File Cytokinesis electron micrograph.jpg thumb right 250px A cell that has almost completed cytokinesis ... undergoing cytokinesis, with the cleavage furrow being clearly visible Cytokinesis , from the greek ... process of cytokinesis is oogenesis the creation of an ovum in the ovarian follicle of the ovary , where ... the centre of the cytoplasm and a new cell wall forms between the two daughter cells. Cytokinesis is distinguished from the prokaryotic process of binary fission . Animal cell cytokinesis Contractile ring positioning During different proliferative divisions,barnacles and animal cell cytokinesis ... basis to ensure the completion of cytokinesis. After cytokinesis, non kinetochore microtubules ... . ref Rappoport R Cytokinesis in Animal Cells , Cambridge University Press 1996 ref This seems ... of the cell cortex. ref Glotzer M Animal cell cytokinesis , Annual Review of Cell Biology 17, 351 ... in order to efficiently undergo cytokinesis, although the specific phenotype described when it is absent ... cytokinesis is complete . Seemingly vital for the formation of the central spindle and therefore efficient cytokinesis is a heterotetrameric protein complex called centralspindlin. Along with associated ... the spindle midzone during anaphase. Timing cytokinesisCytokinesis must be temporally controlled ... divisions. To achieve this, many components of the cytokinesis machinery are highly regulated to ensure ... ref ref Petronczki et al. Polo like kinase 1 triggers the initiation of cytokinesis in human cells ... 2007 ref Cytokinesis happens only after APC binds with CDC20. This allows for the separation of chromosomes and myosin to work simultaneously. Plant cell cytokinesis Due to the presence of a cell wall , cytokinesis in plant cells is significantly different from that in animal cells. Rather than forming ... and 5 fusion with the parental cell wall ref Otegui, M., and Staehelin, L.A. Cytokinesis in flowering ..., A.L., Giddings,T.H.Jr., and Staehelin, L.A. Cytokinesis in tobacco BY 2 and root tip cells a new ... more details
Centrolecithal Greek kentron center of a circle, lekithos yolk describes the placement of the yolk in the centre of the cytoplasm of ovum s. Many arthropod eggs are centrolecithal. During cytokinesis , centrolecithal zygotes undergo meroblastic cleavage, where the cleavage plane extends only to the accumulated yolk and is superficial. This is due to the large dense yolk found within centrolecithal eggs and triggers a delayed embryonic development. See also Cell cycle Isolecithal Telolecithal References Unreferenced date January 2008 Category Cell biology Centrolecithal Cell biology stub ... more details
image Phycoplast.png thumb Schematic representation of types of cytokinesis in the green algae 1 Phycoplast formation with cleavage furrow e.g. Chlamydomonas 2 Cleavage furrow and persistent telophase spindle e.g. Klebsormidium 3 Phycoplast and cell plate formation e.g. Fritschiella 4 Persistent telophase spindle phragmoplast with cell plate formation e.g. Coleochaete The phycoplast is a microtubule structure observed during cytokinesis in members of the Chlorophyceae , the largest class of green algae . Cytokinesis in green algae occurs via a diverse range of mechanisms, including cleavage furrow s in some algae and cell plate s in others. Some green algae of the class Charophyceae use phragmoplast s similar to those in embryophytes to organize and guide the growing cell plate. In these algae, the microtubules of the telophase Mitotic spindle spindle give rise to the phragmoplast and are oriented perpendicular to the plane of cell division and the forming cell plate. The growth of the cell plate eventually disrupts the telophase spindle see case 4 in picture . In the Chlorophyceae , the most common form of cell division occurs via a phycoplast. In these algae, the spindle collapses and a new system of microtubules forms that is oriented in parallel to the plane of cell division. This phycoplast can be observed in algae undergoing cytokinesis via cleavage furrow case 1 in picture as well as algae utilizing a cell plate case 3 in picture . The phycoplast may play a role in assuring that the plane of cell division will pass between the two daughter nuclei. Typically, these algae undergo closed mitosis where the nuclear envelope persists throughout mitosis. References P.H. Raven, R.F. Evert, S.E. Eichhorn 2005 Biology of Plants , 7th Edition, W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers, New York, ISBN 0 7167 1007 2 Category Cell cycle Category Mitosis Category Plant cells de Phycoplast it Ficoplasto ... more details
