The cywydd plural cywyddau is one of the most important metrical forms in Welsh language Welsh traditional poetry. There are a variety of forms of the cywydd, but the word on its own is generally used to refer to the cywydd deuair hirion as it is by far the most common type. The first recorded examples of the cywydd date from the early 14th century, when it is believed to have been developed. This was the favourite metre of the Medieval Welsh literature Poets of the Nobility , the poets working from the fourteenth to the seventeenth centuries, and it is still used today. The cywydd consists of a series of seven syllable lines in rhyming couplets, with all lines written in cynghanedd . One of the lines must finish with a stressed syllable, while the other must finish with an unstressed syllable. The rhyme may vary from couplet to couplet, or may remain the same. There is no rule about how many couplets there must be in a cywydd. The cywydd deuair hirion and the related cywydd deuair fyrion , cywydd llosgyrnog and the awdl gywydd all occur in the list of the twenty four traditional Welsh poetic meters adopted in the later Middle Ages. References The Oxford Companion to the Literature of Wales , Meic Stephens, 1986, Oxford University Press. Category Welsh poetry Category Medieval Welsh literature Category Welsh language literature Category Western medieval lyric forms Category Poetic rhythm poetry stub Wales stub cy Cywydd es Cywydd fr Cywydd la Cywydd no Cywydd ... more details
unreferenced date October 2008 The traditional Welsh poetic meters consist of twenty four different types of poetic meter , called Y Pedwar Mesur ar Hugain in Welsh language Welsh . They are all written in cynghanedd of varying degrees of complexity. Although called traditional, they were compiled and later redefined at least once in the Late Middle Ages and omit some of the older forms such as the englyn milwr . Only a few of them were widely used by the professional poets Beirdd yr Uchelwyr , and the use of some of the more complicated ones is confined to occasional poems of technical virtuosity dating to the end of the Middle Ages. The twenty four traditional Welsh poetic meters are Awdl gywydd Byr a thoddaid Cadwynfyr Clogyrnach Cyhydedd Fer Cyhydedd Hir Cyhydedd Naw Ban Cyrch a chwta Cywydd Deuair Fyrion Cywydd Deuair Hirion see Cywydd Cywydd Llosgyrnog Englyn Proest Cyfnewidiog Englyn Proest Cadwynog Englyn Unodl Crwca Englyn Unodl Union see Englyn Gorchest Beirdd Gwawdodyn Byr Gwawdodyn Hir Hir a thoddaid Rhupunt Byr Rhupunt Hir Rhupunt Hwyaf Tawddgyrch Cadwynog Toddaid See also Welsh poetry Literature of Wales Welsh language Welsh literature Eisteddfod poetry stub Wales stub Category Medieval Welsh literature Category Welsh language literature Category Welsh poetry Category Poetic rhythm cy Pedwar mesur ar hugain ... more details
The traethodl is a Welsh language Welsh verse form consisting of couplets in which seven syllabled lines rhyme with alternate accented and unaccented rhyming syllables. It is first attested in medieval Welsh literature . With the addition of cynghanedd , it was elaborated in the 14th century and developed into the cywydd . See also Welsh poetry Category Welsh poetry Category Medieval Welsh literature Category Welsh language literature Category Western medieval lyric forms Poetry stub Wales stub cy Traethodl ... more details
Ieuan Gethin ap Ieuan ap Lleision fl. c. 1450 was a Welsh language poet, of Baglan, Glamorgan Baglan , Glamorgan . ref name NLW cite web title IEUAN GETHIN ap IEUAN ap LLEISION url http yba.llgc.org.uk en s IEUA GET 1450.html work Welsh Birography Online publisher National Library of Wales date accessdate 2009 05 24 ref BLATANT COPYRIGHT VIOLATION SEE TALK He was descended from the family of Caradog ap Iestyn ap Gwrgant . ref name NLW According to the bard Gruffudd Hiraethog , he married the daughter of Tomas ab Ifor Hael . ref name NLW The poet entertained bards from all over Wales at his South Wales home, and two cywydd cywyddau dedicated to him remain. One was written by Ieuan Ddu Ieuan Ddu ap Dafydd ab Owain , the other by Iorwerth Fynglwyd . ref name NLW Iolo Morganwg gave an account of Gethin s part in a campaign in support of Owain Glynd r , but this has been shown to be fictitious. ref name NLW A large number of Ieuan Gethin s own poems remain. These include an elegy to his children, along with a diatribe against the Black Death which killed them. ref name NLW There also remains an awdl to one of his daughters, a cywydd to his son, and a cywydd in praise of Owain Tudur of Penmynydd during his imprisonment at Newgate Prison Newgate . ref name NLW References references DEFAULTSORT Gethin, Ieuan Category Medieval Welsh poets Category Welsh language poets Category 15th century writers cy Ieuan Gethin ab Ieuan ap Lleision UK poet stub Wales writer stub ... more details
