Technical date March 2012 Databasenormalization is the process of organizing the Field computer science fields and Table database table s of a relational database to minimize redundancy and dependency. Normalization usually involves dividing large tables into smaller and less redundant tables and defining ... form n . Newcomers to database design sometimes suppose that normalization proceeds in an iterative ... a normalization.htm DatabaseNormalization Basics by Mike Chapple About.com http www.databasejournal.com sqletc article.php 1428511 DatabaseNormalization Intro , http www.databasejournal.com sqletc article.php 26861 1474411 1 Part 2 http mikehillyer.com articles an introduction to databasenormalization An Introduction to DatabaseNormalization by Mike Hillyer. http phlonx.com resources nf3 ... Examples http support.microsoft.com kb 283878 Description of the databasenormalization basics by Microsoft http www.barrywise.com 2008 01 databasenormalization and design techniques DatabaseNormalization ... Doc simple5.htm A Simple Guide to Five Normal Forms in Relational Database Theory DatabasenormalizationDatabase Databases DEFAULTSORT DatabaseNormalization Category Data modeling Category Database constraints Category Databasenormalization Category Relational algebra Link GA de ar ... of a field can be made in just one table and then propagated through the rest of the database ... the concept of normalization and what we now know as the First Normal Form First normal form ... 3NF in 1971, ref name Codd, E.F 1971 Codd, E.F. Further Normalization of the Data Base Relational ... database table database table the computerized representation of a relation database relation is often .... An Introduction to Database Systems . Addison Wesley 1999 , p. 290 ref Most 3NF tables are free of insertion ... form 4NF , and Fifth normal form 5NF but typically not Sixth normal form 6NF . A standard piece of database ... have somehow failed to meet requirements. Date, C.J. Database in Depth Relational Theory for Practitioners ... more details
Incoming links date February 2012 Wiktionary normalisation normalizationNormalization may refer to TOC right Mathematics and statistics Normalization property abstract rewriting , term in mathematical logic and theoretical computer science Noether normalization lemma , result of commutative algebra Quantile normalization , statistical technique for making two distributions identical in statistical properties Normal scheme , scheme in algebraic geometry Normalizing constant , in probability theory Normalization statistics , removing statistical error from measured data The process of obtaining a normalized vector Science Normalization sociology or social normalization, the process through which ideas and actions are made to appear culturally normal Normalization model , used in visual neuroscience Normalisable wave function in quantum mechanics Num raire , which pertains when only relative prices matter Normalization Process Theory , which explains the processes by which innovations become routinely incorporated in their social contexts Technology Databasenormalization , used in database theory Audio normalization , process of uniformly increasing or decreasing the amplitude of an audio signal Normalization image processing , changing the range of pixel intensity values Normalized frequency digital signal processing Text normalization , modifying text to make it consistent URL normalization , process to modify URLs in a consistent manner Other Normalisation people with disabilities , principle to make conditions of everyday living available to people with disabilities Normalization Czechoslovakia , the restoration of the conditions prevalent before the reform in Czechoslovakia, 1969 Spatial normalization , step in image processing for neuroimaging Normalization, a metallurgic process used in Annealing metallurgy Normalization Annealing Disambiguation cs Normalizace rozcestn k de Normalisierung eo Normigado es Normalizaci n desambiguaci n eu Normalizazio argipena fr ... more details
Distinguish word normalization Unicode normalization unreferenced date October 2007 Text normalization is a process by which writing text is transformed in some way to make it consistent in a way which it might not have been before. Text normalization is often performed before text is processed in some way, such as generating speech synthesis synthesized speech , automated language translation , storage in a database , or comparison. Examples of text normalization Unicode equivalence normalizing of Unicode converting all letters to lower or upper case converting numbers dates, currencies, temperature into words removing accent marks and other diacritics from letters removing punctuation expanding abbreviations removing stopwords or too common words stemming word normalization also known as stemming text canonicalization replacing words with their full equivalents, e.g. co operation cooperation , valour valor , should ve should have removing repeating characters I looooove it I love it While this may be done manually, and usually is in the case of ad hoc and personal documents, many programming language s support mechanisms which enable text normalization. These tasks also are not to be performed with blunt regular expressions, in some cases it might require dictionary and other linguistic resources. Text normalization is useful, for example, for comparing two sequences of characters which mean the same but are represented differently. It also is crucial for search engines and corpus management. The examples of this kind of normalization include, but not limited to, don t vs do not , I m vs I am , Can t vs Cannot . Further, 1 and one are the same, 1st is the same as first , and so on. Instead of treating these strings as different, through text processing, one can treat them as the same. Category Unicode compu sci stub de Normalisierung Text pl Normalizacja tekstu ... more details
