, preventing cytolysis. If the cell can pump out enough solutes so that an Tonicity Isotonicity isotonic ... books.google.com books?id BZUaAAAAIAAJ&pg PA142&dq Cytolysis wikipedia doi page 240 pages Category ... more details
Lysis can refer to Lysis , the dissolving of cell biology cells known more specifically as cytolysis Lysis disease , the reduction of symptom s of a disease Lysis dialogue , a dialogue of Plato about friendship philia Lysis of Taras , a Greek philosopher Lytic cycle , one of the two cycles of virus viral reproduction , the other being the lysogenic cycle disambig de Lysis nl Lysis ... more details
when used on gram negative bacteria . Cytolysis main Cytolysis Image Osmotic pressure on whole blood cells diagram.svg thumb 200px right blood cells under different solutions Cytolysis is the lysis ... a lower salt concentration than the cell interior . Cytolysis is caused by excessive osmosis , or movement ... cells are located in hypotonic environments. Cytolysis can be prevented by several different ... pump water out of the cell. Cytolysis does not occur under normal conditions in plant cells because ... otherwise cause cytolysis to occur. Plasmolysis Image Rhoeo Discolor Plasmolysis.jpg thumbnail ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A crude lysate is the solution produced when cell biology cells are destroyed by disrupting their cell membrane s, often with detergent or other chaotropic agent , sometimes by freeze thawing liquid nitrogen, 37c, 1 min vortex , in a process known as cytolysis . This releases the contents within the cell. Crude cell lysates are routinely produced in biochemistry and cell biology laboratories during the process of protein purification , although purified cellular organelle s can also be retrieved from the solution. After a crude lysate has been generated, the first step in processing a crude lysate is often ultracentrifugation , which separates the solution into distinct bands containing organelles, membrane lipid s, protein s, and nucleic acid s. The crude lysate can also be analyzed directly without further processing or purification by such methods as Coomassie Brilliant Blue Coomassie blue staining of polyacrylamide gels or Western blotting. Category Cell biology Cell biology stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Myo cytolysis refers to a degenerative change often reversible that occurs to Muscle fiber myocyte s upon myocardial strain . This phenomenon tends to occur when neighboring cardiac muscle loses its ability to contract i.e. in ischemia or infarction . The remaining viable muscles, as the result, strain to compensate for the loss of other muscles in order to deliver the necessary cardiac output . During the process, myocardial cells are stretched and stressed to produce new contractile element s. The histopathology of myocytolysis typically present with lighter Staining biology stain ed cytoplasm with clear patches , which is the result of presence of glycogen in place of contractile elements in the cytoplasm. See also Myocardial infarction Myocardial ischaemia External links http www.brown.edu Courses Digital Path systemic path cardio mi myocytolysis.html disease stub Category Cardiomyopathy Category Ischemic heart diseases ... more details
Granulysin is a substance released by cytotoxic T cell s CD8 when they are attached to infected body cells. It functions to create holes in the target cell membrane and destroy it. Granulysin is able to induce apoptosis in target cells and also has antimicrobial action Ref immunobiology6ed . Granulysin is a cytolysis cytolytic and inflammation proinflammatory molecule first identified by subtractive hybridization during a search for genes expressed by human cytotoxic T lymphocytes 3 5 days after their activation. It is expressed in Granule cell biology cytolytic granule s with perforin , a pore forming protein, and granzyme s that are also involved in cytolysis. Granulysin is broadly antimicrobial , killing microbe s that cause, for example, tuberculosis and malaria, and can destroy some tumors. A series of peptide s generated from the amino acid sequence of granulysin are potential antibiotic s. References note immunobiology6ed cite book author Janeway, Charles title Immunobiology the immune system in health and disease publisher Garland Science location New York year 2005 isbn 0 8153 4101 6 edition 6th Krista Conger. http news service.stanford.edu news 2003 november12 grant.html Grant to fund research into preventing bioterrorism , Stanford Report, November 12, 2003. cite journal doi 10.1126 science.282.5386.121 author Stenger S, Hanson DA, Teitelbaum R, et al. title An antimicrobial activity of cytolytic T cells mediated by granulysin journal Science volume 282 issue 5386 pages 121 5 year 1998 month October pmid 9756476 url http www.sciencemag.