Dafydd ap Edmwnd fl. c. 1450 97 was one of the most prominent Welsh language poets of the Later Middle Ages . Life Dafydd was born into a family of Norman ancestry in Hanmer , in Flintshire now Wrexham County Borough , north east Wales . As a freeman and landowner within Welsh society he was not, like most of his contemporaries, dependent upon patronage. Dafydd was the bardic disciple of Maredudd ap Rhys and was in turn, the bardic tutor of Tudur Aled and Gutun Owain . Poetry The main themes of Dafydd s poetry were love and nature in the tradition of Dafydd ap Gwilym . His best known poems include the following cywydd au s cy Cywydd Merch Cywydd Merch To a girl s cy I Wallt Merch I Wallt Merch A lady s hair s cy Enwi r Ferch Enwi r Ferch Naming the girl Unlike many of his contemporaries, such as Guto r Glyn or Lewys Glyn Cothi , Dafydd eschewed the Wars of the Roses and politics. However, Dafydd was moved to compose an elegy for his friend, the harpist Si n Eos, who was hanged for killing a man in a tavern brawl. In this, arguably his finest poem, Dafydd expresses his own anti English sentiment, and regrets that Si n Eos could not have been tried under the more humane Laws of Hywel Dda , resulting in compensation being paid to the victim s family under the old Welsh law rather than the capital punishment of cyfraith Lundain London s law . s cy Marwnad Si n Eos Marwnad Si n Eos The Death of Sion Eos 1450 Eisteddfod and its Legacy In 1450 Dafydd won the silver chair at an eisteddfod held at Carmarthen . This was achieved with a cywydd in praise of the Trinity , which exemplified the 24 metres of Welsh bardic poetry reformed by Dafydd, previously codified by Einion Offeiriad and Dafydd Ddu o Hiraddug . He deleted two metres and replaced them with the more complicated Gorchest y Beirdd and the Cadwynfyr . The 24 metres presented by Dafydd at the Eisteddfod became widely adopted throughout Wales. While the training of poets had always been kept within bardic circles, wit ... more details
Bedo Aeddren fl. c. 1500 was a Welsh language poet from the area that is now Denbighshire , north east Wales . Bedo composed poems on themes of love and nature in the tradition of Dafydd ap Gwilym and other cywydd wyr. References Gwyn Williams, The Burning Tree Poems from the First Thousand Years of Welsh Verse Faber and Faber, 1956 . wikisourcelang cy Categori Bedo Aeddren Bedo Aeddren Persondata NAME Aeddren, Bedo ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION Welsh poet DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Aeddren, Bedo Category Medieval poets Category Welsh language poets Category Welsh poets Category Year of death unknown Wales writer stub UK poet stub ... more details
David Richards 22 January 1751 &ndash 12 May 1827 , better known by his bardic name Dafydd Ionawr , was a Welsh language poet, born near Tywyn in Gwynedd , north west Wales . He took an interest in poetry as a result of his acquaintance with Evan Evans Ieuan Brydydd Hir , who was curate of his village, and was later sent to a school at Ystradmeurig to obtain a better education than was available locally. After a period as a junior schoolmaster in Wrexham , he spent one term at Jesus College, Oxford , before going to teach at Oswestry grammar school . He then taught at the grammar school in Carmarthen before being appointed head of a free school in his native area. From 1800 to 1807, he taught in Dolgellau , where he remained until his death. Works Cywydd y Drindod 1793 Y Mil Blynyddau 1799 Gwaith Prydyddawl 1803 Joseph, Llywodraethwr yr Aipht 1809 Barddoniaeth Gristianogawl 1815 Cywydd y Dilyw 1821 Sources http wbo.llgc.org.uk en s RICH DAV 1751.html Welsh Biography Online Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Richards, David ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 22 January 1751 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 12 May 1827 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Richards, David Category 1751 births Category 1827 deaths Category Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford Category Welsh language writers Category Welsh language poets Category Welsh writers Category Welsh speaking people Category People from Gwynedd UK poet stub Wales writer stub cy David Richards Dafydd Ionawr ... more details