Audio normalization is the application of a constant amount of gain to an audio recording in order to bring the average or peak amplitude to a target level the norm . Because the same amount of gain is applied across the given range, the signal to noise ratio and relative dynamics are generally unchanged. Normalization differs from dynamic range compression , which applies varying levels of gain over a recording to fit the level within a minimum and maximum range. Normalization is one of the functions commonly provided by a digital audio workstation . Peak normalization One type of normalization is peak normalization , wherein the gain is changed in order to bring the highest pulse code modulation PCM sample value or analog signal peak to a given level. Since it only searches for the highest level, it does not account for the apparent loudness of the content. As such, peak normalization is generally used to change the volume in such a way to ensure optimal use of the distribution medium in the mastering stage of a recording. Loudness normalization Another type of normalization is based on a measure of loudness, wherein the gain is changed in order to bring the average amplitude to a target level. This average can be a simple measurement of average power, such as the root mean square RMS value, or it can be a measure of human perceived loudness, such as that offered by ReplayGain and EBU R128 . Depending on the dynamic range of the content and the target level, loudness normalization can result in peaks that exceed the recording medium s limits. Software offering such normalization typically provides the option of using dynamic range compression to prevent clipping when this happens. In this situation, signal to noise ratio and relative dynamics are altered. See also Alignment level Dialnorm Loudness war Normalization image processing , image analog External links http www.hydrogenaudio.org forums index.php?showtopic 85571 Discussion of inter sample clipping when normalizing ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Context date October 2009 In neuroimaging , spatial normalization is an image processing step, more specifically an image registration method. Human brains differ in size and shape, and one goal of spatial normalization is to deform human brain scans so one location in one subject s brain scan corresponds to the same location in another subject s brain scan. It is often performed in research based functional neuroimaging where one wants to find common brain activation across multiple human subjects. The brain scan can be obtained from magnetic resonance imaging MRI or positron emission tomography PET scanners. There are two steps in the spatial normalization process Specification estimation of warp field Application of warp field with resampling The estimation of the warp field can be performed in one modality, e.g., MRI, and be applied in another modality, e.g., PET, if MRI and PET scans exist for the same subject and they are Image registration coregistered . Spatial normalization typically employs a 3 dimensional nonrigid transformation model a warp field for warping image processing warping a brain scan to a template. The warp field might be parametrized by basis function s such as cosine and polynomial polynomia . There is a number of programs that implement both estimation and application of a warp field. It is a part of the Statistical parametric mapping SPM and AIR program AIR programs. See also Voxel based morphometry DEFAULTSORT Spatial Normalization Category Neuroimaging Tech stub it Normalizzazione spaziale ... more details
Orphan date March 2009 Contact Normalization is a process by which intercellular junctions mediate signals that allow normal cells to inhibit the transformed growth of neighboring tumor cells. Intimate junctional contact between tumor cells and normal cells is needed for this form of growth control. Contact normalization describes the ability of nontransformed cells to normalize the growth of neighboring cancer cells. This is a very widespread and powerful phenomenon. Tumor cells need to overcome this form of growth inhibition before they can become malignant or metastatic. References Rubin H. Contact interactions between cells that suppress neoplastic development can they also explain metastatic dormancy? Adv Cancer Res 2008 100 159 202. Rubin H. Cell cell contact interactions conditionally determine suppression and selection of the neoplastic phenotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008 105 6215 21. DEFAULTSORT Contact Normalization Category Cell communication Category Intercellular junctions Category Oncology ... more details