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 9756476 cite journal author Pe a SV, Hanson DA, Carr BA, Goralski TJ, Krensky AM title Processing, subcellular localization, and function of 519 granulysin , a human late T cell activation molecule with homology to small, lytic, granule proteins journal J. Immunol. volume 158 issue 6 pages 2680 8 year 1997 month March pmid 9058801 url http www.jimmunol.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 9058 ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 385631746 ImageFile Proamanullin structure.png ImageSize 200px ImageFile1 ImageSize1 IUPACName OtherNames 2 L Proline 3 isoleucine alpha amanitin Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 54532 46 6 PubChem 171350 SMILES O C NCC N C C NCC N C H C3 C N C H CC N O C N5 C H 4CCC5 O O O O H C H C CC O C H CC1 C S3 O NC2 C1C CC O C2 NC C C H C CC H N C 4 O O Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 39 sub H sub 54 sub N sub 10 sub O sub 11 sub S MolarMass 870.97 g mol Appearance Colorless, odorless Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Promanullin is a Cyclic compound cyclic nonribosomal peptide . It is an amatoxin , all of which are found in several members of the Amanita genus of mushroom s. Toxicology Like other amatoxins , proamanullin is an inhibitor of RNA polymerase II . Promanullin has a specific attraction to the enzyme RNA polymerase II. Upon ingestion, it binds to the RNA polymerase II enzyme, effectively causing cytolysis of hepatocyte s liver cells . ref cite journal author Cochet Meilhac M, Chambon P title Animal DNA dependent RNA polymerases. 11. Mechanism of the inhibition of RNA polymerases B by amatoxins journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta volume 353 issue 2 pages 160 84 year 1974 month June pmid 4601749 doi url ref See also Mushroom poisoning References reflist External links http dohs.ors.od.nih.gov pdf Amatoxins 20REVISED.pdf Amatoxins REVISED Poisonous Amanitas Toxins Category Peptides Category Amatoxins Category Hepatology Category Indoles fi Proamanulliini ... more details
Italic title Taxobox image image width image caption regnum Bacteria divisio Firmicutes classis Clostridia familia Clostridiaceae genus Clostridium species Cl. histolyticum binomial Clostridium histolyticum binomial authority Weinberg and Sé guin 1916 br Bergey, Harrison, Breed, Hammer, and Huntoon 1923 Clostridium histolyticum or CLOHI is an Anaerobic organism anaerobic , Motility motile , gram positive bacterium that thrives in feces and soil . The ammonia and protease s it produces, including several collagenase s, digest protein s outside its body into amino acid s, which it eats. When Cl. histolyticum infects an open wound , it can also Necrosis necrotize tissue for consumption by secreting an exotoxin that induces cytolysis . In the mid 1910s, Michel Weinberg and Pierre S guin found this species to be the primary pathogen in cases of gas gangrene . After isolating the bacteria from patients suffering from this condition, Weinberg and S guin originally classified Cl. histolyticum as a member of the genus Bacillus . Heller renamed the species Weinbergillus histolyticus in 1922, and in the following year Bergey, Harrison, et al. reclassified it as a Clostridium species. Collagenase clostridium histolyticum Collagenase clostridium histolyticum , a collagenase produced by this species, is applied for the medical treatment of Chronic medicine chronic conditions characterized by excessive collagen deposition. See also Chemoorganotroph References Citation last Oakley first C.L. last2 Warrack first2 G. Harriet title The Alpha, Beta and Gamma Antigens of Clostridium histolyticum Weinberg & Sé guin, 1916 journal Journal of General Microbiology volume 4 pages 365 373 date 14 January 1950 url http mic.sgmjournals.org cgi reprint 4 3 365.pdf format PDF MeshName Clostridium histolyticum 3 Clostridium histolyticum NCBI 1498 Clostridium histolyticum Weinberg and Sé guin, 1916 UniProt Taxonomy name Clostridium histolyticum id 1498 accessdate 2011 01 18 Bacteri ... more details
