Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A cytostome or cell mouth is a part of a cell specialized for phagocytosis , usually in the form of a microtubule supported funnel or groove. Food is directed into the cytostome, and sealed into vacuole s. Only certain groups of protozoa , such as the ciliate s and excavate s, have cytostomes. Such examples include Balantidium coli a ciliate. In others, and in cells from multicellular organisms, phagocytosis takes place at any point on the cell or feeding takes place by absorption. Category Organelles Cell biology stub cs Bun n sta de Cytostom es Citostoma fr Cytostome it Citostoma ja pl Cytostom pt Citostoma sr ... more details
Membranelles also membranellae are structures found around the mouth, or cytostome, in ciliate protist s. They are typically arranged in series, to form an adoral zone of membranelles, or AZM, on the left side of the buccal cavity peristome . ref Lynn, Denis. The Ciliated Protozoa. Springer, 2008. p. 31. ISBN 978 1 4020 8238 2 e ISBN 978 1 4020 8239 9 ref The membranelles are made up of kinetosome s arranged in groups to make up polykinetids . The cilia which emerge from these structures appear to fused and to function as a single membrane, which can be used to sweep particles of food into the cytostome, or for locomotion. ref Kudo, Richard R. Protozoology. 4th ed. Charles C. Thomas, 1954. p. 59. ref reflist Category Organelles protist stub de Membranelle fr Membranelle ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Climacostomum virens regnum Animal ia phylum Protazoa classis ordo familia genus Climacostomum species C. virens binomial Climacostomum virens binomial authority Climacostomum virens is a species of protazoa ns. Description The species are green coloured, and are flattened and ovoid ed in shape. It have somatic ciliation uniform, with a peristome , that have a large AZM on the left edge. The AZM spirals down to the cytostome , which is on the right. It also haven a contractile vacuole posterior , that is connected to two longitudinal canal s. ref http protist.i.hosei.ac.jp PDB Images Ciliophora Climacostomum virens.html Description ref References Reflist Category Heterotrichea Protist stub ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Blepharisma japonicum domain Eukaryote regnum Animal ia phylum Protozoa classis Heterotrich ea ordo Heterotrich ida familia Blepharismidae genus Blepharisma species B. japonicum binomial Blepharisma japonicum binomial authority Suzuki , 1954 Blepharisma japonicum is a species of protozoa ns, that can be found in Japan . Description The body of an organism is elongate d and ovoid ed. It have curved anterior apex that is over the peristome . It have cytostome which is a two layered undulating membrane , on the right front edge, and also contractile vacuole with cytopyge terminal. It is either brown or rose coloured. ref http protist.i.hosei.ac.jp PDB Images Ciliophora Blepharisma japonicum.html Description ref References Reflist Category Animals described in 1954 ... more details
Nofootnotes date February 2008 Trichodina is a genus of ciliate protist s that is commensalism ectocommensal or parasite parasitic on aquatic animals, particularly fish . They are characterised by the presence of a ring of interlocking cytoskeletal denitcles, which provide support for the cell and allow for adhesion to surfaces including fish tissue. Taxobox name Trichodina image Trich2.jpg image width 250px image caption Scanning electron micrograph of Trichodina on the gills of a mullet regnum Animal ia phylum Ciliophora classis Oligohymenophorea Taxonomy Trichodinids are members of the peritrichous ciliates, a paraphyletic group within the Oligohymenophorea . Specifically, they are mobiline peritrichs because they are capable of locomotion, as opposed to sessiline peritrichs such as Vorticella and Epistylis , which adhere to the substrate via a stalk or lorica. There are over 150 species in the genus Trichodina . Trichodinella , Tripartiella , Hemitrichodina , Paratrichodina and Vauchomia are similar genera. Morphology Trichodinids are round ciliates that may be disc shaped or hemispherical. The cytostome cell mouth is on the surface that faces away from the host this is termed the oral surface. The other side, or adoral surface, attaches