sociology Normalization refers to social processes through which ideas and actions come to be seen as normality behavior normal and become taken for granted or natural in everyday life. In sociological theory normalization appears in two forms. First, the concept of normalization is found in the work of Michel Foucault , especially Discipline and Punish , in the context of his account of disciplinary power. As Foucault used the term, normalization involved the construction of an idealized norm of conduct &ndash for example, the way a proper soldier ideally should stand, march, present arms, and so on, as defined in minute detail &ndash and then rewarding or punishing individuals for conforming to or deviating from this ideal. ref Foucault, Michel, 1990. The History of Sexuality, Volume I An Introduction . Robert Hurley, trans. New York Vintage. ref ref Adams, Mary Louise, 2004. The Trouble with Normal Postwar Youth and the Making of Heterosexuality . In Michelle Webber and Kate Bezanson, eds., Rethinking Society in the 21st Century Critical Readings in Sociology . Canadian Scholars Press Inc. ref In Foucault s account, normalization was one of an ensemble of tactics for exerting the maximum social control with the minimum expenditure of force, which Foucault calls disciplinary power . Disciplinary power emerged over the course of the 19th century, came to be used extensively in military barracks, hospitals, asylums, schools, factories, offices, and so on, and hence became a crucial aspect of social structure in modern societies. Second, Normalization Process Theory ref May C, Mair FS, Finch T, MacFarlane A, Dowrick C, Treweek S, et al. Development of a theory of implementation and integration Normalization Process Theory. Implementation Science. 2009 4 art 29 ref is a middle ... become routinely incorporated in everyday work. Normalization Process Theory has its roots in empirical ... interventions. See also Eva Lundgren s theory of a normalization process of domestic violence Rape ... more details
In statistics, quantile normalization is a technique for making two probability distribution distributions identical in statistical properties. To quantile normalize a test distribution to a reference distribution of the same length, sort the test distribution and sort the reference distribution. The highest entry in the test distribution then takes the value of the highest entry in the reference distribution, the next highest entry in the reference distribution, and so on, until the test distribution is a perturbation of the reference distribution. To quantile normalize two or more distributions to each other, without a reference distribution, sort as before, then set to the average usually, arithmetical mean of the distributions. So the highest value in all cases becomes the mean of the highest values, the second highest value becomes the mean of the second highest values, and so on. Generally a reference distribution will be one of the standard statistical distributions such as the Gaussian distribution or the Poisson distribution . The reference distribution can be generated randomly or from taking regular samples from the cumulative distribution function of the distribution. However any reference distribution can be used. Quantile normalization is frequently used in microarray data analysis. References BM Bolstad RA Irizarry M Anstrand & TP Speed 2003 A comparison of normalization methods for high density oligonucleotide array data based on variance and bias . Bioinformatics , 19 2 185 193 External links http www.bea.ki.se staff reimers Web.Pages Affymetrix.Normalization.htm Normalization of Affymetrix Chips Category Data analysis ... more details
other uses Standard score Normalizing constant In one usage in statistics , normalization is the process of isolating errors and residuals in statistics statistical error in repeated measured data. A normalization is sometimes based on a property. Quantile normalization , for instance, is normalization based on the magnitude quantile of the measures. In another usage in statistics, normalization refers to the division of multiple sets of data by a common variable in order to negate that variable s effect on the data, thus allowing underlying characteristics of the data sets to be compared this allows data on different scales to be compared, by bringing them to a common scale. In terms of levels of measurement , these ratios only make sense for ratio measurements where ratios of measurements are meaningful , not interval measurements where only distances are meaningful, but not ratios . Parametric normalization frequently uses pivotal quantity pivotal quantities functions whose sampling distribution does not depend on the parameters and particularly ancillary statistic s pivotal quantities that can be computed from observations, without knowing parameters. Examples There are various normalizations in statistics nondimensional ratios of errors, residuals, means and standard deviations, which are hence scale invariant some of which may be summarized as follows. Note that in terms of levels of measurement , these ratios only make sense for ratio measurements where ratios of measurements are meaningful , not interval measurements where only distances are meaningful, but not ratios . See also Category Statistical ratios . Name Formula Use Standard score math frac X mu sigma math ... ratios, such as the variance to mean ratio math left frac sigma 2 mu right math , are also done for normalization ... analysis, normalization refers to the process of identifying and removing the systematic effects, and bringing ... normalization.php Statistical Normalization http www.qsarworld.com qsar statistics mean shifting.php ... more details
