distinguish cysteine chembox verifiedrevid 443554604 ImageFileL1 Cystine skeletal.png ImageSizeL1 120px ImageFileR1 Cystine 3D balls.png ImageSizeR1 120px IUPACName OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 575 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII 48TCX9A1VT KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG C01420 InChI 1 C6H12N2O4S2 c7 3 5 9 10 1 13 14 2 4 8 6 11 12 h3 4H,1 2,7 8H2, H,9,10 H,11,12 InChIKey LEVWYRKDKASIDU UHFFFAOYAA ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 366563 StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C6H12N2O4S2 c7 3 5 9 10 1 13 14 2 4 8 6 11 12 h3 4H,1 2,7 8H2, H,9,10 H,11,12 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey LEVWYRKDKASIDU UHFFFAOYSA N CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS CASNo 56 89 3 PubChem ChEBI Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEBI 35492 SMILES C C C O O N SSCC C O O N Section2 Chembox Properties C 6 H 12 N 2 O 4 S 2 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards ExternalMSDS http msds.chem.ox.ac.uk CY l cystine.html External MSDS FlashPt Autoignition Cystine is a Dimer chemistry dimeric amino acid formed by the oxidation of two cysteine residues that covalently ... it was isolated from the Horn anatomy horn of a cow in 1899. ref cystine. Encyclop dia Britannica ... eb article 9028437 cystine ref Through formation of disulfide bonds within and between protein molecules, cystine is a significant determinant of the tertiary structure of most proteins ... for the formation of the gluten matrix in bread. Human hair contains approximately 5 cystine by mass. ref OrgSynth author Gortner, R. A. W. F. Hoffman, W. F. title l Cystine collvol 1 collvolpages 194 year 1941 prep CV1P0194 ref IUPAC Name Cystine is named as Bis 2R 2 amino 2 carboxyethyl disulfide ... and sources of cystine are identical to those for the more common cysteine. Disulfide bonds cleave ... amino acids ar ca Cistina de Cystin es Cistina fr Cystine it Cistina nl Cystine ja ... more details
enzyme Name cystine reductase EC number 1.8.1.6 CAS number 9029 18 9 IUBMB EC number 1 8 1 6 GO code 0050456 image width caption In enzymology , a cystine reductase EC number 1.8.1.6 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction 2 L cysteine NAD sup sup math rightleftharpoons math L cystine NADH H sup sup Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are L cysteine and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD sup sup , whereas its 3 product chemistry products are L cystine , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH , and hydrogen ion H sup sup . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductase s, specifically those acting on a sulfur group of donors with NAD or NADP as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L cysteine NAD oxidoreductase . Other names in common use include cystine reductase NADH , NADH dependent cystine reductase , cystine reductase NADH2 , and NADH2 L cystine oxidoreductase . This enzyme participates in cysteine metabolism . References reflist 1 cite journal author ROMANO AH, NICKERSON WJ date 1954 title Cystine reductase of pea seeds and yeasts journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 208 pages 409&ndash 16 pmid 13174550 issue 1 cite journal author Carroll JE, Kosicki GW, Thibert RJ date 1970 title Alpha substituted cystines as possible substrates for cystine reductase and L amino acid oxidase journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta. volume 198 pages 601&ndash 3 pmid 5436160 issue 3 cite journal author Maresca B, Jacobson E, Medoff G, Kobayashi G date 1978 title Cystine reductase in the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum journal J. Bacteriol. volume 135 pages 987&ndash 92 pmid 211119 issue 3 pmc 222474 1.8 enzyme stub Category EC 1.8.1 Category NADH dependent enzymes Category Enzymes of unknown structure it Cistina reduttasi ja ... more details
Infobox protein family Symbol Cys knot Name Cystine knot domain image PDB 1hcn EBI.jpg width caption Structure of human chorionic gonadotropin. ref name pmid7922031 cite journal author Wu H, Lustbader JW, Liu Y, Canfield RE, Hendrickson WA title Structure of human chorionic gonadotropin at 2.6 A resolution from MAD analysis of the selenomethionyl protein journal Structure volume 2 issue 6 pages 545 58 year 1994 month June pmid 7922031 doi url ref Pfam PF00007 Pfam clan CL0079 InterPro IPR006208 SMART PROSITE MEROPS SCOP 1hcn TCDB OPM family OPM protein PDB PDB2 1fl7 , PDB2 1hcn , PDB2 1hrp , PDB2 1qfw , PDB2 1xwd A cystine knot is a protein structural motif where two disulfide bridges cystine s formed from pairs of cysteine molecules are formed. The sections of polypeptide that occur between them then form a loop through which a third disulfide bond passes, forming a rotaxane substructure. It occurs in many proteins across many species and provides considerable structural stability. ref http www.cyclotide.com knots.html http www.cyclotide.com knots.html ref This motif was first observed in the structure of Nerve growth factor Nerve Growth Factor , solved by X ray crystallography and published in 1991 by Tom Blundell in Nature journal Nature . ref name pmid1956407 PDB 1bet cite journal author McDonald NQ, Lapatto R, Murray Rust J, Gunning J, Wlodawer A, Blundell TL title New protein fold revealed by a 2.3 A resolution crystal structure of nerve growth factor journal Nature volume 354 issue 6352 pages 411 4 year 1991 month December pmid 1956407 doi 10.1038 354411a0 url issn ref References reflist Category Protein structure biochem stub fr Pont cystine it Ponte cistina ... more details
