For the Superbase database Superbase database Acids and bases In chemistry , a superbase is an extremely strong Base chemistry base , that is a compound that has a high affinity for protons. Hydroxide ion is the strongest base possible in aqueous solutions, but bases exist with much greater strengths than can exist in water. Such bases are valuable in organic synthesis and are fundamental to physical organic chemistry . Superbases have been described and used since the 1850s. ref cite web title BBC h2g2 History of Chemistry Acids and Bases url http www.bbc.co.uk dna h2g2 alabaster A708257 accessdate 2009 08 30 ref Reactions involving superbases often require special techniques since they are destroyed by water and atmospheric carbon dioxide as well as oxygen. Inert atmosphere techniques and low temperatures minimize these side reactions. Superbases also have a Corrosive substance corrosive effect. Definitions IUPAC defines superbases simply as a compound having a very high basicity, such as lithium diisopropylamide . ref cite web title IUPAC Gold Book superacid url http goldbook.iupac.org S06135.html accessdate 2009 08 30 ref Caub re defines superbases qualitatively but more precisely The term superbases should only be applied to bases resulting from a mixing of two or more bases leading to new basic species possessing inherent new properties. The term superbase does not mean a base is thermodynamically and or kinetically stronger than another, instead it means that a basic reagent ... or structural definitions of superbase . Proton chelators like the aromatic proton ... type of organic superbase has a reactive metal exchanged for a hydrogen on a heteroatom, such as oxygen ... superbase. n Butyllithium and potassium tert butoxide form a mixed aggregate of greater reactivity ... Phosphazene References references Category Bases ar de Superbasen es Superbase fr Superbase it Superbase he pl Superzasada pt Superbase simple Superbase sl Superbaza sr Superbaze ... more details
Superbase is an end user desktop database program that started on the Commodore 64 and was ported from ... Software, a United Kingdom UK based company, was the original creator of the product Superbase. Superbase was and still is used by a large number of people on various platforms. It was often ... was created. Superbase was the first product to use the now common VCR control panel for browsing ..., including images, sounds, and video. Superbase was often referred to as the multimedia database in early ... company created a subsidiary called Superbase, Inc. and after finishing off the late stage alpha of version 3 and launching it as Superbase 95, eventually appeared to have lost interest in the product ..., Superbase Developers plc, continued to extend and support the product through Superbase Classic. A new, next generation Rewrite programming rewrite of the product inititially called Superbase ... and database tool set. In February 2009, it was announced that Superbase Developers plc was in liquidation. In March 2010 Papatuo Holdings Ltd. purchased the Superbase family of products from the official receivers of Superbase Developers plc. http www.superbase.com Uses Superbase has been used ... Peer to peer Client Server PPCS this technology allows any version of Superbase to act as either a database server, a client, or both. The database tables are accessed via UDP IP. Small footprint Superbase ... only a minimum of 6 MB of system RAM . Versions 1983 Superbase 64 for the Commodore 64 1983 Superbase 700 for the Commodore CBM II 1985 Superbase for the Amiga 1985 Superbase 128 for the Commodore 128 1986 Superbase for the Atari ST 1987 Superbase for Graphical Environment Manager GEM on the IBM PC PC 1988 Superbase 4 version 1.0 for Microsoft Windows Windows 1991 Superbase 4 version 1.31 for Windows 1991 Superbase 4 version 1.31 for Amiga 1992 Superbase version 2.0 for Windows 1994 Superbase 95 version 3.0 for Windows 1997 Superbase version 3.2 for Windows 1998 Superbase version 3.5 for Windows ... more details
aims to be an accessible introduction. For the mathematical definition, see Decimal representation . Table Numeral Systems The decimal numeral system also called base ten or occasionally denary has ..., E.F. Harding, Sophie Wood and Ian Monk ref Decimal notation often refers to a base 10 positional ... of ten. Decimals also refer to decimal fractions, either separately or in contrast to vulgar fraction s. In this context, a decimal is a tenth part, and decimals become a series of nested tenths. There was a notation in use like tenth metre , meaning the tenth decimal of the metre, currently an Angstrom. The contrast here is between decimals and vulgar fractions, and decimal divisions and other divisions of measures, like the inch. It is possible to follow a decimal expansion with a vulgar ..., followed by a trinary place. Decimal notation Decimal notation is the writing of number s in a base ... symbols for the decimal powers 1, 10, 100, 1000 and secondary symbols for half these values 5, 50, 500 ... speak of decimal notation, they often mean not just decimal numeration, as above, but also decimal fractions, all conveyed as part of a positional notation positional system. Positional decimal systems ... used with a decimal separator which indicates the start of a fractional part, and with a symbol such as the plus ... to its right. There were at least two presumably independent sources of positional decimal systems ..., decimal decimus Latin Lat. means tenth , decimate means reduce by a tenth , and denary denarius ... which the European numerals are derived differ from the forms used by other Arab cultures. Decimal fractions A decimal fraction is a Fraction mathematics fraction whose denominator is a exponentiation power of ten. Decimal fractions are commonly expressed without a denominator, the Decimal mark decimal ... Asian countries, a period . or raised period is used as the decimal separator in many other countries, particularly in Europe, a comma is used. The integer part , or integral part of a decimal ... more details
Wiktionarypar decimalDecimal could mean The decimal or base ten numeral system Decimal unit , an obsolete unit of measure in India and Bangladesh Decimal separator , used to mark the boundary between the ones and tenths place in numbers e.g. 12.4 , often referred to as a decimal disambig es Decimal ja ... more details
Decimal system may refer to The decimal base ten number system, used in mathematics for writing numbers and performing arithmetic. The Dewey Decimal Classification Dewey Decimal System , a subject classification system used in libraries. The decimal currency system, where each unit of currency can be divided into 100 sub units. Disambig es Sistema decimal desambiguaci n id Sistem desimal nl Decimaal stelsel ... more details
Decimal computers , computers which have a decimal computer architecture architecture , represent numbers and or addresses in decimal , and provide instructions to operate on those numbers and or addresses directly examples of encoding used are Binary coded decimal BCD , Excess 3 , two out of five code , ASCII , and EBCDIC . Many early computer s, for example the ENIAC , IBM 702 , IBM 705 , IBM 650 , IBM 1401 , IBM 1620 , IBM NORC , IBM 7070 , IBM 7080 , Electrodata 200, UNIVAC I , UNIVAC II and UNIVAC III used decimal arithmetic IBM 1401 addresses were a combination of decimal and binary arithmetic . Some had a variable wordlength , which enabled operations on numbers with a large number of digits. Later, several microprocessor s offered limited decimal support. For example, the 80x86 family of microprocessors provide instructions to convert one byte Binary coded decimal BCD numbers packed and unpacked to Binary file binary format before or after arithmetic operations ref cite web title MASM Programmer s Guide publisher Microsoft date 1992 url http webster.cs.ucr.edu Page TechDocs MASMDoc ProgrammersGuide Chap 06.htm doi accessdate 2007 07 01 ref . These operations were not extended to wider formats and hence are now slower than using 32 bit or wider BCD tricks to compute in BCD ... Decimal arithmetic is now becoming more common for instance, three decimal floating point types ... decimal significand s. ref cite web title DRAFT Standard for Floating Point Arithmetic P754 date 2006 ... the Densely Packed Decimal scheme for encoding the digits of the significand binary encoding is used ... comm research people.nsf pages cowlishaw.index.html title General Decimal Arithmetic publisher IBM url http speleotrove.com decimal accessdate 2008 04 08 ref , the first and third in hardware and the second in microcode. References references br DEFAULTSORT Decimal Computer Category Classes of computers Category Early computers Decimal computer ... more details
This article gives a mathematical definition. For a more accessible article see Decimal . A decimal representation of a non negative real number r is an expression of the form of a series mathematics series , traditionally written as a sum math r sum i 0 infty frac a i 10 i math where a sub 0 sub is a nonnegative integer, and a sub 1 sub , a sub 2 sub , are integers satisfying 0 a sub i sub 9, called the digits of the decimal representation. The sequence of digits specified ... decimal representations with an infinite sequence of digits 9. ref citation last Knuth first ... Algorithms publisher Addison Wesley year 1973 pages 21 ref This restriction still allows a decimal ... unique. The number defined by a decimal representation is often written more briefly as math r a 0.a ... sum i 0 n frac a i 10 i math . Finite decimal approximations Any real number can be