Orphan date June 2011 In neuropsychiatry , a forced normalization is a specific phenomenon. It is described by normalizing the electroencephalography EEG results of seriously ill epileptic patients with Psychosis psychotic symptoms. Some scientists believe that there is a widespread view that this antagonism between psychosis and epilepsy is due the therapeutic effect of electroconvulsive therapy ECT for psychotic disorders. External links http professionals.epilepsy.com page psysym forced.html Professional Epilepsy Forced normalization site about epilepsy http books.google.com books?id a6Ygv5 RKKsC&printsec frontcover&dq Schachter, Holmes&hl en&ei HNyGTM2wKIXAsAOl84zBCg&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 1&ved 0CCUQ6AEwAA v onepage&q Meduna&f false Google Books Pathology http neuro.psychiatryonline.org cgi content full 18 4 445 Neuropsychiatry online Forced http psy.psychiatryonline.org cgi content full 41 1 1?ijkey c81a472507abfab564abf7af529a4f7a50af6403&keytype2 tf ipsecsha Psychiatry online ... http onlinelibrary.wiley.com doi 10.1111 j.1528 1157.1999.tb00886.x pdf Online library PDF file http www.sciencedirect.com science? ob ArticleURL& udi B6WDT 46WNVTV 3& user 10& coverDate 08 31 2002& rdoc 1& fmt high& orig search& origin search& sort d& docanchor &view c& searchStrId 1567509906& rerunOrigin google& acct C000050221& version 1& urlVersion 0& userid 10&md5 4dce6c616392f377ff6dad13a25100bb&searchtype a Science direct Forced normalization http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed 2003402 ncbi.gov Category Neurological disorders Category Epilepsy ... more details
The normalization model is an influential model of responses of neurons in primary visual cortex . David Heeger developed the model in the early 1990s ref name pmid1504027 Cite pmid 1504027 ref , and later refined it together with Matteo Carandini and J Anthony Movshon ref name pmid9334433 Cite pmid 9334433 ref . The model involves a divisive stage. In the numerator is the output of the classical receptive field . In the denominator, a constant plus a measure of local stimulus Contrast vision contrast . References Reflist Category Visual perception neuroscience stub ... more details
Color normalization is a topic in computer vision concerned with artificial color vision and object recognition. In general, the distribution of color values in an image depends on the illumination which ... Color normalization has been used for object recognition on color images in the field of Robotics ... applications of color normalization is that the end result looks unnatural or too distant from .... Heigl url http www.uni koblenz.de agas Documents Csink1998CNA.pdf date 24 09 1990 title Color Normalization ... normalization in combination with thresholding image processing to correctly and consistently segment ... and algorithms for achieving color normalization and a limited list is presented here. It is important ... natural looking color image. Grey world The grey world normalization makes the assumption that changes ... math As mentioned above, grey world color normalization is invariant to illuminated color variations ... there is an iterative variation of the grey world normalization, however it was not found to perform ..., J.L. Crowley year 1998 title Comprehensive Colour Image Normalization journal Burkhard and Neumann .... It is considered to be a more powerful normalization transformation than they grey world method ... Results from Comparison between Colour Normalization methods Keith A. Goatman.png thumb alt Results from comparison between different color normalization methods for retinal images Keith A. Goatman. Results from comparison between different color normalization methods for retinal images Keith A. Goatman ... equalization . Comprehensive Color Normalization The comprehensive color normalization is shown ... the changes between iteration t and t 2 are less than some set threshold. Comprehensive color normalization ... koblenz.de agas Documents Csink1998CNA.pdf date 24 09 1990 title Color Normalization and Object ... 1998 title Comprehensive Colour Image Normalization journal Burkhard and Neumann inspec 7210999 pages .... d Informatica Edifici title Color Normalization for Digital Video Processing series Lecture Notes ... more details