to the skin of the host or other substrate. There is a spiral of cilia leading towards the cytostome and several rings of cilia at the periphery of the cell, responsible for creating adhesive suction and locomotory power. In the taxonomy of trichodinids, the exact number, shape and arrangement of the cytoskeletal denticles is critical for determining taxonomic relationships. These characters are usually revealed by silver nitrate staining of microscope slides, which stains the cell cytoplasm black and leaves the denticles white. Life history Trichodinids have a simple direct life cycle. That is, they have a single host and do not use alternation of generations or mass asexual replication off the host. The reproduce by binary fis ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Opalina regnum Chromalveolata divisio Heterokont ophyta classis Opaline a ordo Opalinida familia Opalinidae genus Opalina genus authority Purkinye & Valentin, 1835 subdivision ranks Species subdivision Opalina so named by J. E. Purkinje and G. Valentin , is a genus of Protozoa found in the intestines of frog s and toad s. It is without a mouth or contractile vacuole , covered with nearly equal flagelliform cilia , and possessing numerous nuclei, all similar. All the species are obligate endosymbionts, most likely commensal, improbably parasitic, in cold blooded vertebrate s. Its body is leaf like. Cytostome is absent and nutrition is saprozoic , suggestive of its Commensalism commensal role . An example of a species is Opalina ranarum . ref name pmid17113476 cite journal author Woolley DM title Newly discovered linkages between the cortical pellicular ridges of Opalina journal Eur. J. Protistol. volume 42 issue 4 pages 309 11 year 2006 month November pmid 17113476 doi 10.1016 j.ejop.2006.08.002 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S0932 4739 06 00050 2 ref Opalina is a girl s name of Indian Hindu origin and means a Precious Stone . Taken from opal a semiprecious gemstone which reflects light in a dazzling display of colors , which is ultimately derived from the Sanskrit word upala precious stone, jewel . Variations of this name include Opal, Opale, Opala, Opalah, Opalia, Opaline, Opalyn, Opalyna, Opalynah, Opalyne. References reflist 1911 Heterokont Category Heterokonts chromalveolate stub cs Opalina ka ja ... more details
are ingested through a cytostome , supported by microtubules. These are often packed together to form ... colourless Euglena and Hyalophacus colourless Phacus . Since they lack a developed cytostome, these forms ... more details
distinguish flagellation Image Flagellata 1.png thumb left Flagellata from Encyclop dia Britannica Image Haeckel Flagellata.jpg thumb Flagellata from Ernst Haeckel s Kunstformen der Natur Artforms of Nature , 1904 Image Giardia lamblia.jpg thumb Parasitic excavate Giardia lamblia Image Chlamydomonas 10000x .jpg thumb Green alga Chlamydomonas Flagellates are organisms with one or more whip like organelles called flagellum flagella . Some cells in animal s may be flagellate, for instance the spermatozoa of most phylum phyla . Flowering plant s do not produce flagellate cells, but fern s, moss es, green algae , some gymnosperms and other closely related plants do. Likewise, most fungus fungi do not produce cells with flagellae, but the primitive fungal chytrid s do. Many protist s take the form of single celled flagellates. The word flagellate describe a particular construction of eukaryotic organism and its means of motion. The term does not imply any specific relationship or classification of the organisms that possess flagellae. However, the term flagellate is included in other terms such as dinoflagellate and zooflagellate which often are more formally characterized. ref name pmid8868448 cite journal author Cavalier Smith T title Zooflagellate phylogeny and classification journal Tsitologiia volume 37 issue 11 pages 1010 29 year 1995 pmid 8868448 doi url ref Form and behavior Eukaryotic flagella are supported by microtubule s in a characteristic arrangement, with nine fused pairs surrounding two central singlets. These arise from a basal body or kinetosome, with microtubule roots that are an important part of the cell s brain. In some, for instance, they support a cytostome or mouth, where food is ingested. The flagella often supports hairs, called mastigonemes, or contain rods. Their ultrastructure plays an important role in classifying eukaryote s. In protoctists and microscopic animals, flagella are generally used for propulsion. They may also be used to create ... more details