enzyme Name glutathione cystine transhydrogenase EC number 1.8.4.4 CAS number 37256 49 8 IUBMB EC number 1 8 4 4 GO code 0047141 image width caption In enzymology , a glutathione cystine transhydrogenase EC number 1.8.4.4 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction 2 glutathione cystine math rightleftharpoons math glutathione disulfide 2 cysteine Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are glutathione and cystine , whereas its two product chemistry products are glutathione disulfide and cysteine . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductase s, specifically those acting on a sulfur group of donors with a disulfide as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is glutathione cystine oxidoreductase . Other names in common use include GSH cystine transhydrogenase , and NADPH dependent GSH cystine transhydrogenase . This enzyme participates in cysteine metabolism and glutathione metabolism . References reflist 1 cite journal author Nagai S, Black S date 1968 title A thiol disulfide transhydrogenase from yeast journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 243 pages 1942&ndash 7 pmid 5646485 issue 8 1.8 enzyme stub Category EC 1.8.4 Category Enzymes of unknown structure it Glutatione cistina transidrogenasi ja ... more details
Cystine tryptic agar CTA , also known as cystine trypticase agar ref cite web url http www.life.umd.edu classroom bsci424 LabMaterialsMethods BSCI424Media.htm title BSCI424 Laboratory Media work accessdate 2008 11 17 ref ref cite journal author Hollis DG, Wiggins GL, Weaver RE title Neisseria lactamicus sp. n., a lactose fermenting species resembling Neisseria meningitidis journal Appl Microbiol volume 17 issue 1 pages 71 7 year 1969 month January pmid 4975454 pmc 377615 doi url ref , is a growth medium used for the identification of microorganism s. ref cite web url http www.vetmed.wisc.edu pbs courses bact labmanual c2cta.html title University of Wisconsin Madison, Veterinary Mycology work accessdate 2008 11 17 ref It can be used to determine if organisms can fermentation biochemistry ferment various carbohydrate s, including maltose , lactose , and sucrose . This approach can be used to type organisms because although strains quickly gain antibiotic resistance , they rarely gain the ability to metabolize new nutrients though E. coli long term evolution experiment exceptions are known . For example, the following fermentation patterns have been observed class wikitable Organism Fermentable sugars Neisseria gonorrhoeae glucose ref name CDC cite web url http www.cdc.gov std gonorrhea lab tests acid.htm title Acid Detection Test Gonorrhea STD information from CDC work accessdate ref Neisseria meningitidis glucose , maltose ref name CDC Neisseria lactamica glucose , maltose , lactose ref name CDC Neisseria mucosa glucose , maltose , sucrose ref name CDC Moraxella catarrhalis none of the major sugars ref name CDC Typical composition Cystine tryptic agar typically contains Percentage solution w v ref Becton, Dickinson and Company, http www.bd.com ds technicalCenter inserts CTA Medium2.pdf CTA Medium , 2005. ref 2.0 casein 0.05 L cystine 0.5 sodium chloride 0.05 sodium sulfite 0.25 agar 0.00017 phenol red See also TSI slant References Reflist Growth media Category Microbiological ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Cysteine metabolism refers to the biological pathways that consume or create cysteine . The pathways of different amino acids and other metabolites interweave and overlap to creating complex systems. Human cysteine metabolism In human cysteine metabolism, L cysteine is consumed in several ways as shown below. L cysteine is also consumed in methionine and glutathione metabolism as well as pantothenate CoA biosynthesis. class wikitable style text align center L cysteine consumption pathways enzyme product cysteine dioxygenase 3 sulfino L alanine or cysteine sulfinic acid amino acid racemase D cysteine cysteine lyase L cysteate cysteine tRNA ligase L cysteinyl tRNA sup Cys sup cystine reductase L cystine cysteine transaminase 3 mercapto pyruvate L cysteine is the product of several processes as well. In addition to the reactions below, L cysteine is also a product of glycine , serine , and threonine