URL normalization or URL canonicalization is the process by which Uniform Resource Locator URLs are modified and standardized in a consistent manner. The goal of the normalization process is to transform a URL into a normalized or canonical form canonical URL so it is possible to determine if two syntactically different URLs may be equivalent. Search engine s employ URL normalization in order to assign importance to web pages and to reduce indexing of duplicate pages. Web crawler s perform URL normalization in order to avoid crawling the same resource more than once. Web browsers may perform normalization to determine if a link has been visited or to determine if a page has been cached. Normalization process There are several types of normalization that may be performed. Some of them are semantics preserving and some are not. Normalizations that Preserve Semantics The following normalizations are described in RFC 3986 ref http tools.ietf.org html rfc3986 section 6 RFC 3986, Section 6 Normalization and Comparison ref to result in equivalent URLs Converting the scheme and host to lower case. The scheme and host components of the URL are case insensitive. Most normalizers will convert them to lowercase. Example code nowiki HTTP www.Example.com nowiki code code nowiki http www.example.com nowiki code Capitalizing letters in escape sequences. All letters within a percent encoding triplet e.g., 3A are case insensitive, and should be capitalized. Example code nowiki http www.example.com a c2 b1b nowiki code code nowiki http www.example.com a C2 B1b nowiki code Decoding percent encoded octets of unreserved characters. For consistency, percent encoded octets in the ranges of ALPHA ... www.example.com display?category foo 2Fbar 2Bbaz nowiki code Normalization based on URL lists Some normalization rules may be developed for specific websites by examining URL lists obtained from previous ... conference author Sang Ho Lee, Sung Jin Kim, and Seok Hoo Hong year 2005 title On URL normalization ... more details
morefootnotes date August 2008 Communist Czechoslovakia In the history of Czechoslovakia , normalization lang cs normalizace , lang sk normaliz cia is a name commonly given to the period 1969 87. It was characterized by initial restoration of the conditions prevailing before the Prague Spring reform period led by Alexander Dub ek 1963 1967 1968 , first of all, the firm rule of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia , and subsequent preservation of this new status quo . Normalization is sometimes used in a narrower sense to refer only to the period 1969 to 1971. The official ideology of normalization is sometimes called Husakism after the Czechoslovak leader Gust v Hus k . 1969 &ndash 1971 Removing the reforms and reformers When Gust v Hus k became the leader of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia KS instead of Alexander Dub ek in April 1969 after the military Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia intervention of Warsaw Pact armies , his regime acted quickly to normalize the country s political situation. The chief objectives of Hus k s normalization were the restoration of firm party rule and the reestablishment of Czechoslovakia s status as a committed member of the socialist bloc. The normalization process involved five interrelated steps consolidate the Hus k leadership and remove reformers from leadership positions revoke or modify the laws enacted by the reform movement reestablish centralized control over the economy reinstate the power of police authorities and expand Czechoslovakia s ties with other socialist nations. Within a week of assuming power, Hus k began to consolidate ... it had consolidated power, them regime moved quickly to implement other normalization policies. In the two ... of normalization had been completed satisfactorily and that Czechoslovakia was ready to proceed ... Objectives The official objectives of normalization in the narrower sense were the restoration of firm ... for the Hus k leadership was an inevitable reaction to the repressive policies instituted during the normalization ... more details
In mathematics , more specifically in commutative algebra and algebraic geometry , Noether normalization is a theorem relating affine scheme s to affine space s. More precisely, given a finitely generated k algebra R , where k is a field mathematics field , the theorem states that there is a subalgebra S of R satisfying the following two requirements R is a finitely generated module finitely generated S module S is isomorphic to the polynomial ring k x sub 1 sub , ..., x sub n sub for some n . Using the correspondence between commutative algebra and algebraic geometric, this can equivalently be stated as follows every affine k scheme of finite type X is finite morphism finite over an affine n dimensional space. The theorem is due to Emmy Noether . ref Citation last1 Noether first1 Emmy author1 link Emmy Noether title Der Endlichkeitssatz der Invarianten endlicher linearer Gruppen der Charakteristik p url http gdz.sub.uni goettingen.de no cache dms load img ?IDDOC 63971 year 1926 journal Nachrichten der K niglichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu G ttingen, Math. phys. Klasse pages 28 35 ref This theorem can be refined to include a chain of prime ideals of R equivalently, irreducible subsets of X that are finite over the affine coordinate subspaces of the appropriate dimensions. ref Citation last1 Eisenbud first1 David author1 link David Eisenbud title Commutative algebra publisher Springer Verlag location Berlin, New York series Graduate Texts in Mathematics isbn 978 0 387 94268 1 978 0 387 94269 8 id MathSciNet id 1322960 year 1995 volume 150 , Theorem 13.3 ref The theorem is an important tool in establishing the notions of Krull dimension for k algebras. References references Category Commutative algebra Category Algebraic geometry ... more details