approximated to any desired degree of accuracy by rational number s with finite decimal representations. Assume math x geq 0 math . Then for every integer math n geq 1 math there is a finite decimal math r n ... decimal representation is easily established. Non uniqueness of decimal representation Main 0.999... Some real numbers have two infinite decimal representations. For example, the number 1 may be equally ... the infinite sequence of zero digits, removing any final zero digits and a possible final decimal point, a normalized finite decimal representation is obtained. Citation needed date November 2009 Finite decimal representations The decimal expansion of non negative real number x will end in zeros ... sup m sup , where m and n are non negative integers. Proof If the decimal expansion of x will end in zeros ... in zeros. Recurring decimal representations Main Repeating decimal Some real numbers have decimal ... as a ratio of an integer and a positive integer . See also Decimal Series mathematics IEEE 754 ... s inverter tries to identify a number given the start of its decimal representation. For instance, given ... more details
Refimprove date February 2008 A decimal birthday is celebrated using the decimal base ten numeral system . This form of celebration has become more popular since the widespread use of computers and the internet which have made the calculation of the decimal birthday easier to make. Historically, in Korea it is common to celebrate the Bek Il or the 100th day of life ref http www.asianinfo.org asianinfo korea cel birthday celebrations.htm Korea Birthday Celebrations Bot generated title ref . This tradition was born from a time of high infant mortality when many babies would die before three months of age. As a result the 100th day is a celebration of life as the baby has survived the difficult first 100 days of life. References Reflist External links http www.tkday.com TKDay http www.jarusa.com birthday Decimal Birthday Category Birthdays Category Decimalisation culture stub ... more details
Multiple issues notable June 2011 refimprove June 2011 italictitle Decimal Computation is a textbook by Hermann Schmid. First published in 1974 by John Wiley & Sons ISBN 047176180X and reprinted in 1983 by Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company ISBN 0898743184 , the book comprises twelve chapters providing detailed description of decimal calculations, including explanation of binary coded decimal s and algorithm s. ref cite journal title Electronic Design url http books.google.com books?id 90EAQAAIAAJ year 1974 publisher Hayden Pub. Co. volume 22 issue 19 22 oclc 1567748 page 161 ref References Reflist Category 1974 books compu book stub ... more details
Refimprove date January 2010 File Clock french republic.jpg right thumb 200px French decimal clock from the time of the French Revolution Decimal time is the representation of the time of day using units which are decimal ly related. This term is often used to refer specifically to France French Revolutionary Time , which divides the day into 10 decimal hours, each decimal hour into 100 decimal minutes and each decimal minute into 100 decimal seconds, as opposed to the more familiar standard time ... China Main Ke unit Decimal time was used in China throughout most of its history alongside ... a complete decimal time system of 100 ke , 100 fen and 100 miao . ref Jean Claude Martzloff, Chinese ... 373 407, p.393, ISBN 0 7923 6481 3. ref Chinese decimal time ceased in 1645 when the Shixian Constant ... in the History of Science no. 2 1963 94 100. ref France In more modern times, decimal time was introduced ... appel e seconde d cimale . emphasis in original The hundredth part of the hour is called decimal minute the hundredth part of the minute is called decimal second . Thus, midnight was reckoned as 10 ... standard time with numbers 1 24 and decimal time with numbers 1 10, decimal time never caught on it was not officially ... of the metric system used the second, equal to 1 86400 day, as the metric time unit. In spite of this, decimal time was used in many cities, including Marseille and Toulouse , and there was a decimal ... travaux historiques et scientifiques ref Decimal time was introduced as part of the French Republican ... at the Paris Observatory . Decimal time would also have been reckoned according to apparent solar time ... each hour into 100 decimal minutes, and each minute into 100 seconds. The plan did not gain acceptance ... definition of the standard second in a standard day, but in the French decimal time system there are 100,000 decimal seconds in the day, so the decimal second is shorter than its counterpart. class wikitable border 1 Decimal unit Seconds Minutes Hours h mm ss.s Decimal second 0.864 0.0144 ... more details