metabolism. class wikitable style text align center L cysteine production pathways starting chemical enzyme O acetyl L serine cysteine synthase L cystine glutathione cystine transhydrogenase pyruvate cystathionine lyase 3 mercapto pyruvate cysteine transaminase See also D cysteine desulfhydrase Sulphur metabolism DEFAULTSORT Cysteine Metabolism Category Sulfur metabolism Category Sulfur amino acids ja ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 File A clear CLED agar plate after cultivation.jpg thumb A clear CLED agar plate after cultivation File Lactose non lactose fermenters on CLED agar.jpg thumb Colonies of lactose and non lactose fermenting bacteria on CLED agar CLED agar cystine lactose electrolyte wikt deficient deficient medium is a valuable non inhibitory growth medium used in the isolation and differentiation of urine urinary organisms. Being electrolyte deficient, it prevents the swarming of Proteus bacterium Proteus species. Cystine promotes the formation of cystine dependent dwarf colonies. Lactose fermenters produce yellow Colony biology colonies on CLED agar non lactose fermenters appear blue. It has a pH of approximately 7.3. CLED agar contains class wikitable Peptide Peptone 4g l Lab Lemco powder 3g l Tryptone 4g l Lactose 10g l L Cystine 128 mg l Bromothymol blue 20 mg l Agar No. 1 15g l Growth media DEFAULTSORT Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient Agar Category Microbiological media ca Agar CLED de C.L.E.D. Agar es Agar CLED pt gar CLED ... more details
RefimproveMED Infobox disease Name Cystinuria Image Cystine skeletal.png Caption Chemical structure of cystine formed from L cysteine under biological conditions DiseasesDB 3339 ICD10 ICD10 E 72 0 e 70 ICD9 ICD9 270.0 ICDO OMIM 220100 MedlinePlus 000346 eMedicineSubj med eMedicineTopic 498 MeshID D003555 Cystinuria is an inherited autosome autosomal dominance genetics recessive ref name car cite journal pages 417 25 doi 10.1007 s00240 003 0366 6 title Urinary excretion of total cystine and the dibasic ... that is characterized by the formation of cystine stones in the kidneys , ureter , and Urinary ... involving the defective transepithelial transport of cystine and dibasic amino acids in the kidney ... cite journal pages 799 801 doi 10.1136 pgmj.2005.044156 pmc 2653923 title Cystine calculi Challenging .... As the levels of cystine in the urine increase, the crystals typical of cystinuria are able to form, resulting in kidney stones. Cystine crystals form hexagonal shaped crystals that can be viewed ... Cystinuria is characterized by the inadequate reabsorption of cystine in the proximal convoluted ... concentration of this amino acid in the urine. Cystine may precipitate out of the urine , if the urine ... lead to insufficient medical intervention by physicians. Cystine stones are often not visible on most ... to spot a cystine stone. It is not unusual for a cystinuric to pass a stone, or stones ... 1. Blood Routine hemogram along with blood sugar, urea, and creatinine. 2. Urine For cystine ... the cystine stones. Cystine stones seem to be invisible with this method unless a dye is added to the blood ... of the University of Houston suggested in October 2010 that treatment with L cystine dimethylester ... title Crystal Growth Inhibitors for the Prevention of L Cystine Kidney Stones Through Molecular ... canid, the Maned Wolf of South America . Cystine uroliths have been demonstrated, most usually ... 39 issue 1 pages 111 125 year 2009 pmid 19038654 pmc 2628803 ref See also Cystine Cysteine Thiola ... more details
refimprove date December 2007 Infobox Disease Name Cystinosis Image Cystine skeletal.png Caption Chemical structure of cystine formed from L cysteine under biological conditions DiseasesDB 3382 ICD10 ICD10 E 72 0 e 70 ICD9 ICD9 270.0 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj ped eMedicineTopic 538 MeshID D003554 Cystinosis is a lysosomal storage disease characterized by the abnormal accumulation of the amino acid cystine . ref name CystinosiNEJM cite journal last A. Gahl first William coauthors Jess G. Thoene and Jerry A. Schneider title Cystinosis journal N Engl J Med year 2002 volume 347 issue 2 pages 111 121 pmid 12110740 accessdate 31 march 2011 doi 10.1056 NEJMra020552 ref It is a genetic disorder ... Cystinosis Bot generated title ref that causes an accumulation of the amino acid cystine within ... by abnormal transport of cystine from lysosome s, resulting in a massive intra lysosomal cystine accumulation in tissues. Via an as yet unknown mechanism, lysosomal cystine appears to amplify and alter ... of white blood cell cystine level using tandem mass spectrometry. Symptoms There are three distinct ..., dehydration, and abnormally acidic blood acidosis . By about age two, cystine crystals may also ... due to cystine crystals in the cornea. It is currently being researched at UC San Diego, The University ... Cystine crystals are hexagonal in shape and are colorless. They are not found often in alkaline urine ... Cystine url http www.texascollaborative.org spencer urinalysis ds act3 1 03 crystals.htm 25 work ... , which codes for cystinosin, the lysosomal cystine transporter. Symptoms are first seen at about 3 ... William A. ref The administration of cysteamine can reduce the intracellular cystine content. Cysteamine concentrates inside the lysosomes and reacts with cystine to form both cysteine and a cysteine ... decreases the amount of cystine stored in lysosomes and correlates with conservation of renal function and improved growth. ref name GahlNEJ Cysteamine eyedrops remove the cystine crystals in the cornea ... more details