Taxobox color khaki name Suctoria image Suctoria wiki.jpg domain Eukaryote Eukaryota regnum Chromalveolata superphylum Alveolata phylum Ciliate Ciliophora classis Phyllopharyngea subclassis Suctoria subclassis authority Clapar de & Lachmann biologist Lachmann 1858 small subdivision ranks Typical orders subdivision Exogenida br Endogenida br Evaginogenida Suctoria are sessile ciliate s which feed by extracellular digestion and lack cilia in the adult phase. ref name Juneja Cite book last1 Juneja first1 Kavita last2 Bhamrah first2 title An Introduction to Protozoa date publisher Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd location isbn 81 261 0679 4 pages 204 207 ref They were originally thought to feed by suction &ndash hence their name. ref name Rudzinska1973 cite jstor 1296568 ref In fact, they use specialized microtubules to ensnare and manipulate their prey. ref name Rudzinska1973 They are found in both freshwater and marine environments, including some which live on the surface of aquatic animals, and typically feed on other ciliates. Instead of a single cytostome , each cell feeds by means of several specialized tentacles. These are supported by microtubules and phyllae, and have toxic extrusome s called haptocysts at the tip which attach to prey. Its cytoplasm is then sucked directly into a food vacuole inside the cell, where its contents are digested and absorbed. Most suctoria are around 15 30 m in size, with a non contractile stalk and often a Lorica biology lorica or shell. Image Suctoria1 wiki.jpg thumb 400px Suctoria sucking a colpidium. Suctoria reproduce primarily by budding, producing swarmers which lack both tentacles and stalks but have cilia. They may also reproduce through conjugation, which is peculiar in involving cells of different size and often involves total fusion. The way in which buds are formed is the primary way the different orders of suctoria are distinguished. Among the Exogenida , including common genera like Podophrya and Sphaerophrya , they appea ... more details
Taxobox domain Eukaryota unranked phylum Rhizaria unranked classis Cercozoa ordo Cryomonadida ordo authority Thomas Cavalier Smith Cavalier Smith , 1993 Cryomonadida is a group of heterotrophy heterotrophic protist s, that belong to the Cercozoa . ref cite journal author Thomas Cavalier Smith & Ema E. Y. Chao title Phylogeny and classification of phylum Cercozoa Protozoa journal Protist journal Protist volume 154 issue 3 4 pages 341 358 year 2003 pmid 14658494 doi 10.1078 143446103322454112 ref Characteristics Members of the Cryomonadida are single celled organism s that are surrounded by a shell comprising layers of organic material. They possess two unequally long flagellum flagella , and a single nucleus cell nucleus with a distinct nucleolus . They have a laterally located cytostome , from which pseudopodia arise. Systematics The order biology order Cryomonadida was erected in 1993 for the genus Cryothecomonas . In 2005, Sina Adl et al. did not include the order in their classification, but placed the genus incertae sedis among the Cercozoa . ref cite journal author Sina M. Adl, Alastair G. B. Simpson, Mark A. Farmer, Robert A. Andersen, O. Roger Anderson et al. year 2005 title The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists journal Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology volume 52 issue 5 pages 399 451 doi 10.1111 j.1550 7408.2005.00053.x pmid 16248873 ref It became clear, however, that other genera, and taxa known only from environmental DNA , belonged in this group, and so in 2008 Jan Pawlowski placed the Cryomonadida as part of the core Cercozoa. ref name Pawlowski cite journal author Jan Pawlowsk year 2008 title The twilight of Sarcodina a molecular perspective on the polyphyletic origin of amoeboid protists journal Protistology volume 5 issue 4 pages 281 302 url http protistology.ifmo.ru num5 4 pawlowski.pdf format Portable Document Format PDF ref Within the Cercozoa, the sister taxon to Cryomonadida is Ebriacea Pseud ... more details