In early Drosophila development biology development , the first 13 passes through mitosis are nuclear division s karyokinesis without cytokinesis , resulting in a multinucleate cell generally referred to as a syncytium , but stricly a coenocyte ref Willmer, P. G. 1990 . Invertebrate Relationships Patterns in Animal Evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ref . The first mononucleate cells are created at the posterior pole, where the polar granules are tethered. These cells are called pole cell s, and they will form the fly s germ line . References reflist Category Mitosis biology stub ... more details
The midbody or Flemming body is a transient structure found in mammal ian Cell biology cell s and is present near the end of cytokinesis just prior to the complete separation of the dividing cells. The structure was first described by Walther Flemming in 1891 . ref cite journal author Paweletz N title Walther Flemming pioneer of mitosis research journal Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. volume 2 issue 1 pages 72 5 year 2001 month January pmid 11413469 doi 10.1038 35048077 url ref The midbody structure contains bundles of microtubules derived from the mitotic spindle which compacts during the final stages of cell division. It has a typical diameter of 1 micrometre and a length of 3 to 5 micrometres ref cite journal author Mullins JM, McIntosh JR title Isolation and initial characterization of the mammalian midbody journal J. Cell Biol. volume 94 issue 3 pages 654 61 year 1982 month September pmid 7130277 pmc 2112229 doi 10.1083 jcb.94.3.654 url http www.jcb.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 7130277 ref . Aside from microtubules it also contains various proteins involved in cytokinesis , asymmetric cell division , and chromosome segregation . The midbody is important for completing the final stages of cytokinesis, a process called abscission , although its precise role in these processes is not clear. ref cite journal author Skop AR, Liu H, Yates J, Meyer BJ, Heald R title Dissection of the mammalian midbody proteome reveals conserved cytokinesis mechanisms journal Science volume 305 issue 5680 pages 61 6 year 2004 month July pmid 15166316 doi 10.1126 science.1097931 url ref . References reflist Category Organelles ... more details
unreferenced date June 2009 Telophase pronounced tee low faze or tell uh faze from the ancient Greek end and stage , is a stage in both meiosis and mitosis in a eukaryote eukaryotic cell biology cell . During telophase, the effects of prophase and prometaphase the nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrating are reversed. Two daughter Cell nucleus nuclei form in the cell. The nuclear envelopes of the daughter cells are formed from the fragments of the nuclear envelope of the parent cell. As the nuclear membrane can form around each pair of chromatid s, the nucleoli reappear. The chromosomes also unwind back into the chromatin they are supposed to be. Telophase accounts for approximately 2 of the cell cycle s duration. Image TelophaseIF.jpg thumb Reappearance of the nuclear membrane and nucleolus the Telophase Cytokinesis usually occurs at the same time that the nuclear envelope is reforming, yet they are distinct processes. In plant cells, vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus move to the middle of the cell along a microtubule scaffold called the phragmoplast . This structure directs packets of cell wall materials which coalesce into a disk shaped structure called a cell plate . The cell plate grows out centrifugally and eventually develops into a proper cell wall, separating the two nuclei. Once this is finished, mitosis is complete, and cytokinesis begins. External links wiktionary http www.macroevolution.net telophase.html Telophase at http www.macroevolution.net telophase.html Online Biology Dictionary commonscat inline Navbox name Cell cycle title Cell cycle group1 Interphase list1 G1 phase S phase G2 phase group2 Cell division M phase list2 Mitosis Prophase , Prometaphase , Metaphase , Anaphase , Telophase Cytokinesis group3 Cell cycle checkpoint s list3 Restriction point Postreplication checkpoint group4 list4 group5 list5 cell biology stub Category cell cycle Category Mitosis bg ca Telofase de Mitose Telophase es Telofase fa ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 image Phragmoplast.png thumb 300px Phragmoplast and cell plate formation in a plant cell during cytokinesis. Left side Phragmoplast forms and cell plate starts to assemble in the center of the cell. Toawards the right Phragmoplast enlarges in a donut shape towards the outside of the cell, leaving behind mature cell plate in the center. The cell plate will transform into the new cell wall once cytokinesis is complete. Cytokinesis in terrestrial plant s occurs by cell plate formation. This process entails the delivery of Golgi apparatus Golgi derived and endosomal vesicles carrying cell wall and cell membrane components to the plane of cell division and the