distinguish Gwerful Mechain File Trees by the Afon Dyfrdwy geograph.org.uk 2106990.jpg thumb Fields near Llanuwchllyn. Gwerful inherited lands at Caer Gai, on the low hills in the middle distance Gwerful Fychan fl.1420 1490 was a poet during the period of the Wales Welsh Beirdd yr Uchelwyr during the late Middle Ages. She came from a noble family, her full name in genealogies being given as Gwerful ferch Ieuan Fychan ap Ieuan ap Hywel y Gadair ap Gruffudd ap Madog ap Rhirid Flaidd , and was the heiress of the mansion of Caer Gai, near Llanuwchllyn , Merioneth . The name Fychan was later anglicised as Vaughan . Gwerful was married to Tudur Penllyn , a drover and wool trader but also a notable poet, and their son Ieuan ap Tudur Penllyn Ieuan also wrote poetry which survives in a number of sources. They may also have had a daughter, Gwenllian, though her poetic abilities have been harder to prove. ref name bowen Bowen et al eds. History of Merioneth II The Middle Ages , UWP, 2001, p.584 ref No work definitely ascribed to Gwerful Fychan is known to survive, but the cywydd titled Cywydd y March Glas the Grey Horse , sometimes ascribed either to Gwerful Mechain or Tudur Aled , has been suggested as her work. ref name roberts Roberts and Clarke, Women and gender in early modern Wales , UWP, 2000, p.152 ref Some early antiquaries confuse her with Gwerful Mechain, who was a contemporary. Her memory persisted in the area of Llanuwchllyn as late as the 20th century and a variety of traditional verses were claimed as by her. References reflist Translation Ref cy Gwerful Fychan Category People from Merionethshire Category Welsh women writers Category Women poets Category Medieval Welsh poets Category Welsh language poets Category 15th century writers Category Year of birth uncertain Category Year of death unknown cy Gwerful Fychan UK poet stub Wales writer stub ... more details
Owain ap Llywelyn ab y Moel fl. 1470 1500 was a Welsh language poet from Powys . Twenty six of Owain ap Llywelyn ab y Moel s cywydd au are extant. An English translation of Owain ap Llywelyn ab y Moel s ode number 11 , in praise of Cadwaladr ap Gruffudd o Fachelldref, is given at http www.users.waitrose.com brbeamond Welsh Border Surnames from ab Edmond where it is entitled Bardic Poem . And for Fachelldref, see Bacheldre . Bibliography Eurys Rolant ed. , Gwaith Owain ap Llywelyn ab y Moel Cardiff, 1984 . The standard edition of Owain s poetry. DEFAULTSORT Owain Ap Llywelyn Ab Y Moel Category Medieval Welsh poets Category Welsh language poets Category 15th century writers Category Welsh speaking people Category People from Powys UK poet stub Wales writer stub ... more details
Llywelyn Goch ap Meurig Hen fl. c. 1350 1390 was a Welsh language court poet from Merionethshire , in the north west of Wales. Llywelyn is credited, along with Iolo Goch , with introducing and popularizing the cywydd metre in the north of Wales. Llywelyn is particularly noted for his elegy to his dead mistress, http cy.wikisource.org wiki Marwnad Lleucu Llwyd Marwnad Lleucu Llwyd Elegy for Lleucu Llwyd . Bibliography Dafydd Johnston ed. , Gwaith Llywelyn Goch ap Meurig Hen University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies, 1998 External links The tragic tale of Llywelyn and Lleucu http website.lineone.net dyfival1 histpennal.htm Lleucu Llwyd and Dolgelynen br DEFAULTSORT Llywelyn Goch Ap Meurig Hen Category Medieval Welsh poets Category Welsh language poets Category 14th century writers Category Year of birth uncertain UK poet stub Wales writer stub br Llywelyn Goch ap Meurig Hen cy Llywelyn Goch ap Meurig Hen fr Llywelyn Goch ap Meurig Hen ... more details
Gwerful Mechain floruit fl. 1462 1500 , who lived in Mechain in Powys , is perhaps the most famous female Welsh language Welsh language List of Welsh language poets poet after Ann Griffiths 1776 1805 , who was also from northern Powys. Little is known of her life. Her work, composed in the traditional strict metres, including cywyddau and englynion , is often a celebration of religion and sex , sometimes within the same poem. Probably the most famous part of her work today is her erotic poetry, especially Cywydd y Cedor Ode to the pubic hair Pubic Hair , a poem praising the vulva . It is a work in which she upbraids male poets for celebrating so many parts of a woman s body, but not the genitals. Let songs about the quim circulate, she adjures her readers. As to the pubic hair Lovely bush, God save it. Her year of birth has also been said to have been 1460. ref name kocwh Olsen, Kirsten, http books.google.com books?id