Realism Reformational philosophy Romanticism S Scholasticism School of Names School of Sala ... more details
wiktionary Selfism refers to any philosophy, doctrine, or tendency that upholds explicitly selfish principles as being desirable. It is usually used pejoratively . Definition The term selfism was used by Paul Vitz in his book Psychology as Religion The Cult of Self Worship . Vitz deconstructs the selfist movement s and tries to uphold God centered altruism , and claims that all of modern day liberalism and leftism are essentially selfist at their core. He lays the blame predominately at the feet of Erik Erikson , Erich Fromm , and other prominent psychologists of the third quarter of the 20th century ca. 1950 1975 CE . Explicit selfishness as a desirable end and moral good had diverse manifestations during that period, for example, in the writings of David Seabury , Ayn Rand , and even among some of Rand s near opposites, such as Erikson and Fromm. Rand called her philosophy Objectivism Ayn Rand Objectivism . Later popularizers of similar positions include Nathaniel Branden , Paul Lepanto , Robert Ringer , Harry Browne , and David Kelley . None of these named the system they espoused selfism or characterized it as selfist , although both Seabury and Rand included the word selfishness in the titles of books presenting their views. Many of these figures were pro capitalist secularists atheist capitalists , but Seabury was a Christian , while Erickson and Fromm were prominent leftists . Anton LaVey , founder of the Church of Satan , also expressed an at least partially selfist philosophy and gave credit to Ayn Rand and others. fact date May 2011 Origins of selfist thought An early example of selfist thinking is the egoistic philosophy of Cyrenaic hedonism . Cyrenaics were skeptics and materialists but perhaps nominally Greek Paganism pagans . Thomas Hobbes , who could also be viewed as selfist , was a materialist but also advocated loyalty to a strong government and state church . Joseph Butler , whose philosophy is unmistakably selfist, was generally regarded as an Fi ... more details
About Dionysius the Stoic philosopher from Heraclea Dionysius the Tyrant of Heraclea Dionysius of Heraclea Dionysius the Renegade lang el c. 330 c. 250 ref Tiziano Dorandi, Chapter 2 Chronology , in Algra et al. 1999 The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy , page 50. Cambridge. ref , also known as Dionysius of Heraclea Pontica Heraclea , was a Stoicism Stoic philosopher and pupil of Zeno of Citium who, late in life, abandoned Stoicism when he became afflicted by terrible pain. Life He was the son of Theophantus. In early life he was a disciple of Heraclides Ponticus Heraclides , Alexinus , and Menedemus , and afterwards of Zeno, who appears to have induced him to adopt Stoicism . ref name diog166 Diogenes La rtius, vii. 166 ref At a later time he was afflicted with terrible eye pain, ref Diogenes La rtius, vii. 37, 166 Cicero, Tusculan Disputations , ii. 25 ref which caused him to abandon Stoic philosophy, and to join the Cyrenaics , whose doctrine, that hedonism and the absence of pain was the highest good, had more charms for him than the austere ethics of Stoicism. ref name diog167 Diogenes La rtius, vii. 167 ref This renunciation of his former philosophical creed drew upon him the nickname of The Renegade lang el , Metathemenos . During the time that he was a Stoic, he was praised for his modesty, abstinence, and moderation, but afterwards he was described as a person greatly given to sensual pleasures. He died in his eightieth year of voluntary starvation. ref name diog167 Writings Diogenes La rtius mentions a series of works of Dionysius, all of which are lost On Apathy , in two books. On Training , in two books. On Pleasure , in four books. On Riches, and Favours, and Revenge . On the Use of Men . On Good Fortune . On Ancient Kings . On Things which are Praised ... more details
of Rhodes 1st century BC Peripatetic school Peripatetic Anniceris 4th 3rd century BC Cyrenaics ... BC Cyrenaics Cyrenaic Antipater of Tarsus 2nd century BC Stoicism Stoic Antipater of Tyre 1st century ... 4th century BC Cyrenaics Cyrenaic Arignote 6th 5th century BC Pythagoreanism Pythagorean Aristippus 5th 4th century BC Cyrenaics Cyrenaic Aristippus the Younger 4th century BC Cyrenaics Cyrenaic ... school Aristotle of Cyrene 4th 3rd century BC Cyrenaics Cyrenaic Aristotle of Mytilene 2nd ... more details