Decimal degrees DD express latitude and longitude Geographic coordinate system geographic coordinates as decimal fractions and are used in many Geographic information system Geographic Information Systems GIS , web mapping applications such as Google Maps , and Global Positioning System GPS devices. Decimal degrees are an alternative to using degrees, minutes, and seconds DMS . As with latitude and longitude, the values are bounded by 90 and 180 respectively. Positive latitudes are north of the equator, negative latitudes are south of the equator. Positive longitudes are east of Prime Meridian , negative longitudes are west of the Prime Meridian. Latitude and longitude are usually expressed in that sequence, latitude before longitude. Accuracy The radius of the semi major axis of the Earth at the equator is 6,378,160.0 meters ref http www.ga.gov.au geodesy datums agd.jsp Australian Geodetic Datum ref resulting in a circumference of 40,075,161.2 meters. The equator is divided into 360 degrees of longitude, so each degree at the equator represents 111,319.9 metres or approximately 111 ... a diminishing number of meters, approaching zero at the pole. The number of decimal places required for a particular accuracy at the equator is class wikitable Accuracy versus decimal places at the equator decimal br places degrees distance align center 0 1.0 111 km align center 1 0.1 11.1 ... center 8 0.00000001 1.11 mm A value in decimal degrees to an accuracy of 4 decimal places is accurate to 11.1 meters 5.55 m at the equator . A value in decimal degrees to 5 decimal places is accurate ... is about 0.3 metres because the earth is an oblate spheroid . Example The decimal degree representation ... a measurement of angle DMS value is converted to decimal degrees using the formula math mathrm DD mathrm D frac mathrm M 60 frac mathrm S 3600 math The decimal degree representation for the location ... have a fractional value. References reflist DEFAULTSORT Decimal Degrees Category Geographic information ... more details
In arithmetic , repeating decimal is a way of representing a rational number . Thus, a decimal representation of a number is called a repeating decimal or recurring decimal if at some point it becomes .... For example, the decimal representation of nowrap 1 3 0.3333333 or 0. span style text decoration overline 3 span spoken as 0.3 repeating , or 0.3 recurring becomes periodic just after the decimal ... is nowrap 3227 555 5.8144144144 , where the decimal representation becomes periodic at the second digit after the decimal point, repeating the sequence of digits 144 indefinitely. Rational numbers are numbers ... is known as a common fraction . On the one hand, the decimal representation of a rational number is ultimately periodic, as explained Every rational number is either a terminating or repeating decimal below . On the other hand every real number which has an eventually periodic decimal expansion is a rational number. In other words the numbers with eventually repeating decimal expansions are exactly the rational numbers. A decimal representation written with a repeating final 0 is said to terminate ... University Press, 1996 p. 67 . ref The decimal is also called a terminating decimal . Terminating ... 317 200 317 2 sup 3 sup 5 sup 2 sup . A terminating decimal can be written as a decimal fraction nowrap 317 200 1585 1000 . However, a terminating decimal also has a second representation as a repeating decimal, obtained by decreasing the final nonzero digit by one and appending an infinitely repeating ... of repeating decimal can be obtained by long division if one uses a modified form of the usual ... 2004 ref A decimal that is neither terminating nor repeating represents an irrational number which ..., an irrational number always has a non repeating decimal representation. Background Notation One convention to indicate a repeating decimal is to put a horizontal line known as a Vinculum symbol ... 3. dot 1 4285 dot 7 math 3. 142857 Decimal expansion and recurrence sequence In order to convert a rational ... more details
orphan date November 2006 In computers, a serial decimal numeric representation is one in which ten bit s are reserved for each digit, with a different bit turned on depending on which of the ten possible digits is intended. ENIAC used this representation. ref http www.tjhsst.edu prittman arch Chap1 Chap1Old.html tjhsst.edu ref References reflist Category Computer arithmetic compu storage stub ... more details