subsequent fusion of these vesicles within this plate. After formation of an early tubulo vesicular network at the center of the cell, the initially labile cell plate consolidates into a tubular network and eventually a fenestrated sheet. The cell plate grows outward from the center of the cell to the parental plasma membrane with which it will fuse, thus completing cell division . Formation and growth of the cell plate is dependent upon the phragmoplast , which is required for proper targeting of Golgi apparatus Golgi derived vesicles to the cell plate. As the cell plate matures in the central part of the cell, the phragmoplast disassembles in this region and new elements are added on its outside. This process leads to a steady expansion of the phragmoplast and, concomitantly, to a continuous retargeting of Golgi apparatus Golgi derived vesicles to the growing edge of the cell plate. Once the cell plate reaches and fuses with the plasma membrane the phragmoplast disappears. This event not only marks the separation of the two daughter cells, but also initiates a range of biochemical modifications that transform the callose rich, flexible cell plate into a cellulose rich, stiff primary cell wall . The heavy dependence of cell plate formation on active Golgi apparatus Golgi stacks expl ... more details
image Phragmoplast.png thumb 300px Phragmoplast and cell plate formation in a plant cell during cytokinesis. Left side Phragmoplast forms and cell plate starts to assemble in the center of the cell. Towards the right Phragmoplast enlarges in a donut shape towards the outside of the cell, leaving behind mature cell plate in the center. The cell plate will transform into the new cell wall once cytokinesis is complete. The phragmoplast is a plant cell specific structure that forms during late cytokinesis . It serves as a scaffold for cell plate assembly and subsequent formation of a new cell wall separating the two daughter cells. The phragmoplast is a complex assembly of microtubules MTs , microfilaments MFs , and endoplasmic reticulum ER elements, that assemble in two opposing sets perpendicular to the plane of the future cell plate during anaphase and telophase . It is initially barrel shaped and forms from the mitotic spindle between the two daughter nuclei while nuclear envelope s reassemble around them. The cell plate initially forms as a disc between the two halves of the phragmoplast structure. While new cell plate material is added to the edges of the growing plate, the phragmoplast microtubules disappear in the center and regenerate at the edges of the growing cell plate. The two structures grow outwards until they reach the outer wall of the dividing cell. If a phragmosome was present in the cell, the phragmoplast and cell plate will grow through the space occupied by the phragmosome. They will reach the parent cell wall exactly at the position formerly occupied by the preprophase band . The microtubules and actin filaments within the phragmoplast serve to guide Vesicle biology vesicles with cell wall material to the growing cell plate. Actin filaments are also possibly involved in guiding the phragmoplast to the site of the former preprophase band location at the parent ... type of microtubule array, a phycoplast , during cytokinesis. References P.H. Raven, R.F. Evert, S.E. ... more details
embryonic cells to address the mechanisms of cytokinesis in animal cells, experiments that focused ... Chronology Twenty Five Years of Seminal Papers on Cytokinesis in the Journal of Experimental Zoology ... Chronology Twenty Five Years of Seminal Papers on Cytokinesis in the Journal of Experimental ... doi 10.1002 jez.a.20000 abstract Cytokinesis in Animal Cells , by R. Rappaport 1996 , Cambridge ... more details
two identical daughter cells during cytokinesis. The breakage is formed by microtubules and the resealing ... at the cleavage furrow of dividing cells during cytokinesis. Electronic version . Proc. Natl. Acad ..., W., & White, J. 2001 . Completion of cytokinesis in C. elegans requires a brefeldin A sensitive ... 746. 5. The Cleavage Furrow contractile ring and Cytokinesis. http cleavagefurrow.mht.Retrieved April ... more details
of PRC1 as the p53 target gene uncovers a novel function of p53 in the regulation of cytokinesis ... formation and cytokinesis. journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 102 issue 2 pages 343 8 year ... regulator of cytokinesis 1, involved in the growth of breast cancer cells. journal Cancer Sci ... more details