40 5 pages 51 ref Next to the reservoir, lies Peranema s highly developed feeding apparatus, a cytostome ... into the cytostome . ref name Nisbet1974 In 1997, Richard Triemer returned to the subject, to confirm ... flagellates through the cytostome, in a manner similar to that proposed by Brenda Nisbet. However, it can also choose a more elaborate style of attack. Sometimes, it will press its cytostome against ... more details
Taxobox image Two Euglena.jpg image width image caption Two Euglena domain Eukarya regnum Excavata phylum Euglenozoa phylum authority Thomas Cavalier Smith Cavalier Smith , 1981 ref name C S1981 cite journal author T. Cavalier Smith title Eukaryote Kingdoms Seven or Nine? journal BioSystems year 1981 volume 14 pages 461 481 doi 10.1016 0303 2647 81 90050 2 pmid 7337818 issue 3 4 ref subdivision ranks Classes and unplaced genera subdivision Euglenid Euglenoidea br Kinetoplastid Kinetoplastea br Diplonemid Diplonemea br Postgaardi br Calkinsia The Euglenozoa are a large group of flagellate protozoa . They include a variety of common free living species, as well as a few important parasites, some of which infect humans. There are two main subgroups, the euglenid s and kinetoplastid s. Euglenozoa are unicellular, mostly around 1 E 5 m 15 40 m in size, although some euglenids get up to 500 m long. Structure Most euglenozoa have two flagella, which are inserted parallel to one another in an apical or subapical pocket. In some these are associated with a cytostome or mouth, used to ingest bacteria or other small organisms. This is supported by one of three sets of microtubule s that arise from the flagellar bases the other two support the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the cell. ref name Pat1999 cite journal author David J. Patterson title The Diversity of Eukaryotes journal American Naturalist year 1999 volume 154 pages S96 S124 pmid 10527921 doi 10.1086 303287 issue S4 ref Some other euglenozoa feed through the absorption, and many euglenids possess chloroplast s and so obtain energy through photosynthesis . These chloroplasts are surrounded by three membranes and contain chlorophyll s A and C , along with other pigments, ref name C S1981 so are probably derived from a endosymbiosis captured green alga . Reproduction occurs exclusively through cell division. During mitosis , the nuclear membrane remains intact, and the spindle microtubules form inside of it. ref n ... more details
Taxobox name Cercozoa image Cercomonas sp.jpg image caption Cercomonas domain Eukaryote Eukaryota regnum Rhizaria phylum Cercozoa phylum authority Thomas Cavalier Smith Cavalier Smith 1998 ref cite journal author Cavalier Smith, T. title A revised six kingdom system of life journal Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society year 1998 volume 73 pages 203 266 doi 10.1111 j.1469 185X.1998.tb00030.x pmid 9809012 issue 3 ref The Cercozoa are a group of protist s. They are sometimes described as a kingdom. ref name urlCERCOZOAE cite web url http comenius.susqu.edu bi 202 RHIZARIA CERCOZOAE default.htm title CERCOZOAE work accessdate 2009 03 28 ref Characteristics The group includes most amoeboid s and flagellate s that feed by means of filose pseudopods. These may be restricted to part of the cell surface, but there is never a true cytostome or mouth as found in many other protozoa. They show a variety of forms ref name pmid14658494 cite journal author Cavalier Smith T, Chao EE title Phylogeny and classification of phylum Cercozoa Protozoa journal Protist volume 154 issue 3 4 pages 341 58 year 2003 month October pmid 14658494 doi 10.1078 143446103322454112 url ref and have proven difficult to define in terms of structural characteristics, although their unity is strongly supported by genetic studies. Cercozoa are closely related to Foraminifera and Radiolaria , amoeboids that usually have complex shells, and together with them form a supergroup called the Rhizaria . Types They are sometimes grouped by whether they are filose or reticulose . ref name pmid18952499 cite journal author Bass D, Chao EE, Nikolaev S, et al. title Phylogeny of Novel Naked Filose and Reticulose Cercozoa Granofilosea cl. n. and Proteomyxidea Revised journal Protist volume 160 issue 1 pages 75 109 year 2009 month February pmid 18952499 doi 10.1016 j.protis.2008.07.002 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S1434 4610 08 00044 8 ref Filose subphylum Filosa The best known Cercozo ... more details