Selfref For the proper choice of the decimal mark in English language Wikipedia articles, see Wikipedia Manual of Style dates and numbers Decimal points . Numeral systems Different symbols have been and are used for the decimal mark . The choice of symbol for the decimal mark affects the choice of symbol ... as well. The decimal mark is mathematically a radix point . The English term decimal is limited to base ten, but the separator in non decimal numeral system s may be referred to as a radix point ... from its fractional part , a tradition derived from the decimal system used in Indian mathematics ... of Arithmetic his work on the Indian numerals introduced the decimal Positional notation positional ... values. e.g. 99 sup ins 95 ins sup without a decimal point. Later, a separator unicode a short ... countries also chose to use the comma to mark the decimal units position, such as Italy . ref Enciclopedia ... coma MAT. Signo utilizado en los n meros no enteros para separar la parte entera de la parte decimal ... decimal mark. In the nations of the British Empire , although the full stop could be used in typewritten ... to as the decimal point was preferred for the decimal mark in printing technologies that could ... in common use in the mathematics world to indicate multiplication, the SI rejected its use as the decimal mark. However, the use of the full stop as decimal mark was not banned. British aviation magazines ... system , it adopted the comma as its decimal mark ref Government Notice R. 1144, Government Gazette ... and The Sunday Times continue to use the decimal point. The three most spoken international auxiliary ... as the official radix point , or decimal point. Interlingua has used the comma as its decimal mark ... of Interlingua Parts of Speech Numerals ref Esperanto also uses the comma as its official decimal mark ... Ido officially states that commas are used for the decimal point while full stops are used to separate ... of the decimal mark nearly stalled the development of the ALGOL computer programming language ... more details
A decimal also spelled decimel is a unit of area in India and Bangladesh approximately equal to 1 100 acre 40.46 m . After metrication in the mid 20th century by both countries, the unit became officially obsolete. Especially among the rural population in Northern Bangladesh and West Bengal, it is still in use. See also List of customary units of measurement in South Asia References cite web url http www.sizes.com units decimal.htm title Decimal accessdate 2007 02 19 work http www.sizes.com indexes.htm Sizes, grades, units, scales, calendars, chronologies Failed verification date January 2012 Category Customary units in India Category Obsolete units of measure Category Units of area measurement stub ... more details
for rationale Decimal Day 15 February 1971 was the day the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland ... of the pound sterling Pre decimal coinage Under the old currency of pound sterling pounds , Shilling ... computer use, monetary calculation, such as adding up sums of money, was more complicated than with a decimal ... penny coin pre decimal penny , with the same diameter as the Half dollar United States coin U.S. half ... in 1795 of the decimal French franc , little practical progress towards decimalisation was made ... in that direction but failed to gain acceptance and was struck only from 1887 to 1890. The Decimal ... report, the Royal Commission on Decimal Coinage 1856 1857 considered the benefits and problems ... of the Decimal Coinage Commissioners Royal Commission on Decimal Coinage, 1857 archived on September ... BOPCRIS. http www.bopcris.ac.uk bopall ref4004.html Final Report of the Decimal Coinage Commissioners ... . The Royal Commission on Decimal Coinage 1918 20 , chaired by Alfred Emmott, 1st Baron Emmott Lord ... on Decimal Coinage http www.bopcris.ac.uk bopall ref7833.html Decimal coinage . ref Finally, in 1960 ..., prompted the Government to set up the Committee of the Inquiry on Decimal Currency Halsbury Committee ... on 1 March 1966. The Decimal Currency Board DCB was created to manage the transition, although the plans were not approved by Parliament until the Decimal Currency Act 1969 Decimal Currency Act in May 1969. Former Greater London Council leader Bill Fiske was named as the Chairman of the Decimal ... which would have resulted in the decimal penny being worth only slightly more than the old penny this approach ... on Decimal Day and meant that the public was already familiar with three of the six new coins. Small ... Bygraves called Decimalisation . The BBC broadcast a series of five minute programmes, Decimal Five ... for Decimal Day because it was the quietest time of the year for the banks, shops, and transport organisations. Many items were priced in both currencies for some time before and after. Prior to Decimal ... more details