Database refimprove date December 2011 condense date November 2011 A database is an organized ... processes requiring this information for example, finding a hotel with vacancies . The term database is correctly applied to the data and their supporting data structures, and not to the database management system DBMS . The database data collection with DBMS is called a database system . The term database system implies that the data is managed to some level of quality measured in terms of accuracy ... database management system DBMS . ref name Ullman Jeffrey Ullman and Jennifer widom 1997 First course in database systems , Prentice Hall Inc., Simon & Schuster, Page 1, ISBN 0 13 861337 0. ref A general .... Well known DBMSs include Oracle Database Oracle , IBM DB2 , Microsoft SQL Server , Microsoft Access , PostgreSQL , MySQL , and SQLite . A database is not generally Software portability portable ... database bibliographic , document text, statistical, or multimedia objects. Another way is by their application ..., or insurance. The term database may be narrowed to specify particular aspects of organized collection of data and may refer to the logical database, to physical database as data content in computer data storage or to many other database sub definitions. History Database concept The database concept ... data . It has evolved together with database management systems which enable the effective handling of databases. Though the terms database and DBMS define different entities, they are inseparable a database s properties are determined by its supporting DBMS and vice versa. The Oxford English ... been unlikely that a complex information system can be built effectively without a proper database ... supported data collection needs to meet respective usability requirements broadly defined by Database Major database usage requirements the requirements below to qualify as a database. Thus, a database ... meet them or converge to meet them. Evolution of database and DBMS technology See also Database ... more details
so that it is not in conflict with any other service. The Service Normalization ref name IIT Thomas Erl, Herbj rn Wilhelmsen. http www.informit.com articles article.aspx?p 1328796 Service Normalization ... Normalization A.JPG thumb alt Diagram A Diagram A br In the absence of a service inventory blueprint ... SOA DP Service Normalization B.JPG thumb alt Diagram B Diagram B br The creation of a service inventory ... the boundaries of the service inventory. By following the guidelines of the Service Normalization ... more details
In image processing , normalization is a process that changes the range of pixel intensity values. Applications include photographs with poor contrast vision contrast due to glare, for example. Normalization is sometimes called contrast stretching. In more general fields of data processing, such as digital signal processing , it is referred to as dynamic range expansion. ref Cite book page 85 author Rafael C. Gonz lez, Richard Eugene Woods title Digital Image Processing publisher Prentice Hall year 2007 isbn 013168728X ref The purpose of dynamic range expansion in the various applications is usually to bring the image, or other type of signal, into a range that is more familiar or normal to the senses, hence the term normalization. Often, the motivation is to achieve consistency in dynamic range for a set of data, signals, or images to avoid mental distraction or fatigue. For example, a newspaper will strive to make all of the images in an issue share a similar range of grayscale . Normalization is a linear process. If the intensity range of the image is 50 to 180 and the desired range is 0 to 255 the process entails subtracting 50 from each of pixel intensity, making the range 0 to 130. Then each pixel intensity is multiplied by 255 130, making the range 0 to 255. Auto normalization in image processing software typically normalizes to the full dynamic range of the number system specified in the image file format. The normalization process will produce iris regions, which have the same constant dimensions, so that two photographs of the same iris under different conditions will have characteristic features at the same spatial location. See also Audio normalization , audio analog References reflist External links http homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk rbf HIPR2 stretch.htm Contrast Stretching Category Image processing ... more details