jFY3CxmHk4cC&printsec frontcover PPA55,M1 Chronology of Women s History , p 55, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1994, ISBN 0313288038, ISBN 9780313288036, retrieved via Google Books on May 26, 2009 ref References Howells, Nerys Ann ed. Gwaith Gwerful Mechain ac Eraill , University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies, 2001, ISBN 0947531262 reflist External links http www.webexcel.ndirect.co.uk gwarnant beirdd cywyddwyr gwerful.htm A short biography s cy Cywydd y Cedor Text of Cywydd y Cedor at Wikisource http web.archive.org web 20030307185238 http www.webexcel.ndirect.co.uk gwarnant beirdd cywyddwyr gwerfulcedore.htm English translation http www.resurgencecymru.org cedor.html another English translation Sort Gwerful Mechain. Mechain was not her surname Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Mechain, Gwerful ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Mechain, Gwerful Category Welsh women writers Category Medieval Welsh poets Category Women poets Category 15th centu ... more details
Lewys Daron fl. c. 1495 c. 1530 was a Welsh language Welsh language professional poet from the Ll n Peninsula Ll n area of Gwynedd , Wales . Although not considered to be one of the foremost of the Poets of the Nobility , his work provides a portrait of the gentry society of north west Wales at the start of the Tudor dynasty Tudor period. On the basis of his name and a reference to him in a later 16th century manuscript in the hand of the antiquary Thomas Wiliems , it can confidently be accepted that he was a native of the parish of Aberdaron in Ll n. His date of birth is not known and our knowledge of him depends almost entirely on the evidence of his poetry, of which 28 poems survive. He was a friend of the Anglesey poet Lewys M n , one of the most important poets of that period. He probably died in the early 1530s and was buried in Nefyn . Lewys Daron sang to patrons in Arfon , Merioneth Meirionnydd , Eifionydd and Ll n, an area corresponding to the modern county of Gwynedd in north west Wales. His poems, in the Welsh traditional metres, include awdl au and cywydd au . His patrons included the Stradlings and the gentry families of Penrhyn Castle Penrhyn , Bodfel, Bodeon, Glynllifon , Carreg, Cochwillan near Bethesda, Gwynedd Bethesda , Plas Iolyn near Ysbyty Ifan and others. He is perhaps best known for his elegy marwnad to the renowned poet Tudur Aled d. 1526 , whom he knew. His work includes a cywydd on behalf of three ladies of Anglesey requesting a millstone for the parish church of Nefyn and another cywydd on behalf of Sir John Wynn John Wynn of Gwydir asking for a stallion from Dafydd, Prior of Beddgelert . He also wrote a praise poem to P rs Conwy, Archdeacon of Llanelwy St Asaph . Bibliography A. Cynfael Lake ed. , Gwaith Lewys Daron University of Wales Press, 1994 . Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Daron, Lewys ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Daron, Lewys Categor ... more details
No footnotes date June 2010 Gruffudd Hiraethog died 1564 was a Welsh language poet, born in Llangollen , north east Wales . Gruffudd was one of the foremost poets of the sixteenth century to use the cywydd metre. He was a prolific author and gifted scholar. Though he was member of the medieval guild of poets and notable upholder of that tradition, he was also closely associated with William Salesbury , Wales leading Renaissance scholar. In fact one of the first Welsh books to be published was Gruffudd s collection of proverb s in 1547, Oll synnwyr pen Kembero ygyd The sense of a Welshman s mind collected together . Bibliography D.J. Bowen ed. , Gwaith Gruffudd Hiraethog Cardiff, 1990 . The standard edition of Gruffudd s verse. Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Hiraethog, Gruffudd ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION Poet DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1564 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Hiraethog, Gruffudd Category 1564 deaths Category Welsh language poets Category 16th century writers Category People of the Tudor period Category People from Llangollen UK poet stub Wales writer stub cy Gruffudd Hiraethog ... more details