Turgor pressure pushes the cell membrane plasma membrane against the cell wall of plant, bacteria, and fungi cells as well as those protist cells which have cell walls. This pressure, turgidity , is caused by the osmosis osmotic flow of water from area of low solute concentration outside of the cell into the cell s vacuole, which has a higher solute concentration. Healthy plant cells are turgid and plants rely on turgidity to maintain rigidity. In contrast, this phenomenon is not observed in animal cells which have no cell walls to prevent them from being cytolysis burst by the flow of water into the cell and must either contractile vacuole continually pump out water or live in extracellular fluid an isotonic solution where there is no osmotic pressure. Mechanism File Turgor pressure on plant cells diagram.svg thumb right 375px A physical phenomenon known as osmosis causes water to flow from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration until the two areas have an equal ratio of solute to water. Normally, the solute diffusion diffuses toward equilibrium as well however, all cells are surrounded by a lipid bilayer cell membrane which permits the flow of water in and out of the cell but restricts the flow of solute under many circumstances. As a result, when a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, water rushes into the membrane, increasing its volume. Eventually, the cell s membrane is enlarged such that it pushes against the cell s rigid cell wall wall . At this point the cell is said to be turgid . ref name campbell134 Cite book title Biology last1 Campbell last2 Reece last3 Urry last4 Cain last5 Wasserman last6 Minorsky last7 Jackson first1 Neil A. first2 Jane B. first3 Lisa A. first4 Michael L. first5 Steven A. first6 Peter V. first7 Robert B. edition 8th isbn 978 0 8053 6844 4 page 134 year 2008 ref In an isotonic solution, water flows into the cell at the same rate it flows out. The pressure pushing the cell s membrane against its ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 401797308 ImageFile Amanullin structure.png ImageSize 200px ImageFile1 Amanullin with tube model.png ImageSize1 200px IUPACName OtherNames 3 Isoleucine alpha amanitin Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 102814 StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C39H54N10O12S c1 5 17 3 31 36 58 42 13 29 53 43 26 16 62 61 38 22 21 8 7 19 50 9 23 21 46 38 11 24 33 55 41 14 30 54 47 31 44 37 59 32 18 4 6 2 48 35 57 27 10 20 51 15 49 27 39 60 25 12 28 40 52 45 34 26 56 h7 9,17 18,20,24 27,31 32,46,50 51H,5 6,10 16H2,1 4H3, H2,40,52 H,41,55 H,42,58 H,43,53 H,44,59 H,45,56 H,47,54 H,48,57 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey QQLVIKWYAVVKKF UHFFFAOYSA N SMILES1 O C2N1CC O CC1C O NC C O NC5C O NCC O NC C O NCC O NC C O NC2CC O N CS O c4c c3ccc O cc3n4 C5 C C CC C C CC CASNo 21803 57 6 PubChem 114856 SMILES O C NCC N C C NCC N C H C3 C N C H CC N O C N5 C H 4C C H O C5 O O O O H C H C CC O C H CC1 C S3 O NC2 C1C CC O C2 NC C C H C CC H N C 4 O O Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 39 sub H sub 54 sub N sub 10 sub O sub 12 sub S MolarMass 886.86 g mol Appearance Colorless, crystalline solid Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Soluble SolubleOther Soluble Solvent ethanol , methanol Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Amanullin is a Cyclic compound cyclic nonribosomal peptide . It is an amatoxin , all of which are found in several members of the Amanita genus of mushroom s. The oral LD50 of amanullin is approximately 20 mg kg in mice, however it is non toxic in humans. Toxicology Like other amatoxins , amanullin is an inhibitor of RNA polymerase II . Amanullin has a species dependent and specific attraction to the enzyme RNA polymerase II. Upon ingestion, it binds to the RNA polymerase II enzyme, effectively causing cytolysis of hepatocyte s liver cells . ref cite journal author Cochet Meilhac M, Chambon P title Animal DNA dependent RNA p ... more details
Copurification in a chemistry chemical or biochemistry biochemical context is the physical separation process separation by chromatography or other list of purification methods in chemistry purification technique of two or more substances of interest from other contamination contaminating substances. For substances to co purify usually implies that these substances attract each other to form a noncovalent bonding non covalent complex chemistry complex such as in a protein complex . ref name isbn0 87969 628 1 cite book author Golemis, Erica authorlink editor others title Protein protein interactions a molecular cloning manual edition language publisher Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press location Plainview, N.Y year 2002 origyear pages quote isbn 0 87969 628 1 oclc doi url accessdate ref However when fractionation fractionating mixtures, especially mixtures containing large numbers of components for example a Lysis Cytolysis cell lysate , it is possible by chance that some components may copurify even though they don t form complexes. In this context the term copurification is sometimes used to denote when two biochemical activities or some other property are isolated together after purification but it is not certain if the sample has been purified to homogeneity i.e., contains only one molecular species or one molecular complex . Hence these activities or properties are likely but not guaranteed to reside on the same molecule or in the same molecular complex. Applications Copurification procedures, such as co immunoprecipitation , are commonly used to analyze interactions between proteins. ref name isbn0 12 544169 X cite book author Schon, Eric A. Pon, Liza A. authorlink editor others title Mitochondria edition series Methods in Cell Biology volume 65 language publisher Academic Press location Boston year 2001 origyear pages 218 219 quote isbn 0 12 544169 X oclc doi url accessdate ref Copurification is one method used to map the interactome of living organisms. ref ... more details