protein Name solute carrier family 7 cationic amino acid transporter, y system , member 9 caption image width HGNCid 11067 Symbol SLC7A9 AltSymbols CSNU3 EntrezGene 11136 OMIM 604144 RefSeq NM 014270 UniProt P82251 PDB ECnumber Chromosome 19 Arm q Band 13.1 LocusSupplementaryData Solute carrier family 7 cationic amino acid transporter, y system , member 9 also known as SLC7A9 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the SLC7A9 gene . ref name entrez cite web title SLC7A9 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 11136 accessdate ref Function This gene encodes a protein that belongs to a family of light subunits of amino acid transporter s. This protein plays a role in the high affinity and sodium independent transport of cystine and neutral and dibasic amino acids, and appears to function in the reabsorption of cystine in the Nephron Renal tubule kidney tubule . ref name entrez The protein associates with the protein coded for by SLC3A1 . ref name pmid10471498 cite journal author Feliubadal L, Font M, Purroy J, Rousaud F, Estivill X, Nunes V, Golomb E, Centola M, Aksentijevich I, Kreiss Y, Goldman B, Pras M, Kastner DL, Pras E, Gasparini P, Bisceglia L, Beccia E, Gallucci M, de Sanctis L, Ponzone A, Rizzoni GF, Zelante L, Bassi MT, George AL, Manzoni M, De Grandi A, Riboni M, Endsley JK, Ballabio A, Borsani G, Reig N, Fern ndez E, Est vez R, Pineda M, Torrents D, Camps M, Lloberas J, Zorzano A, Palac n M title Non type I cystinuria caused by mutations in SLC7A9, encoding a subunit bo, AT of rBAT journal Nat. Genet. volume 23 issue 1 pages 52 7 year 1999 month September pmid 10471498 doi 10.1038 12652 url issn ref Clinical significance Mutations in this gene cause non type I cystinuria , a disease that leads to cystine stones in the urinary system due to impaired transport of cystine and dibasic amino acids. ref name entrez See also Heterodimeric amino acid transporter Solute carrier family References Reflist NLM content Me ... more details
PBB geneid 23657 Cystine glutamate transporter is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC7A11 gene . ref name pmid10206947 cite journal author Sato H, Tamba M, Ishii T, Bannai S title Cloning and expression of a plasma membrane cystine glutamate exchange transporter composed of two distinct proteins journal J Biol Chem volume 274 issue 17 pages 11455 8 year 1999 month May pmid 10206947 pmc doi 10.1074 jbc.274.17.11455 ref ref name pmid12763038 cite journal author Wang H, Tamba M, Kimata M, Sakamoto K, Bannai S, Sato H title Expression of the activity of cystine glutamate exchange transporter, system x c , by xCT and rBAT journal Biochem Biophys Res Commun volume 305 issue 3 pages 611 8 year 2003 month May pmid 12763038 pmc doi 10.1016 S0006 291X 03 00808 8 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene SLC7A11 solute carrier family 7, cationic amino acid transporter, y system member 11 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 23657 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls ... Na independent anionic amino acid transport system highly specific for cystine and glutamate. In this system, designated system Xc , the anionic form of cystine is transported in exchange for glutamate ... Bridges CC title Structure, function, and regulation of human cystine glutamate transporter in retinal ... cystine transporter expression in HEK293 cells pharmacology and localization journal Biochem. Biophys ... journal author Kim JY title Human cystine glutamate transporter cDNA cloning and upregulation by oxidative ... of the cystine glutamate exchange transporter gene expression journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 277 issue ... of the heteromeric cystine glutamate antiporter suggests close proximity to the substrate binding ... of Cystine Glutamate Transporter xc by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transactivator Protein ... receptor cystine transporter xCT journal Science volume 311 issue 5769 pages 1921 4 year 2006 pmid ... more details
have been published including sulfur extrusion from cystine, ref Harpp, D. N. Gleason, J. G. 1971 Preparation and Mass Spectral Properties of Cystine and Lanthionine Derivatives. Novel Synthesis ... more details