Use dmy dates date March 2012 Year in Wales header 1821 This article is about the particular significance of the year 1821 to Wales and Welsh people its people . Incumbents Prince of Wales vacant Princess of Wales vacant Events The new king visits Carmarthen supporters of Caroline of Brunswick his estranged wife start a riot. 27 July Sir Thomas Philipps, 1st Baronet Sir Thomas Philipps is created a baronet. November The first edition of Y Dysgedydd appears. The first gas street lighting in Wales is installed at Swansea . William Madocks obtains an Act of Parliament allowing him to build a port, later known as Porthmadog . Arts and literature New books John Elias Golygiad Ysgrythurol ar Gyfiawnhad Pechadur Evan Evans Ieuan Glan Geirionydd Pedwar Cyflwr Dyn translation of a work by Thomas Boston David Richards Dafydd Ionawr Cywydd y Dilyw Music Joseph Harris Gomer Casgliad o Hymnau collection of hymns Births 1 May William Latham Bevan , church historian d. 1908 24 June Guillermo Rawson , Argentinian politician d. 1890 6 July Henry Hussey Vivian, 1st Baron Swansea d. 1894 16 July John Jones Mathetes , preacher and writer d. 1878 14 November John Owen Owain Alaw , musician d. 1883 Deaths 16 February Hugh Davies botanist Hugh Davies , botanist, 81 2 May Hester Thrale , diarist, 80 21 May John Jones Jac Glan y gors , poet and satirist, 54 13 July Sir Watkin Lewes , lord mayor of London, 81 7 August Caroline of Brunswick , former Princess of Wales 1795 1820 , 53 November Richard Fenton , poet and author, 74 Category 1821 by country Wales Category 1821 in the United Kingdom Wales Category 1821 in Wales ... more details
for the English poet and children s writer Ted Hughes Edward Hughes 1772 &ndash 11 April 1850 was a Wales Welsh clergyman and prize winning Welsh language poet, whose bardic name was lang cy Y Dryw The wren . Life Hughes was born in Nannerch , Flintshire , north Wales and christened on 9 July 1772. He matriculation matriculated at Jesus College, Oxford in 1794, obtaining his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1797 and his MA Oxon Master of Arts degree in 1800. He was ordained and was a military chaplain for a time, including service on the Walcheren Campaign of 1809. He was later rector of Llanddulas 1814&ndash 1818 and then of Bodfari 1818 until his death in 1850 . He won the prize at the eisteddfod in Denbigh in 1819 for an awdl called Elusengarwch , the adjudication being by William Owen Pughe , Robert Davies Bardd Nantglyn and David Richards Dewi Silyn , although the result was controversial as many others favoured David Owen Dewi Wyn o Eifion . Hughes won a prize offered by the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion in 1822 for a cywydd called Hu Gadarn and again won prizes in the Denbigh eisteddfod of 1828, when John Blackwell Alun was among the adjudicators. His poems were published in various contemporary collections. He died in Bodfari on 11 April 1850. ref cite web url http wbo.llgc.org.uk en s HUGH EDW 1772.html title Hughes, Edward Y Dryw 1772&ndash 1850 , eisteddfodic poet last Hughes first Robert William work Welsh Biography Online publisher National Library of Wales accessdate 2008 09 22 ref References reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Hughes, Edward ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1772 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 11 April 1850 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Hughes, Edward Category 1772 births Category 1850 deaths Category Welsh language poets Category Welsh Anglican priests Category Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford UK poet stub Wales writer stub cy Edward Hughes Y Dryw ... more details
Saint Mechell was the 6th century founder and first abbot of the clas a type of early Welsh Celtic monastery of Llanfechell , on Anglesey in north west Wales . St Mechell s day is celebrated on the 15th of November. It is claimed that he is buried in Llanfechell. He was said to have been a Breton people Breton by birth. From the 14th century, he was identified with Saint Machudd , a Welsh people Welshman and supposed Bishop of Caerwent who has been similarly confused with Saint Malo saint Malo . Malo and Mechell both have November 15 as their feast day ref name lives Baring Gould, S. & Fisher, John 1911 , The Lives of the British Saints , Vol III p.433 http ia600402.us.archive.org 18 items livesofbritishsa03bariuoft livesofbritishsa03bariuoft.pdf us.archive.org ref , ref Farmer, David Hugh 1992 The Oxford Dictionary of Saints , Third edition. OUP. p.316 ref A 17th century manuscript, Llanstephan MS. 125 ref name lives records a Welsh poem, Cywydd i Fechell Sant . This describes St Mechell as the son of Echwys ab Gwyn Gohoew ref http www.cymdeithashanesmechell.co.uk church.htm Menter Mechell History Society. Church Accessed 30 April 2012 ref . It goes on to claim many miracles from his life including raising a giant from the dead and converting