Normalization process theory is a sociological theory of the implementation, embedding, and integration of new technologies and organizational innovations developed by Carl R. May , Tracey Finch, and others. ref May, C., Finch, T., 2009. Implementation, embedding, and integration an outline of Normalization Process Theory. Sociology. In Press. ref ref May, C., Innovation and Implementation in Health Technology Normalizing Telemedicine. In J. Gabe, M. Calnan, Eds. , The New Sociology of the Health Service. Routledge, London, 2009. ref ref May, C., Mundane Medicine, Therapeutic Relationships, and the Clinical Encounter. In eds. In B. Pescosolido, et al., Eds. , Handbook of the Sociology of Health, Illness, and Healing A Blueprint for the 21st Century. Springer, New York, 2009. ref The theory is a contribution to the field of science and technology studies STS , and is the result of a programme of theory building by May and his co researchers, recently including Glyn Elwyn ref May CR, Mair F, Finch T, Macfarlane A, Dowrick C, Treweek S, Rapley T, Ballini L, Ong BN, Rogers A, Murray E, Elwyn G, L gar F, Gunn J, Montori VM. Development of a theory of implementation and integration normalization ... content 4 1 29 . The theory radically extended the Normalization Process Model previously ... the implementation of complex interventions in health care the normalization process model ... C, Treweek S, et al. Development of a theory of implementation and integration Normalization Process Theory. Implementation Science. 2009 4 art 29 ref have shown that normalization process theory pays ... and organizes assessment of the outcomes of an implementation process. Normalization Process Theory ... of non human actors, and seeks to be explanatory rather than descriptive. However, because Normalization ... Normalization process model Normalization sociology External links http www.normalizationprocess.org Normalization process theory toolkit and website http soton.academia.edu CarlMay Carl May s homepage ... more details
The normalization principle means making available to all people with disabilities people patterns of life and conditions of everyday living which are as close as possible to the regular circumstances ... International Congress of IASSMD, Toronto, 1982 ref Definition Normalization involves the acceptance ... Role Valorisation is closely related to the principle of normalization, having been developed with normalization as a foundation. Citation needed date June 2010 History The principle of normalization ... Normalization. The principle of normalisation in human services , Toronto, NIMR, 1972 ref Normalization ... the principle of normalization. Normalization in Contemporary Society Unreferenced section date ... ideas about health, morality, and contagion . Part of the normalization process has been returning ... of normalization a Normalization means making people normal forcing them to conform to societal ... and misunderstandings , Wolfensberger, W. 1980 In R.J. Flynn & K.E. Nitsch Eds . Normalization ... , is what is normalized. b Normalization supports dumping people into the community or into schools without support. Normalization has been blamed for the closure of services such as institutions ... services, housing support, employment support and advocacy are not incompatible with normalization ... them apart, puts them together with their own kind, and keep them occupied. The principle of normalization ... is normal? Arguments about choice and individuality, in connection with normalization, should ... behaviours. For example, in referring to normalization, a discussion about an adult s choice .... Citation needed date June 2010 References Reflist Further reading The Principle of Normalization ..., Hamburg 1985. Setting the record straight a critique of some frequent misconceptions of the normalization ... Disabilities, 1985, Vol 11, No. 2, 69 72 Wolfensberger, W. 1972 . The principle of Normalization in human ... Eds . Normalization, social integration and human services. Baltimore University Park Press See ... more details
The Normalization Process Model is a theory that explains how new technologies are embedded in health care work. ref May, C. 2006. A rational model for assessing and evaluating complex interventions in health care. BMC Health Services Research 6 1 11. http www.biomedcentral.com 1472 6963 6 86 . ref The model ..., T. Finch, A. MacFarlane, F.S. Mair, and P. Wallace. 2003b. Understanding the normalization of telemedicine ... developed by Everett Rogers . Although the Normalization Process Model is limited in scope to healthcare ... of complex interventions in health care the Normalization Process Model. BMC Health Services ... led to the development of Normalization Process Theory , which presents a general sociological theory ..., T., 2009. Implementation, embedding, and integration an outline of Normalization Process Theory ... A Blueprint for the 21st Century. Springer, New York, 2009. ref Normalization Process Theory has now superseded the more limited Normalization Process Model. The Normalization Process Model provides ... service researchers. In the Normalization Process Model, A complex intervention is defined as a deliberately .... Process evaluation of complex interventions in primary care understanding trials using the normalization ... care or other services. The normalization process model explains the embedding of complex interventions ... of complex interventions in health care the Normalization Process Model. BMC Health Services Research ... its disposal . Therefore a complex intervention is disposed to normalization if it confers an interactional ... . Therefore a complex intervention is disposed to normalization if it equals or improves accountability ... performance . Therefore a complex intervention is disposed to normalization if is calibrated to an agreed ... to normalization if it confers an advantage on an organization in flexibly executing and realizing work. See also Normalization Process Theory References Reflist External links http www.normalizationprocess.org Normalization Process Theory Website DEFAULTSORT Normalization Process Model Category ... more details