Other uses Gender blind Orphan date February 2009 Genderblind , also known as CG6070, is a gene that was discovered in Drosophila melanogaster by University of Illinois at Chicago researcher David Featherstone . ref name LiveScience http www.livescience.com animals 071209 fly genes.html Homosexuality Turned On and Off in Fruit Flies , LiveScience , 9 December 2007, accessed 10 December 2007 ref The gene Coding sequence encodes a member of the cystine glutamate transporter family of protein s. Genderblind protein is expressed in glia l cells where it secretes the neurotransmitter glutamate and regulates the organization of glutamate receptor s. ref name Augustin cite journal author Augustin H, Grosjean Y, Chen K, Sheng Q, Featherstone DE title Nonvesicular release of glutamate by glial xCT transporters suppresses glutamate receptor clustering in vivo journal J. Neurosci. volume 27 issue 1 pages 111 23 year 2007 pmid 17202478 doi 10.1523 JNEUROSCI.4770 06.2007 pmc 2193629 ref A mutation in Genderblind alters the sexual behavior of Drosophila , turning the flies bisexual . ref name LiveScience Drosophila given drugs to alter synapse strength, independent of the Genderblind mutation, allowed researchers to turn fly homosexuality on and off, within hours . ref name LiveScience The researchers believe this effect is due to the flies altered response to pheromone s. References reflist Category Drosophilidae Category Genes biology stub ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Crystalluria Image Struvite crystals dog with scale 1.JPG Caption Struvite crystals found in a urinalysis DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 R 82 9 r 80 ICD9 ICD9 791.9 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Crystalluria refers to crystals found in the urine when performing a urine test . Crystalluria is considered as one of the side effects of sulphonamides . Clinical significance It can be an indication of urolithiasis . It can be associated with cysteinuria . ref cite journal doi 10.1007 s00240 003 0319 0 pmid 12748836 volume 31 issue 3 title Cystine crystal volume determination a useful tool in the management of cystinuric patients year 2003 month July author Daudon M, Cohen Solal F, Barbey F, Gagnadoux MF, Knebelmann B, Jungers P journal Urol. Res. pages 207 11 ref It leads to formation of stones References reflist External links http www.agora.crosemont.qc.ca urinesediments doceng doc 024.htm Overview http www.annals.org cgi content full 127 2 119 Annals of Internal Medicine Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings for urine Category Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings for urine med sign stub pt Cristal ria ... more details
Pfam box Symbol Atracotoxin Name Delta Atracotoxin image width caption Pfam PF05353 InterPro IPR008017 SMART Prosite SCOP 1qdp TCDB OPM family OPM protein 1vtx PDB PDB3 1vtx 1 42 PDB3 1qdp 1 42 Robustoxin ACTX Ar1 , sometimes misspelled robustotoxin , and alternatively known as delta atracotoxin , is a low molecular weight neurotoxin neurotoxic polypeptide found in the venom of the Sydney funnel web spider Atrax robustus . Delta atracotoxin produces potentially fatal neurotoxic symptoms in primates by slowing the inactivation of sodium ion channel s in autonomic and motor neuron s. In the spiders intended insect prey, the toxin exerts this same activity upon potassium ion channel potassium and calcium channel calcium ion channels . ref name PUB00010496 cite journal author Mackay JP, King GF, Fletcher JI, Chapman BE, Howden ME title The structure of versutoxin delta atracotoxin Hv1 provides insights into the binding of site 3 neurotoxins to the voltage gated sodium channel journal Structure volume 5 issue 11 pages 1525 1535 year 1997 pmid 9384567 doi 10.1016 S0969 2126 97 00301 8 ref . The structure of atracotoxin comprises a core beta region with a cystine knot motif, a feature seen in other neurotoxic polypeptides ref name PUB00010496 . References reflist External links http dx.doi.org 10.1016 S0014 5793 97 01452 X Structure of robustoxin med stub chem stub Category Neurotoxins de Delta Atracotoxine ... more details
italic title Taxobox color lightgrey name Neisseria image caption Fluorescent antibody stain of Neisseria gonorrhoeae . regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Betaproteobacteria ordo Neisseriaceae Neisseriales familia Neisseriaceae genus Neisseria species Neisseria mucosa Neisseria mucosa is a species of Neisseria . It is notable among Neisseria for its ability to metabolize sucrose . ref name urlAcid Detection Test Gonorrhea STD information from CDC cite web url http www.cdc.gov std gonorrhea lab tests acid.htm title Acid Detection Test Gonorrhea STD information from CDC work accessdate ref It can cause Endocarditis . ref name pmid11422256 cite journal author Tronel H, Chaudemanche H, Pechier N, Doutrelant L, Hoen B title Endocarditis due to Neisseria mucosa after tongue piercing journal Clin. Microbiol. Infect. volume 7 issue 5 pages 275 6 year 2001 month May pmid 11422256 doi 10.1046 j.1469 0691.2001.00241.x url http www.blackwell synergy.com openurl?genre article&sid nlm pubmed&issn 1198 743X&date 2001&volume 7&issue 5&spage 275 ref See also Cystine tryptic agar References Reflist medicine stub Category Proteobacteria ... more details