him to Christianity, turning thieves to stone, and blinding and then curing the leader. This last act produced a gift of land in gratitude, to be demarked by the route of a released hare. The hare, under divine guidance, marked the full extent of what is now the parish of Llanfechell , Anglesey, on which he then founded the monastery. ref name lives References reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Mechell ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH Category 6th century deaths Category Breton saints Category Welsh saints Category Welsh Roman Catholic saints Category People from Anglesey Category 6th century Christian saints Brittany stub Wales bio stub cy M ... more details
Godfrey John was born and grew up in Wales . He was a poet and teacher of Christian Science . He served in the RAF , graduated from Cambridge University where he was boxing team captain and a Blue university sport light blue , and was a British amateur heavyweight boxing champion. Godfrey John emigrated to the United States in 1958. He taught at several colleges, and later worked as an arts critic for The Christian Science Monitor . He became a public practitioner of Christian Science before moving to Canada in 1970. There he also became a Christian Science teacher and served briefly on the Christian Science Board of Lectureship. For many years he was active as a voluntary probation and parole officer. Publications Godfrey John was widely published in the Christian Science periodicals. He published a collection of poems and essays in the book, Five Seasons Foursquare Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1977 ref Godfrey John, Five Seasons, Foursquare Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1977, ISBN 0930616006 ref and Compassion Wins Thomson Shore, Inc., Dexter, Michigan, 2001 . Several of his poems are shown on the Moodesigns web site one of them in the Welsh cywydd form. ref http www.moodesigns.com john.htm Godfrey John poems on Moodesigns ref References reflist External links http csagodfreyjohn.org index.php Godfrey John Association http jsh.christianscience.com content search?SearchText godfrey john Writings of Godfrey John on Christian Science JSH Online Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME John, Godfrey ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION Poet and teacher of Christian Science DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH Wales DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT John, Godfrey Category Welsh poets Category British Christian Scientists Category People from Toronto Category Alumni of the University of Cambridge Category Welsh boxers Category Royal Air Force airmen Category Welsh emigrants to the United States Category American emigrants to Canada Category Christian Sci ... more details
the metre known as the cywydd and first to use it for praise. But perhaps his greatest innovation ... wiki Cywydd y gal Cywydd y gal A poem in praise of the penis , a risqu piece of pure medieval ... more details
In Welsh language poetry , Cynghanedd IPA cy k hane , literally harmony is the basic concept of sound arrangement within one line, using Stress linguistics stress , alliteration and rhyme . The various forms of cynghanedd show up in the definitions of all formal Welsh Verse poetry verse forms, such as the awdl . Though of ancient origin, cynghanedd and variations of it are still used today by many Welsh language poets. A number of poets have experimented with using cynghanedd in English language verse, for instance Gerard Manley Hopkins . Some of Dylan Thomas work is also influenced by cynghanedd. Forms of cynghanedd The first example below is from the poem http cy.wikisource.org wiki Cywydd y Cedor Cywydd y Cedor , by the fifteenth century female poet Gwerful Mechain . The caesuras are marked with slashes and rhyming parts are marked in bold . Note that Dd, Ll and Ch are single consonants digraphs in the Welsh alphabet . Cynghanedd groes cross harmony All consonants surrounding the main stressed vowel before the caesura must be repeated after it in the same order. However, the final consonants of the final words of each half of the line must be different, as must the main stressed vowel of each half. For example clawdd i ddal cal ddwy ddwylaw CL Dd Dd L C L Dd Dd L Here we see the pattern c l dd dd accent l present on both sides of the caesura. The stressed vowels are a a short monophthong and wy the diphthong uj . In cynghanedd groes there are no consonants in the second half of the line which are not part of the consonantal echoing. The vowels other than those under the stress may be of any kind. Cynghanedd draws partial cross harmony Exactly as in cynghanedd groes, except that there are consonants at the beginning of the second half of the line which are not present in the series of echoed consonants Rhowch wedd wen dan orchudd i R. Williams Parry Place a white face under a veil of ice rh......ch......dd........ . dn ..r.ch..dd Here the consonant sequence r ... more details