About the toxin the fictional beings with the same name List of Star Wars races A E Amanin Chembox verifiedrevid 399502986 ImageFile Amanin.png ImageSize 200px IUPACName OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 28316 InChI 1 C39H53N9O14S c1 5 16 2 31 36 59 41 12 28 52 42 26 15 63 62 38 22 21 7 6 19 50 8 23 21 45 38 10 24 33 56 40 13 29 53 46 31 43 37 60 32 17 3 18 4 49 47 35 58 27 9 20 51 14 48 27 39 61 25 11 30 54 55 44 34 26 57 h6 8,16 18,20,24 27,31 32,45,49 51H,5,9 15H2,1 4H3, H,40,56 H,41,59 H,42,52 H,43,60 H,44,57 H,46,53 H,47,58 H,54,55 InChIKey OFILNAORONITPV UHFFFAOYAZ SMILES1 O C2N1CC O CC1C O NC C O NC5C O NCC O NC C O NCC O NC C O NC2CC O O CS O c4c c3ccc O cc3n4 C5 C C CC C C C O C StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C39H53N9O14S c1 5 16 2 31 36 59 41 12 28 52 42 26 15 63 62 38 22 21 7 6 19 50 8 23 21 45 38 10 24 33 56 40 13 29 53 46 31 43 37 60 32 17 3 18 4 49 47 35 58 27 9 20 51 14 48 27 39 61 25 11 30 54 55 44 34 26 57 h6 8,16 18,20,24 27,31 32,45,49 51H,5,9 15H2,1 4H3, H,40,56 H,41,59 H,42,52 H,43,60 H,44,57 H,46,53 H,47,58 H,54,55 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey OFILNAORONITPV UHFFFAOYSA N CASNo 21150 21 0 PubChem 30508 SMILES O C NCC N C C NCC N C H C3 C N C H CC O O C N5 C H 4C C H O C5 O O O O H C H C CC O C H CC1 C S3 O NC2 C1C CC C2 NC C C H C C H O CO H N C 4 O O Section2 Chembox Properties Appearance C 39 H 53 N 9 O 14 S 1 Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Amanin is a Cyclic compound cyclic peptide . It is one of the amatoxin s, all of which are found in several members of the Amanita genus of mushroom s. Toxicology Like other amatoxins, amanin is an inhibitor of RNA polymerase II . Upon ingestion, it binds to the RNA polymerase II enzyme which completely prevents Messenger RNA mRNA synthesis , effectively causing cytolysis of hepatocyte s liver cells and kidney kidney ... more details
PBB geneid 5551 Perforin 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRF1 gene . ref name pmid1505959 cite journal author Fink TM, Zimmer M, Weitz S, Tschopp J, Jenne DE, Lichter P title Human perforin PRF1 maps to 10q22, a region that is syntenic with mouse chromosome 10 journal Genomics volume 13 issue 4 pages 1300 2 year 1992 month Sep pmid 1505959 pmc doi 10.1016 0888 7543 92 90050 3 ref ref name pmid2592021 cite journal author Shinkai Y, Yoshida MC, Maeda K, Kobata T, Maruyama K, Yodoi J, Yagita H, Okumura K title Molecular cloning and chromosomal assignment of a human perforin PFP gene journal Immunogenetics volume 30 issue 6 pages 452 7 year 1990 month Jan pmid 2592021 pmc doi 10.1007 BF02421177 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene PRF1 perforin 1 pore forming protein url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 5551 accessdate ref Function Perforin is a cytolysis cytolytic protein found in the granules of Cytotoxic T cell Cytotoxic T lymphocytes CTLs and Natural killer cell NK cells . Upon degranulation , perforin inserts itself into the target cell s plasma membrane , forming a pore. The lytic membrane inserting part of perforin is the MACPF domain. ref cite journal author Tschopp J, Masson D, Stanley KK title Structural functional similarity between proteins involved in complement and cytotoxic T lymphocyte mediated cytolysis journal Nature volume 322 issue 6082 pages 831 4 year 1986 pmid 2427956 doi 10.1038 322831a0 ref This region shares homology with cholesterol dependent cytolysin s from Gram positive bacteria. ref name macpfstructure Perforin has structural and functional similarities to complement component 9 C9 . Like C9, this protein creates transmembrane tubule s and is capable of lysing non specifically a variety of target cells. This protein is one of the main cytolytic proteins of cytolytic granules, and it is known to be a key effector molecule for T cell and natural killer cell mediated cyto ... more details
together to disrupt the target cell s plasma membrane leading to cytolysis of the cell. The complement ... of both innate immunity and acquired immunity. Activation of this system leads to cytolysis ... more details
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