, the founder of the Cyrenaics School of Cyrene , and his successor daughter Arete of Cyrene Arete ... master site management plan. ref name unesco See also Cyrenaica Cyrenaics List of Kings of Cyrene ... more details
a metaphysical naturalism naturalistic worldview. The Cyrenaic school main Cyrenaics File Aristippus.jpg thumb Aristippus of Cyrene The Cyrenaics were an ultra hedonist Greek school of philosophy founded ... of the earliest Socrates Socratic schools. The Cyrenaics taught that the only intrinsic good is pleasure ... more details
Quote box width 25em quote Positive liberty... is a valid universal goal. I do not know why I should have been held to doubt this, or, for that matter, the further proposition, that democratic self government is a fundamental human need, something valuable in itself, whether or not it clashes with the claims of negative liberty or of any other goal... What I am mainly concerned to establish is that, whatever may be the common ground between them, and whatever is liable to graver distortion, negative and positive liberty are not the same thing. source Isaiah Berlin, Five Essays on Liberty An Introduction ref Isaiah Berlin, Oxford 2004 Liberty , p 1 54 ref Two Concepts of Liberty was the inaugural lecture delivered by the liberal philosopher Isaiah Berlin before the University of Oxford on 31 October 1958. It was subsequently published as a 57 page pamphlet by Oxford at the Clarendon Press . It also appears in the collection of Berlin s papers entitled Four Essays on Liberty 1969 and was more recently reissued in a collection entitled simply Liberty 2002 . ref Four Essays on Liberty, Oxford University Press, 1969. Superseded by Liberty. ref The essay, with its analytical approach to the definition of political concepts, re introduced the study of political philosophy to the methods of analytic philosophy . It is also one of Berlin s first expressions of his ethical ontology of value pluralism . Berlin defined negative liberty, as the term liberty was used by Thomas Hobbes , ref Isaiah Berlin, Oxford 2004 Liberty , page 170 ref as the absence of coercion, or interference with, agents possible private actions, by an exterior social body, and as a comparatively recent political ideal, which, Berlin later writes, re emerged in the late 17th century, after its slow and inarticulate birth in the Ancient doctrines of Antiphon person Antiphon the Sophist , the Cyrenaics Cyrenaic discipleship , and of Otanes after the death of Bardiya pseudo Smerdis . ref Isaiah Berlin, Oxford ... more details
Hellenistic philosophy is the period of Western philosophy that was developed in the Hellenistic civilization following Aristotle and ending with the beginning of Neoplatonism . Hellenistic schools of thought Pythagoreanism Pythagoreanism is the name given to the system of philosophy and science developed by Pythagoras , which influenced nearly all the systems of Hellenistic philosophy that followed. Two schools of Pythagorean thought eventually developed, one based largely on mathematics and continuing his line of scientific work, the other focusing on his more esoteric teachings, though each shared a part of the other. Pythagoras of Croton 570 495 BCE Hippasus 5th century BCE Sophism In Ancient Greece, the sophists were a category of teachers who specialized in using the tools of philosophy and rhetoric for the purpose of teaching aret excellence, or virtue predominantly to young statesmen and nobility. Protagoras 490 420 BCE Gorgias 485 380 BCE Antiphon person Antiphon 480 411 BCE Cynicism The Cynics were an ascetic sect of philosophers beginning with Antisthenes in the 4th century BCE and continuing until the 5th century CE. They believed that one should live a life of Virtue in agreement with Nature . This meant rejecting all conventional desires for wealth , Power sociology power , health , or Celebrity fame , and living a life free from possessions. Antisthenes 445 365 BCE Diogenes of Sinope 412 323 BCE Crates of Thebes 365 285 BCE Menippus c. 275 BCE Demetrius the Cynic Demetrius 10 80 CE Cyrenaicism The Cyrenaics were an ultra hedonist school of philosophy founded in the 4th century BC, by Aristippus of Cyrene . They held that pleasure was the supreme good, especially immediate gratifications. The school was replaced within a century by the more moderate doctrine of Epicureanism. Aristippus of Cyrene 435 360 BCE Platonism Platonism is the name given to the philosophy of Plato , which was maintained and developed by his followers. The central concept was th ... more details