and the cywydd is the most popular poetic meter used. Because of the popularity of the cywydd this period is also known as the period of the Cywyddwyr poets who write using the cywydd meter . The poetry ... but he was among the first to sing the praises of the nobles and others using the cywydd meter ... is a cywydd poem in praise of Owain Glynd r s home at Sycharth. Si n Cent ca.1400 &ndash 1430 45 ... of his Christian beliefs and standing outside the tradition of praise of patron. He uses the cywydd ... Hiraethog was one of the foremost poets of the sixteenth century to use the cywydd meter. Though he ... more details
Welsh poetry may refer to poetry in the Welsh language , Anglo Welsh poetry , or other poetry written in Wales or by List of Welsh language poets Welsh poets . History Main Medieval Welsh literature Wales has one of the earliest literary traditions in Northern Europe, stretching back to the days of Aneirin floruit fl. 550 and Taliesin second half of the 6th century , and the haunting Stafell Cynddylan , which is the oldest recorded literary work by a woman in northern Europe. In Welsh literature the period before 1100 is known as the period of Y Cynfeirdd The earliest poets or Yr Hengerdd The old poetry . It roughly dates from the birth of the Welsh language from British language Celtic Brythonic to the arrival of the Normans in Wales towards the end of the eleventh century. From ca.1100 until ca.1600 Welsh poetry can be divided roughly into two distinct periods the period of the Poets of the Princes Beirdd y Tywysogion , also called Y Gogynfeirdd who worked before the loss of Welsh independence in 1282 and the Poets of the Nobility Beirdd yr Uchelwyr who worked from 1282 until the period of the English incorporation of Wales in the 16th century. The earliest poem in English language English by a Welsh poet dates from about 1470. More recently Anglo Welsh poetry has become an important aspect of Welsh literary culture, as well as being influential on English literature . Welsh poets often write under bardic name s to conceal their identity in Eisteddfod competitions. Forms Since the later Middle Ages , the traditional Welsh poetic metres in strict verse consist of twenty four different metrical forms written in cynghanedd . An awdl is a form of long poem, similar to the ode . The most popular metrical forms are the Cywydd , of 14th century origin, and the several versions of the Englyn , a concise and allusive verse form similar to the Greek epigram and the Japanese haiku and as old as Welsh literature itself. See also Portal box Poetry Wales British literature List ... more details
Iolo Goch c. 1320 &ndash c. 1398 , meaning Iolo the Red in English language English , was a medieval Welsh people Welsh poet or bard who composed poems addressed to Owain Glynd r , among others. Lineage Iolo was the son of Ithel Goch ap Cynwrig ap Iorwerth Ddu ap Cynwrig Ddewis Herod ap Cywryd and was born in the manor of Lleweni in the Vale of Clwyd where his father rented a small portion of the family s ancient patrimony, possessed a dwelling house and also rented small parcels of land belonging to the manors of Llechryd and Berain, near Denbigh . A local 19th century source says Iolo lived at a certain Coed y Pantwn in Llechryd . George Borrow refers to this but mislocates it in the upper Clwyd valley. ref Borrow, George H. Wild Wales Its People, Language and Scenery 1934 , p.61, Oxford University Press ref There is no medieval evidence for the local tradition. Patrons He is notable as one of the finest exponents of the metrical form known as the cywydd . He composed poems to a number of Welsh noblemen, notably to his chief patron Ithel ap Robert , an archdeacon of St Asaph who lived near Caerwys , and also a poem to King Edward III of England , which shows a detailed knowledge of places and battles in England , Ireland and France during this period and possibly written in 1347. One of his three poems composed for Owain Glynd r includes a vivid description of Owain s hall at Sycharth . They were clearly composed before Owain s rebellion. He also composed a notable poem known as Y Llafurwr The Labourer . See also portal Poetry http cy.wikisource.org wiki Categori Iolo Goch Iolo Goch at Wikisource Medieval Welsh literature References references Meic Stephens ed Companion to Welsh literature University of Wales Press External links http yba.llgc.org.uk en s IOLO GOC 1320.html Welsh Dictionary of National Biography wikiquote Sort Iolo Goch. Goch was not his surname Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Iolo Goch ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE ... more details