Belgisch Instituut voor Normalisering Flemish Dutch Institut Belge de Normalisation French Belgian Institute for Normalization English is the Belgium Belgian national organization for standardization and is that country s International Organization for Standardization ISO member body. External links http www.nbn.be BIN home page Flemish French Category Standards organizations Category ISO member bodies Category Science and technology in Belgium Belgium stub standard stub ... more details
In mathematics , the Noether normalization lemma is a result of commutative algebra , introduced in harv Noether 1926 . A simple version states that for any Field 28mathematics 29 field k , and any finitely generated commutative k algebra A , there exists a nonnegative integer d and algebraically independent elements y sub 1 sub , y sub 2 sub , ..., y sub d sub in A such that A is a finitely generated module over, and hence also an integral extension of, the polynomial ring B k y sub 1 sub , y sub 2 sub , ..., y sub d sub . The integer d is uniquely determined by A it is the Krull dimension of A . When A is an integral domain , d is then the transcendence degree of the field of fractions of A over k . The lemma can be understood geometrically. Suppose A is integral. Let B be the coordinate ring of d dimensional affine space math mathbb A d k math , and A as the coordinate ring of some other d dimensional affine variety X . Then the inclusion map B &rarr A induces a surjective finite morphism of affine varieties math X to mathbb A d k math . The conclusion is that any affine variety is a branched covering of affine space. When k is infinite, such a branched covering map can be constructed by taking a general projection from an affine space containing X to a d dimensional subspace. The form of the Noether normalization lemma stated above can be used as an important step in proving Hilbert s Nullstellensatz . This gives it further geometric importance, at least formally, as the Nullstellensatz underlies the development of much of classical algebraic geometry . References Springer id n n066790 title Noether theorem . NB the lemma is in the updating comments. citation last Noether first Emmy authorlink Emmy Noether year 1926 title Der Endlichkeitsatz der Invarianten endlicher linearer Gruppen der Charakteristik p url http gdz.sub.uni goettingen.de no cache dms load img ?IDDOC 63971 journal Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu G ttingen volume ... more details
Refimprove date May 2009 A database refactoring is a simple change to a database schema that improves its design while retaining both its behavioral and informational semantics. A database refactoring is conceptually more difficult than a code refactoring code refactorings only need to maintain behavioral semantics while database refactorings also must maintain informational semantics. ref Scott Ambler and Pramod Sadalage 2006 . Refactoring databases Evolutionary database design . Addison Wesley. ISBN 978 0321293534 ref The process of database refactoring is the act of applying database refactorings to evolve an existing database schema database refactoring is a core practice of evolutionary database design . You refactor a database schema for one of two reasons to develop the schema in an evolutionary manner in parallel with the evolutionary design of the rest of your system or to fix design problems with an existing legacy database schema Database refactoring does not change the way data is interpreted or used and does not fix computer bug bug s or add new functionality. Every single refactoring to a database leaves the system in a working state, thus not causing maintenance lags, provided the meaningful data exists in the production environment. An example of database refactoring would be splitting an aggregate table into two different tables in the process of databasenormalization Tools LiquiBase See also Database testing Refactoring Test driven development Unit testing References Reflist External links http www.infoq.com presentations ambler database refactoring Database refactoring presentation at InfoQ.com by Scott W. Ambler http www.agiledata.org essays databaseRefactoring.html The Process of Database Refactoring by Scott W. Ambler http www.agiledata.org essays databaseRefactoringCatalog.html Catalog of Database Refactorings . by Scott W. Ambler. http www.databaserefactoring.com Database Refactoring Website by Pramod Sadalage Database Category Extreme programming ... more details
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