Taxobox image Giardia lamblia SEM 8698 lores.jpg image width 200px image caption Giardia trophozoite , Scanning electron microscope SEM domain Eukaryota regnum Protista phylum Diplomonada classis Zoomastigophora ordo Sarcomastigophora familia Hexamitidae genus Giardia species G. lambia subdivision ranks species subdivision Giardia agilis br Giardia ardeae br Giardia lamblia br Giardia muris br Giardia microti br Giardia psittaci Giardia IPAc en icon d i r d i or IPAc en d r d i is a genus of Anaerobic organism anaerobic flagellate d protozoa n parasite s of the phylum Diplomonada in the supergroup Excavata named for the excavated groove on one side of the cell body that colonise and reproduce in the small intestines of several vertebrates , causing giardiasis . Their life cycle alternates between an actively swimming trophozoite and an infective, resistant Microbial cyst cyst . The genus was named after French zoologist Alfred Mathieu Giard . Characteristics Like other diplomonad s, Giardia have two cell nucleus nuclei , each with four associated flagella, and lack both mitochondrion mitochondria and a Golgi apparatus . However they are now known to possess mitochondrial relics, called mitosome s. These are not used in Adenosine triphosphate ATP synthesis the way mitochondria are, but are involved in the maturation of iron sulfur protein s. ref name Tovar2003 cite journal author Tovar J. et al . year 2003 title Mitochondrial remnant organelles of Giardia function in iron sulphur protein maturation journal Nature volume 426 issue 6963 pages 172 6 pmid 14614504 pmc doi 10.1038 nature01945 ref The synapomorphy synapomorphies of genus Giardia include cells with duplicate organelles, absence of cytostome s, and ventral adhesive disc. ref Cepicka, Ivan. 2008. Fornicata. Version 02 September 2008 under construction . http tolweb.org Fornicata 121182 2008.09.02 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http tolweb.org ref Infection and symptoms File Giardia spp. infecte ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE Plasmodium falciparum biology Taxobox name Plasmodium falciparum image Plasmodium falciparum 01.png image width 240px image caption Blood smear with Plasmodium falciparum domain Eukaryota regnum Chromalveolata superphylum Alveolata phylum Apicomplexa classis Aconoidasida ordo Haemosporida familia Plasmodiidae genus Plasmodium species P. falciparum binomial Plasmodium falciparum binomial authority William Henry Welch Welch , 1897 Plasmodium falciparum has been the focus of much research due to it being the causative agent of malaria . This article describes some of the recent findings surrounding the unique biology of this organism. Life cycle Plasmodium falciparum has a complicated life cycle, requiring both a human and a mosquito host, and differentiating multiple times during its transmission infection process. ref name wirth cite journal last Wirth first Dyann authorlink coauthors title The parasite genome Biological revelations journal Nature volume 419 issue 6906 pages 495 496 publisher location date 3 October 2002 url http www.nature.com nature journal v419 n6906 full 419495a.html doi 10.1038 419495a id accessdate pmid 12368862 ref Image Plasmodium lifecycle PHIL 3405 lores.jpg frame center Plasmodium life cycle ref name CDC DPD cite web last first authorlink coauthors title DPDx Malaria Image Library work publisher date url http www.dpd.cdc.gov dpdx HTML ImageLibrary Malaria il.htm doi accessdate ref Human infection Plasmodium falciparum P. falciparum is transmitted to humans by the females of the Anopheles species of mosquito . There are about 460 species of Anopheles mosquito , but only 68 transmit malaria. Anopheles gambiae , found in Africa, is one of the best malaria vectors. It is long lived, prefers feeding on humans, and lives in areas near human habitation. ref name 1.3 cite web last first authorlink coauthors title Malaria eModule Transmission work publisher date url http www.impact malaria.com iml cx en translatedcontent.jsp?tcnt &tsca ... more details
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