Other persons Infobox philosopher name lang grc Aristippus image Aristippus.jpg thumb right Aristippus color B0C4DE region Western philosophy era Ancient philosophy birth date circa 435 BCE birth place Cyrene death date circa 356 BCE death place Cyrene school tradition Cyrenaic school main interests Hedonism influences Socrates influenced Arete of Cyrene , Aristippus the Younger , Anniceris , Hegesias of Cyrene Hegesias , Theodorus the Atheist Theodorus , Epicurus , Michel Onfray Aristippus lang grc of Cyrene, Libya Cyrene , c. 435 &ndash c. 356 BCE , was the founder of the Cyrenaics Cyrenaic school of Philosophy. ref Although the systemization of the Cyrenaic philosophy is generally placed with his grandson Aristippus the Younger . ref He was a pupil of Socrates , but adopted a very different philosophical outlook, teaching that the goal of life was to seek pleasure by adapting circumstances to oneself and by maintaining proper control over both adversity and prosperity. Among his pupils was his daughter Arete of Cyrene Arete . Life Template Hedonism Aristippus, the son of Aritades, was born at Cyrene, Libya Cyrene , c. 435 BCE. He came over to Greece to be present at the Ancient Olympic Games Olympic games , where he fell in with Ischomachus the agriculturist, and by his description was filled with so ardent a desire to see Socrates , that he went to Athens for the purpose, ref Plutarch, de Curios. 2. ref and remained with him almost up to the time of his execution, 399 BCE. Diodorus Siculus Diodorus ref Diodorus, xv. 76. ref dates him to 366 BCE, which agrees very well with the facts known about him, and with the statement, ref Schol. ad Aristoph. Plut. 179. ref that Lais of Corinth Lais , the courtesan with whom he was intimate, was born 421 BCE. Though a disciple of Socrates, he wandered very far both in principle and practice from the teaching and example of his great master. He lived luxuriously he was happy to seek sensual gratification ... more details
. ref He rejected the extremism of the Cyrenaics, believing some pleasures and indulgences ... . ISBN 978 1 56619 271 2. ref Cyrenaic hedonism Founded by Aristippus of Cyrene, Cyrenaics supported ... more details
is more intense than mental pleasure. Cyrenaics prefer immediate gratification to the long term gain of delayed gratification denial is unpleasant unhappiness. ref Cyrenaics. Internet Encyclopedia ... ref The Cyrenaics and the Origin of Hedonism. Hedonism.org. BLTC. 4 Nov. 2007 http www.hedonism.org ... more details
Anarchism sidebar Individualism sidebar Individualist anarchism refers to several traditions of thought within the anarchist movement that emphasize the individual and his or her will philosophy will over external determinants such as groups, society, traditions, and ideological systems. ref name ryner What do I mean by individualism? I mean by individualism the moral doctrine which, relying on no dogma, no tradition, no external determination, appeals only to the individual conscience. http www.marx.org archive ryner 1905 mini manual.htm Mini Manual of Individualism by Han Ryner ref ref name tucker I do not admit anything except the existence of the individual, as a condition of his sovereignty. To say that the sovereignty of the individual is conditioned by Liberty is simply another way of saying that it is conditioned by itself. Anarchism and the State in Individual Liberty ref Individualist anarchism in France has developed a line of thought that starts from the pionnering activism and writings of Pierre Joseph Proudhon and Anselme Bellegarrigue in the mid 19th century. In the early 20th century it produced publications such as L EnDehors , L Anarchie and around its principles it found writers and activists such as Emile Armand , Han Ryner , Henri Zisly , Albert Libertad and Zo d Axa . In the post war years there appeared the publication L Unique and activist writers such as Charles Auguste Bontemps . In contemporary times it has found a new expression in the writings of the prolific philosopher Michel Onfray . French individualist anarchism was characterized by an eclectic set of currents of thought and practices which included freethought , naturism , free love , anti militarism and illegalism . Early developments Pierre Joseph Proudhon Image Pierre Joseph Proudhon.jpg thumb right 180px Pierre Joseph Proudhon , the first self identified anarchist. Main Pierre Joseph Proudhon Pierre Joseph Proudhon 1809 1865 was the first philosopher to label himself an anarchi ... more details