wiktionarypar cleavage Cleavage may refer to Cleavage breasts , partial exposure of the separation between a woman s breasts. Cleavage enhancement , methods of making a person s breast cleavage look more substantial than it really is. Buttock cleavage , minor exposure of the buttocks and the gluteal cleft between them Toe cleavage , partial exposure of a woman s toes in shoes Cleavage crystal , in mineralogy and materials science, is a process of splitting a single crystal. Cleavage geology , Foliation perpendicular to stress as a result of ductile deformation. e.g. shales shists Cleavage embryo , in embryology, is the division of cells in the early embryo. Cleavage fiber , in optical fibers. Teeth cleavage or tooth cleavage, slang for Diastema dentistry , the gap between a person s two front teeth. In cell biology, the Cleavage furrow is the indentation that begins the process of cleavage, by which animal cells undergo cytokinesis. Bond cleavage in chemistry and biochemistry Cleavage politics The divisions of society that cause people to vote differently disambig ca Exfoliaci de Spaltung es Clivaje desambiguaci n fr Clivage homonymie nl Splijting no Kl v nds Splitten pt Clivagem tl Cleavage ... more details
Isolecithal Greek iso equal, lekithos yolk refers to the even distribution of yolk in the cytoplasm of ovum s of mammal s and other vertebrates , notably fishes of the families Petromyzontidae , Amiidae , and Lepisosteidae . Isolecithal cells have two equal hemispheres of yolk. However during cellular development, normally under the influence of gravity, some of the yolk settles to the bottom of the egg, producing an uneven distribution of yolky hemispheres. Such uneven cells are known as telolecithal and are common where there is sufficient yolk mass. In the absence of a large concentration of yolk, four major cleavage types can be observed in isolecithal cells radial holoblastic , spiral holoblastic, bilateral holoblastic, and rotational holoblastic cleavage. These holoblastic cleavage planes pass all the way through isolecithal zygote s during the process of cytokinesis . Coeloblastula is the next stage of development for eggs that undergo this radial cleavaging. In mammals, because the isolecithal cells have only a small amount of yolk, they require immediate implantation onto the uterine wall to receive nutrients. See also Cell cycle Centrolecithal Telolecithal References Unreferenced date February 2007 Category Cell biology Cell biology stub ... more details
about parapsychology parapsychological uses such as Psionics psionic abilities Psychokinesis fiction al uses, such as pyrokinesis List of comic book superpowers Unreferenced date August 2009 wiktionary kinesis kinesis , from Greek language Greek , movement, motion , is a Affix suffix that denotes movement. The word Kinesis itself similarly indicates movement, particularly in biology. Cytokinesis The step of cell division following telophase of mitosis , when the cytoplasm is divided into two of roughly equal proportion to the two new daughter cell biology cells . This ensures there will be enough organelle s for each of the new cells. wiktionary diakinesis Diakinesis The last stage of prophase , in which the nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear, spindle fibers form, and the chromosome s shorten in preparation for anaphase . Interkinesis A pause between two phases of meiosis . Karyokinesis Refers specifically to the division and replication of the cell nucleus nucleus . Photokinesis A movement made in response to enabled by the presence of light See also Phototaxis DEFAULTSORT Kinesis Category Greek suffixes vocab stub lang stub de kinese es Quinesis Medicina uk ... more details
For the genus of parasitic protozoa , which causes malaria see Plasmodium A plasmodium is an amoeboid , multinucleate and naked mass of protoplasm having many diploid cell nucleus nuclei and is the result of many nuclear divisions without cytokinesis ref cite book author Sharma OP. title Textbook of Fungi publisher McGraw Hill Higher Education location Boston year 1988 pages 36 39 isbn 0 07 460329 9 ref coenocyte and it usually refers to the feeding stage of macroscopic slime mold s i.e. myxomycetes ref Cite book title Introductory Botany Plants, People, and the Environment first Linda last Berg page 398 edition 2nd year 2008 location Belmont CA publisher Thomson Corporation isbn 0030754534 ref . It can also refer to the multinucleate developmental stages i.e protozoal merogony merogonial plasmodium and sporogony sporogonial plasmodium of intracellular parasite intracellular parasitic Cnidospora cnidosporans Microsporidia and Myxosporidia . References reflist Category Protista Category Amoeboids Category Slime molds protist stub ru ... more details