Dr. Geraint Bowen 10 September 1915 16 July 2011 ref http news.bbc.co.uk welsh hi newsid 9540000 newsid 9541300 9541380.stm ref was a Welsh language poet. He was the nephew of Carmarthenshire minister David Bowen, ref http wbo.llgc.org.uk en s2 BOWE DAV 1874.html Welsh Biography Online ref and the brother of poet Euros Bowen . He was a Welsh nationalist , and during the Second World War was a conscientious objector , undertaking farming. In 1946 he won the bardic Chair at the National Eisteddfod of Wales , and from 1978 to 1981 he presided over the Eisteddfod ceremonies as Archdruid . Works Poetry Awdl Foliant i Amaethwr r C n yr Angylion T. Gwynn Jones Y Bardd Celtaidd Cwm Llynor Y Drewgoed Cywydd y Coroni Yr Aran Prynhawnddydd Dr. Gwenan Jones Teyrnged i Gwyndaf Cyfarch Bro Myrddin Ar Doriad Gwawr Branwen Autobiography O Groth y Ddaear 1993 Books Welsh recusant writings published in 1999 in English Gwssanaeth y gwyr newydd, 1580 by Robert Gwyn published in 1970 in Welsh Golwg ar Orsedd y Beirdd by Geraint Bowen published in 1992 in Welsh Y traddodiad rhyddiaith yn yr ugeinfed ganrif darlithiau Dewi Sant published in 1976 in Welsh Y Traddodiad rhyddiaith darlithiau Rhydychen published in 1970 in Welsh Y Drych Kristnogawl llawysgrif Caerdydd 3.240 published in 1996 in Welsh Y traddodiadd rhyddiaith yn yr Oesau Canol darlithiau Dewi Sant published in 1974 in Welsh Y gwareiddiad Celtaidd published in 1987 in Welsh Ar drywydd y Mormoniaid golwg ar hanes y Mormoniaid Cymreig 1840 80 by Geraint Bowen published between 1998 and 1999 in English and Welsh Cerddi by Geraint Bowen published in 1984 in English and Welsh Atlas Meirionnydd published in 1974 in Welsh Bwyd llwy o badell awen cwrs ar y gynghanedd by Geraint Bowen published in 1977 in English and Welsh Hanes Gorsedd y Beirdd by Geraint Bowen published in 1991 in Welsh Ysgrifennu creadigol darlithiau Taliesin published in 1972 in Welsh Y Drych Kristianogawl astudiaeth by Geraint Bowen published in 1988 in Welsh John ... more details
copy to wiktionary This article lists 310 English words in English Wiktionary without the five main English orthography orthographic vowels. The list does not include abbreviations, which would dominate the list if included. see Vowel Written vowels In order for a word to be spoken, it needs to have a syllabic nucleus, called a phonetic vowel. English is transcribed with the Latin alphabet , which, having arisen to transcribe Latin, does not contain glyphs for certain phonemes used in English and other languages. In English spelling, the letters A, E, I, O & U represent a variety of vowel sounds, while the letter Y frequently represents vowels as in gym or happy , but has traditionally been classed as a consonant. ref http www.oxforddictionaries.com page 200 ref W is used in representing some diphthongs as in cow and to represent a monophthong in the borrowed words cwm and crwth , from Welsh orthography Welsh . Y and W sometimes represent semivowel sounds and are used solely as such in many languages transliterated into Roman letters e.g., Japanese . In English, Y often acts as the syllabic nucleus, sometimes due to transliteration from the Anglo Saxon runes anglo saxon rune yr variant of Ur rune Ur , which is a vowel, or in Greek words where Y represents , upsilon, one of the 7 vowels in the Greek alphabet . class wikitable sortable Word Part of speech Letters wikt twyndyllyng twyndyllyng noun 11 wikt symphysy symphysy noun 8 wikt lytdybr lytdybr adjective 7 wikt cywydd cywydd noun 6 wikt glycyl glycyl noun , adjective 6 wikt phytyl phytyl noun 6 wikt rhythm rhythm noun 6 wikt Schwyz Schwyz proper noun 6 wikt Sphynx Sphynx noun 6 wikt spryly spryly adverb 6 wikt styryl styryl noun 6 wikt synthy synthy adjective 6 wikt syzygy syzygy noun 6 wikt clypt clypt verb 5 wikt crwth crwth noun 5 wikt crypt crypt noun 5 wikt cwtch cwtch noun, verb 5 wikt dryly dryly adverb 5 wikt dryth dryth noun 5 wikt flyby flyby noun 5 wikt Flynn Flynn proper noun 5 wikt ghyll ghyll noun ... more details
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