distinguish bisulfide Disulfur File Disulfide general formula.svg thumb right General structure of disulfides In chemistry , a disulfide usually refers to the structural unit composed of a linked pair of sulfur atoms. Disulfide usually refer to a chemical compound that contains a disulfide bond , such as diphenyl disulfide , C sub 6 sub H sub 5 sub S SC sub 6 sub H sub 5 sub . Inorganic vs. organic disulfides The disulfide anion is S sub 2 sub sup 2 sup , or sup sup S S sup sup . Sulfur is usually assigned to the reduction chemistry reduced oxidation number 2, described as S sup 2 sup and called sulfide . It has the electron configuration of a noble gas argon . In disulfide, sulfur is only reduced to a state with oxidation number 1. Its configuration then resembles that of a chlorine atom. It thus tends to form a covalent bond with another S sup sup center to form S sub 2 sub sup 2 sup group. Oxygen also behaves similarly, e.g. in peroxide s such as H sub 2 sub O sub 2 sub . Examples Iron disulfide FeS sub 2 sub , e.g. the mineral pyrite . Disulfur dichloride S sub 2 sub Cl sub 2 sub , a distillable liquid. In many cases, each of the sulfur atoms in a disulfide group is covalently bonded to a carbon atom in an organic compound , forming a disulfide bond , sometimes called a disulfide linkage or a disulfide bridge . Examples The amino acid cystine The vitamin lipoic acid center align center class wikitable center Image Pyrite unit cell 3D balls.png 100px center center Image Disulfur dichloride 3D balls.png 100px center center Image Cystine 3D balls.png 100px center center Image Lipoic acid 3D balls.png 150px center center Image Diphenyl disulfide 3D balls.png 150px center center FeS sub 2 sub unit cell center center S sub 2 sub Cl sub 2 sub center center cystine center center lipoic acid center center Ph sub 2 sub S sub 2 sub center center Misnomers Disulfide is also used to refer to compounds that contain two sulfide S sup 2 sup centers. The compound carbon disulfid ... more details
Human hair A chemical depilatory is a Cosmetics cosmetic preparation used to remove the hair from the skin on the human body. Currently, common active ingredients are Thioglycolic acid calcium thioglycolate or potassium thioglycolate , which breaks down the disulphide bond s in keratin and weakens the hair so that it is easily scraped off where it emerges from the hair follicle . This break down reaction is affected by the calcium hydroxide or the potassium hydroxide both alkali . The resulting combinations of calcium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide and thioglycolic acid are calcium thioglycolate CaTG or potassium thioglycolate KTG . The calcium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide are present in excess to enable the thioglycolic acid to react with the cystine present in hair protein . The reaction is 2SH CH2 COOH thioglycolic acid R S S R cystine 2R SH COOH CH2 SS CH2 COOH dithiodiglycolic acid . As the Epidermis skin epidermis is also rich in keratin, the skin may become irritated and sensitive if the preparation is left on for too long. Chemical depilatories are used primarily for the arms and legs. They should not be used on the face unless specifically listed for that purpose on the product s label. Chemical depilatories are available in gel , Cream pharmaceutical cream , lotion , aerosol spray aerosol , roll on, and Powder substance powder forms. Common brands include Nair hair removal Nair , Magic Shave and Veet . Advantages Inexpensive Citation needed date July 2009 Fast A pain free hair removal method Easy to do, no experience or professional assistance required ref http depilatories.info Depilatories Facts from Depilatories.info ref Various strength products available to dissolve even the strongest of hairs Can be done at home Available Over the counter drug over the counter Disadvantages Effect lasts a short time. Regrowth begins to appear generally within 2 5 days Dark haired users may be left with a visible shadow of dark hair under skin Chemical depilator ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 443554099 ImageFile Ref chemboximage correct ?? ImageFile Cysteamine 2D skeletal.png ImageName Skeletal formula ImageFile1 Cysteamine 3D balls.png ImageName1 Ball and stick model IUPACName 2 aminoethanethiol OtherNames mercaptoethylamine br 2 aminoethanethiol br 2 mercaptoethylamine br decarboxycysteine br thioethanolamine br mercaptamine Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 5834 ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 602 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII 5UX2SD1KE2 KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG D03634 InChI 1 C2H7NS c3 1 2 4 h4H,1 3H2 InChIKey UFULAYFCSOUIOV UHFFFAOYAX StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C2H7NS c3 1 2 4 h4H,1 3H2 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey UFULAYFCSOUIOV UHFFFAOYSA N CASNo 60 23 1 CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS CASNo1 156 57 0 CASNo1 Comment hydrochloride HCl PubChem 6058 DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank DrugBank DB00847 ChEBI Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEBI 17141 SMILES SCCN ATCCode prefix A16 ATCCode suffix AA04 Section2 Chembox Properties C 2 H 7 N 1 S 1 Appearance Density MeltingPt 95 97 ° C BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards EUClass Hazchem Xn ExternalMSDS http msds.chem.ox.ac.uk CY cysteamine.html External MSDS SPhrases S26 S36 Autoignition Cysteamine is the chemical compound with the formula HSCH sub 2 sub CH sub 2 sub NH sub 2 sub . It is the simplest stable aminothiol and a degradation product of the amino acid cysteine . It is often used as the hydrochloride salt, HSCH sub 2 sub CH sub 2 sub NH sub 3 sub Cl. Biochemical and pharmaceutical applications Under the trade name Cystagon, cysteamine is used in the treatment of disorders of cystine excretion. Cysteamine cleaves the disulfide bond with cystine to produce molecules that can escape the metabolic defect in cystinosis and cystinuria . It is also used for treatment of radiation sickness . ref name pmid11458646 cite journal autho ... more details
J title Expression cloning of a human renal cDNA that induces high affinity transport of L cystine ... in the transport of cystine journal Nat. Genet. volume 6 issue 4 pages 420 425 year 1994 pmid 8054986 ... F title Apical heterodimeric cystine and cationic amino acid transporter expressed in MDCK cells ... apical reabsorption system for cystine in the kidney journal Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. volume ... more details
Merge Cystathionine beta lyase date May 2011 enzyme Name cystathionine beta lyase EC number 4.4.1.8 CAS number 9055 05 4 IUBMB EC number 4 4 1 8 GO code 0004121 image width caption Orphan date February 2009 In enzymology , a cystathionine beta lyase EC number 4.4.1.8 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction L cystathionine H sub 2 sub O math rightleftharpoons math L homocysteine NH sub 3 sub pyruvate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are L cystathionine and water H sub 2 sub O , whereas its 3 product chemistry products are L homocysteine , ammonia NH sub 3 sub , and pyruvate . This enzyme belongs to the family of lyase s, specifically the class of carbon sulfur lyases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L cystathionine L homocysteine lyase deaminating pyruvate forming . Other names in common use include beta cystathionase , cystine lyase , cystathionine L homocysteine lyase deaminating , and L cystathionine L homocysteine lyase deaminating . This enzyme participates in 5 metabolism metabolic pathways methionine metabolism , cysteine metabolism , selenoamino acid metabolism , nitrogen metabolism , and sulfur metabolism . It employs one cofactor biochemistry cofactor , pyridoxal phosphate . Structural studies As of late 2007, 5 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1CL1 , PDB link 1CL2 , PDB link 1IBJ , PDB link 2FQ6 , and PDB link 2GQN . References reflist 1 cite journal author Anderson NW and Thompson JF date 1979 title Cystine lyase beta cystathionase from turnip roots journal Phytochemistry journal Phytochemistry volume 18 pages 1953&ndash 1958 doi 10.1016 S0031 9422 00 82710 7 issue 12 cite journal author FLAVIN M, SLAUGHTER C date 1964 title CYSTATHIONINE CLEAVAGE ENZYMES OF NEUROSPORA journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 239 pages 2212&ndash 9 pmid 14209950 Category EC 4.4.1 Category Pyridoxal phosphate enzymes Category Enzym ... more details
Polyphenolic proteins are proteins produced by some alga e and marine invertebrate s like the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis ref name Leszek cite journal doi 10.2307 1542413 first1 Leszek M. last1 Rzepecki first2 Karolyn M. last2 Hansen first3 J. Herbert last3 Waite month August year 1992 title Characterization of a Cystine Rich Polyphenolic Protein Family from the Blue Mussel Mytilus edulis L. journal Biological Bulletin volume 183 issue 1 pages 123 37 jstor 1542413 ref ref MeSH name adhesive protein, mussel ref or the polychaete Phragmatopoma californica ref name Jensen cite journal last1 Jensen first1 Rebecca A. last2 Morse first2 Daniel E. title The bioadhesive of Phragmatopoma californica tubes a silk like cement containing L DOPA journal Journal of Comparative Physiology B volume 158 pages 317 24 year 1988 doi 10.1007 BF00695330 ref that are used as bioadhesive s. ref Molecular diversity of marine glues polyphenolic proteins from five mussel species. Rzepecki LM, Chin SS, Waite JH and Lavin MF, Mol Mar Biol Biotechnol. 