Index of philosophy header , , nowrap begin Pataphysics w ism w And theory of conservatism nowrap end 0 9 nowrap begin 14th Dalai Lama w 16 Questions on the Assassination w 1649 in philosophy w 1658 in philosophy w 17th century philosophy w 18th century philosophy w 1919 United States anarchist bombings w 1922 in philosophy w 1926 in philosophy w 1962 in philosophy w 1972 in philosophy w 1973 in philosophy w 1974 in philosophy w 1975 in philosophy w 1976 in philosophy w 1977 in philosophy w 1978 in philosophy w 1979 in philosophy w 1980 in philosophy w 19th century philosophy w 19th century philosophy w 20th century philosophy w 20th century philosophy w 20th century Western painting w 2150 AD nowrap end A nowrap begin A series and B series w A Buyer s Market w A Calendar of Wisdom w A Conflict of Visions w A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy w A Defence of Common Sense w A Defense of Abortion w A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain w A Few Words on Non Intervention w A F rmula de Deus w A fortiori argument w A General View of Positivism w A Grief Observed w A Guide for the Perplexed w A Happy Death w A History of God w A History of Murphy s Law w A History of Philosophy Copleston w A History of Western Philosophy w A las Barricadas w A Legend of Old Egypt w A Letter Concerning Toleration w A maiore ad minus w A Mathematician s Apology w A Message from the Emperor w A minore ad maius w A New Era of Thought w A New Model of the Universe w A New Philosophy of Society Assemblage Theory and Social Complexity w A New Refutation of Time w A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful w A posteriori w A priori philosophy w A priori and a posteriori w A priori and a posteriori philosophy w A Salty Piece of Land w A Scanner Darkly w A Secular Humanist Declaration w A Short History of Chinese Philosophy w A System of Logic w A Thousand Plateaus w A Thousand Years of Nonlinear History w A Treatise Concern ... more details
Anarchism sidebar Individualism sidebar Individualist anarchism refers to several traditions of thought within the anarchist movement that emphasize the individual and his or her will philosophy will over external determinants such as groups, society, traditions, and ideological systems. ref name ryner What do I mean by individualism? I mean by individualism the moral doctrine which, relying on no dogma, no tradition, no external determination, appeals only to the individual conscience. http www.marx.org archive ryner 1905 mini manual.htm Mini Manual of Individualism by Han Ryner ref ref name tucker I do not admit anything except the existence of the individual, as a condition of his sovereignty. To say that the sovereignty of the individual is conditioned by Liberty is simply another way of saying that it is conditioned by itself. Anarchism and the State in Individual Liberty ref European individualist anarchism IA proceeded from the roots laid by William Godwin , ref name woodcock20 Woodcock, George. 2004. Anarchism A History Of Libertarian Ideas And Movements . Broadview Press. p. 20. ref Pierre Joseph Proudhon and Max Stirner . Proudhon was an early pioneer of anarchism as well as of the important individualist anarchist current of Mutualism economic theory mutualism . ref name Encyclopedia Americana Citation title Encyclopedia Americana editor George Edward Rines year 1918 publisher Encyclopedia Americana Corp. location New York oclc 7308909 page 624 ref ref name Hamilton 1995 79 Citation last Hamilton first Peter title Emile Durkheim publisher Routledge location New York year 1995 isbn 0415110475 page 79 ref Stirner became a central figure of individualist anarchism through the publication of his seminal work The Ego and Its Own which is considered to be a founding text in the tradition of individualist anarchism. ref name stirnersep Sep entry max stirner Max Stirner David Leopold 2006 08 04 ref Another early figure was Anselme Bellegarrigue . ref http praxeol ... more details
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