Polo like kinases Plks are important regulators of the cell cycle . Plks are involved in the formation of and the changes in the mitotic spindle and in the activation of Cyclin dependent kinase CDK cyclin complexes during M phase of the cell cycle .Polo like kinases Plks are a family of conserved serine threonine kinases involved in the regulation of cell cycle progression through G2 and mitosis . Mammalian polo like kinases include Plk1 Xenopus Plx1 , Plk2 Snk Xenopus Plx2 , Plk3 Prk FnK Xenopus Plx3 and Plk4 Sak. Most species have only one form of Plk Drosophila Polo , Schizosaccharomyces pombe Plo1 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdc5 . Polo like kinases are involved in aspects of mitosis that include mitotic entry and exit and cytokinesis . ref http genesdev.cshlp.org content 12 24 3777.full IPolo like kinases a team that plays throughout mitosis ref Structure The catalytic domain of polo like kinases is located in the N terminus. The C terminus of Plks contains one or two motifs known as polo boxes that help localize the kinase to specific mitotic structures during mitosis. These include the centrosomes in early M phase, the spindle apparatus spindle midzone in early and late anaphase and the midbody during cytokinesis. ref http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov entrez eutils elink.fcgi?dbfrom pubmed&cmd prlinks&retmode ref&id 8510757 A conserved mitotic kinase active at late anaphase telophase in syncytial Drosophila embryos ref Cell Cycle Regulation Plks mediate G2 M transitions, activation of cdc25 and mitotic processes including centrosome maturation, bipolar spindle formation, activation of the anaphase promoting complex APC , chromosome segregation, and actin ring formation cytokinesis . Plk1 is involved in the regulation of key steps during cell division, DNA damage repair pathways, apoptosis, and the progression of the cell cycle. ref http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed 16627997?dopt Abstract&holding f1000,f1000m,isrctn Polo like kinases a team in control of the division. ... more details
. title Dissecting temporal and spatial control of cytokinesis with a myosin II Inhibitor. journal ... in cytokinesis. journal Mol. Biol. Cell volume 16 issue 6 pages 2891 902 year 2005 pmid 15800069 ... during late cytokinesis. journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 280 issue 39 pages 33516 24 year 2005 pmid 16040610 ... of the contractile ring and the initiation of cytokinesis. journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. ... more details
liver regeneration, and is thought to have an important role in the regulation of cytokinesis. ref ... al. title Accumulation of GTP bound RhoA during cytokinesis and a critical role of ECT2 in this accumulation ... factor ECT2 is induced by growth factors and regulates cytokinesis through the N terminal cell ... are required for both negative and positive regulation of Ect2 in cytokinesis. journal J. Biol ... 1 induces cytokinesis without chromosome segregation in an ECT2 and MgcRacGAP dependent manner. journal ... and the initiation of cytokinesis. journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 102 issue 37 pages ... M, Inoue H, et al. title Cytokinesis regulator ECT2 changes its conformation through phosphorylation ... of the cytokinesis regulator ECT2 at G2 M phase stimulates association of the mitotic kinase ... regulates ECT2 and RhoA accumulation at the equatorial cortex during cytokinesis. journal ... more details
KNOLLE, which is required for cytokinesis and was the first protein known to exclusively target the cell plate in plant cells. ref Lukowitz, W., Mayer, U., J rgens, G. 1996 . Cytokinesis in the Arabidopsis ... . The Arabidopsis KNOLLE protein is a cytokinesis specific syntaxin. J. Cell Biol. 139, 1485 1493. ref ... more details
, S, and G2 phases. Mitosis and cytokinesis however, are separate from interphase. Interphase within ... enters a relatively brief period of nuclear and cellular division, composed of mitosis and cytokinesis, respectively. After the successful completion of mitosis and cytokinesis, both resulting daughter ... and cytokinesis of the Cell division M phase . In alternative fashion, interphase is sometimes ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Invagination means to fold inward or to sheath. In biology , this can refer to a number of processes. Invagination is the morphogenetic processes by which an embryo takes form, and is the initial step of gastrulation , the massive reorganization of the embryo from a simple spherical ball of Cell biology cells , the blastula , into a multi layered organism , with differentiated germ layer s endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. More localized invaginations also occur later in embryonic development, to form coelom, etc. Invagination is the formation of a cleavage furrow during cytokinesis in animal cells. The inner membrane of a mitochondrion invaginates to form cristae, thus providing a much greater surface area to accommodate the protein complexes and other participants that produce ATP. Invagination occurs during endocytosis and exocytosis when a vesicle forms within the cell and the membrane closes around it. Invagination of a part of the intestine into another part is called Intussusception medical disorder intussusception . In the humanities Used to explain a special kind of metanarrative . Used by Rosalind Krauss and Jacques Derrida The Law of Genre , Glyph 7 1980 . In Geology Used to describe a deep depression of strata. Used by Donald L. Baars in The Colorado Plateau Category Cellular processes Category Developmental biology Developmental biology stub es Invaginaci n pt Invagina o ... more details