1991 Sep 1 1 78 88, PMID 1845474 ref These proteins contain a high level of levodopa L DOPA ref name Jensen and cystine . ref name Leszek The blue mussel protein is called mefp 5 . ref http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov nuccore 17066510 Mytilus edulis polyphenolic phosphoprotein mefp 5 precursor, mRNA, complete cds on GenBank ref The one for the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis , is called fp 5 , ref http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov nucleotide 41350294 Mytilus galloprovincialis foot protein 5 mRNA, partial cds on GenBank ref fp being the abbreviation for foot protein . In the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha , two different protein precursors, Dpfp 1 and Dpfp 2, have been isolated and localized in the juncture between byssus threads and adhesive plaque. ref The byssus of the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha. II Structure and polymorphism of byssal polyphenolic protein families. Rzepecki LM and Waite JH, Mol Mar Biol Biotechnol. 1993 Oct 2 5 267 7 ... more details
Mechanically interlocked molecular architectures are connections of molecules not through traditional bonds, but instead as a consequence of their topology chemistry topology . This connection of molecules is analogous to keys on a key chain loop. The keys are not directly connected to the key chain loop but they cannot be separated without breaking the loop. On the molecular level the interlocked molecules cannot be separated without significant distortion of the covalent bond s that make up the conjoined molecules. Examples of mechanically interlocked molecular architectures include catenane s, rotaxane s, molecular knot s, and molecular Borromean rings . The synthesis of such entangled architectures has been made efficient through the combination of supramolecular chemistry with traditional covalent synthesis, however mechanically interlocked molecular architectures have properties that differ from both supramolecular assemblies and covalently bonded molecules . Recently the terminology mechanical bond has been coined to describe the connection between the components of mechanically interlocked molecular architectures. Although research into mechanically interlocked molecular architectures is primarily focused on artificial compounds, many examples have been found in biological systems including cytokine cystine knot s, cyclotide s or lasso peptides such as microcin J25 which are protein , and a variety of peptide s. There is a great deal of interest in mechanically interlocked molecular architectures to develop molecular machine s by manipulating the relative position of the components. Examples of mechanically interlocked molecular architectures gallery Image Rotaxane cartoon.jpg Rotaxane Image CatenaneScheme.svg Catenane Image Trefoil knot arb.png Molecular knot Image Molecular Borromean Ring.png Molecular Borromean rings gallery References cite journal author G. A. Breault, C. A. Hunter and P. C. Mayers year 1999 title Supramolecular topology journal Tetrahed ... more details
There are three primary nutrient macronutrients defined as being the classes of chemical compounds humans consume in the largest quantities and which provide bulk energy. These are protein , fat , and carbohydrate . This list shows the categorizeation of the most common food components by these macronutrients. Macronutrients can also refer to the chemical elements humans consume in the largest quantities, see Nutrient . tocright Protein Amino acids Standard amino acids Alanine Arginine Aspartic acid Aspartic acid aspartate Asparagine Cystine Glutamic acid Glutamic acid glutamate Glutamine Glycine Histidine Isoleucine branched chain amino acid Leucine branched chain amino acid Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Proline Serine Threonine Tryptophan Tyrosine Valine branched chain amino acid Fat Saturated fats Butear assid Caprioc acid Caprylic acid Capric acid Lauric acid Myristic acid Pentadecanoic acid Palmitic acid Heptadec acid Stearic acid Arachidic acid Behenate acid Tetracos acid Compound acid Monounsaturated fats Myristol Pentadecenoic Palmitoyl Heptadecenoic Oleic acid Eicosen Erucic acid Nervonic acid Polyunsaturated fats Linoleic acid Linolenic acid Linolenic acid Stearidon Eicosatrienoic Arachidon eicosapentaenoic acid EPA an essential fatty acid DPA DHA docosahexaenoic acid an essential fatty acid Essential fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid EPA DHA docosahexaenoic acid Other fats Omega 3 fatty acid Omega 3 fatty acid s Omega 6 fatty acid Omega 6 fatty acid s Trans fatty acids Cholesterol Carbohydrates Starches Sugars Fructose Galactose Glucose Lactose Maltose Sucrose See also List of micronutrients Category Medical lists Macronutrients vi Danh s ch ch t dinh d ng a l ng ... more details
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