Callose is a plant polysaccharide . It is composed of glucose residues linked together through 1,3 linkages, and is termed a beta glucan &beta glucan . It is thought to be manufactured at the plant cell wall cell wall by callose synthases and is degraded by 1,3 glucanase s. It is laid down at plasmodesmata , at the cell plate during cytokinesis and during pollen development. It is produced in response to wounding, infection by pathogens, aluminium and abscisic acid . Deposits often appear on the sieve plates at the end of the growing season. ref Bell, Peter and Hemsley, Alan 2000 Green Plants Their Origin and Diversity 2nd ed. ISBN 0 521 64109 8 ref Callose also forms immediately around the developing meiocyte s and tetrads of sexually reproducing angiosperm s but is not found in related apomixis apomictic taxa. ref Carman J.G., Crane C.F., Riera Lizarazu O. 1991. Comparative Histology of Cell Walls during Meiotic and Apomeiotic Megasporogenesis in Two Hexaploid Australasian Elymus Species. Crop Science 31 1527 1532 ref See also Curdlan References reflist Category Polysaccharides biochem stub ca Cal losa de Callose eo Kalozo it Callosio ja ... more details
the Midbody Integrity and Cell Abscission during Cytokinesis journal Mol. Biol. Cell volume ... Carlton JG, Martin Serrano J title Parallels between cytokinesis and retroviral budding a role for the ESCRT ... and ALIX proteins interact with proteins of the midbody and function in cytokinesis journal EMBO J ... more details
Refimprove date November 2009 The middle lamella is a pectin layer which cements the cell wall s of two adjoining Plant cell cells together. Plants need this to give them stability and so that they can form plasmodesmata between the cells. It is the first formed layer which is deposited at the time of cytokinesis . The cell plate that is formed during cell division itself develops into middle lamella or lamellum. The middle lamella is made up of calcium and magnesium pectates. Citation needed date November 2009 In plants, the pectins form an unified and continuous layer between adjacent cells. Frequently, it is difficult to distinguish the middle lamella from the primary wall, especially in cells that develop thick secondary walls. In such cases, the two adjacent primary walls and the middle lamella, and perhaps the first layer of the secondary wall of each cell, may be called a compound middle lamella. In multicelluar organisms, when middle lamella dissolves, the cells get isolated from each other. ref Raven, P 2005 . Biology of plants , 54. ref If enzymes degrade the middle lamella, the adjacent cells will separate. References reflist 2.Telugu Akademi Hyderabad Intermediate first year Botany DEFAULTSORT Middle Lamella Category Cell biology Category Plant anatomy botany stub de Mittellamelle es Laminilla media eu Erdiko lamela pl Blaszka rodkowa ... more details
Taxobox name Coleochaete regnum Plantae divisio Charophyta classis Coleochaetophyceae ordo Coleochaetales subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Chaetosphaeridium ref Cite journal doi 10.3732 ajb.91.3.313 title Cytokinesis in Coleochaete orbicularis Charophyceae an ancestral mechanism inherited by plants year 2004 author Cook, M. E. journal American Journal of Botany volume 91 pages 313 20 issue 3 pmid 21653388 ref br Coleochaete The Coleochaetales are an order of parenchyma parenchymous charophyte algae, ref name urlLife History and Ecology of the Coleochaetales cite web url http www.ucmp.berkeley.edu greenalgae charophyta coleochaetaleslh.html title Life History and Ecology of the Coleochaetales work accessdate ref so they represents one of the most primitive multicellular relatives of land plants ref name Becker2009 Cite journal last1 Becker first1 B. last2 Marin first2 B. year 2009 title Streptophyte algae and the origin of embryophytes journal Annals of Botany volume 103 pages 999 1004 url http aob.oxfordjournals.org cgi content abstract 103 7 999 doi 10.1093 aob mcp044 pmid 19273476 issue 7 pmc 2707909 ref . They questionably include the fossil genus Parka genus Parka . References reflist Plant classification Category Charophyta alga stub ca Coleoquetal es Coleochaetales fr Coleochaetophyceae ko pt Coleochaetales ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