Unreferenced date April 2009 A decimal calendar contains either ten days per week, a multiple of ten days in a month, or ten months per year. Examples that have been adopted are the Roman calendar calendar of Romulus , the Egyptian calendar , the Alexandrian calendar , the Coptic calendar , the Ethiopian calendar , and the French Republican Calendar . Calendar of Romulus The only calendar with a ten month year was the Roman calendar calendar of Romulus adopted sometime after Romulus and Remus founded the city of Rome in 753 BC, when Romulus killed Remus. According to Roman writers, including Censorinus and Macrobius , it had ten of the twelve months in our modern calendar, March through December, but it only had 304 days in its year. The remaining days needed to form a solar year were winter days not assigned to any month. It only lasted until about 700 BC when King Numa Pompilius Numa , the successor of Romulus, added the winter months of January and February and rearranged the number of days in each month, creating the Roman calendar . Egyptian, Alexandrian, Coptic, and Ethiopian calendars The Egyptian calendar of the first three millennia BC had twelve months of 30 days each, consisting of three ten day weeks, plus five epagomenal days at the end of the year. The Alexandrian calendar, named for the city of Alexandria , is the Egyptian calendar with an additional sixth epagomenal or leap day added to the end of the year, as decreed in 25 BC by the Roman emperor Augustus five years after he conquered Egypt . The Coptic calendar is the Alexandrian calendar as adopted by the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria Coptic Church at the beginning of the fourth century. The Ethiopian calendar is the Alexandrian calendar as adopted by the Ethiopian Church during the fourth century ... Republican Calendar The French Republican Calendar, which was introduced along with decimal time ... calendar does not have either ten day weeks or ten month years, so a few decimal calendars have been ... more details
Dot decimal notation is a presentation format for numerical data. It consists of a string of decimal numbers, each pair separated by a full stop dot . A common use of dot decimal notation is in information technology where it is a method of writing numbers in octet computing octet grouped base 10 decimal numbers separated by dots full stop s . In computer networking , IP address Internet Protocol Version 4 addresses are commonly written using the quad dotted notation of four decimal integers, ranging from 0 to 255 each. Definition and use Dot decimal notation is a presentation format for numerical data expressed as a string of decimal numbers each separated by a full stop. For example, the hexadecimal number tt 0xFF0000 tt is expressed in dot decimal notation as tt 255.0.0 tt . In computer networking, the term is often used as a synonym of dotted quad notation , ref cite web url http www.encyclopedia.com doc 1O12 dotteddecimalnotation.html title Dotted Decimal Notation publisher encyclopedia.com ... of dot decimal notation to represent an arbitrarily deep hierarchy of objects identified by arbitrary decimal numbers. citation needed date November 2010 Common decimal fractions are sometimes said to be written in dotted decimal notation. ref cite web url http www.tutorvista.com math dot decimal notation title Dot Decimal Notation publisher tutorvista.com ref For example the fraction 1 8 is represented ... dot decimal notation and binary code An Internet Protocol Version 4 IPv4 address consists of 32 bits, which may be divided into four octets. These four octets are written in decimal numbers, ranging ... in decimal notation. ref group note Similarly, standard IP addresses can be written with a leading 0x to mean a hexadecimal address pinging tt 133.45.0xEE.0x10 tt pings the decimal address tt 133.45.238.16 ... group note References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Dot Decimal Notation Category Network addressing de Dotted decimal notation fr Notation d cimale point ... more details
Densely packed decimal DPD is a system of Binary coding binary encoding for decimal digits. The traditional system of binary encoding for decimal digits, known as Binary coded decimal BCD , uses four bits ... can store 16 states and are being used to store only 10 . Densely Packed Decimal is a more efficient .... authorlink Mike Cowlishaw title Densely packed decimal encoding journal IEE Proceedings &ndash Computers ... Engineers month May year 2002 doi 10.1049 ip cdt 20020407 ref The densely packed decimal .... This means that arbitrary numbers of decimal digits not just multiples of three digits can be encoded efficiently. For example, 38 12 3 2 decimal digits can be encoded in 12 10 7 127 bits that is, 12 sets of three decimal digits can be encoded using 12 sets of 10 binary bits and the remaining two decimal digits can be encoded using a further 7 binary bits. The subset encoding mentioned above is simply ... code now known as Chen Ho encoding which packed three decimal digits into 10 binary bits using a scheme .... Densely Packed Decimal is a refinement of this, by Mike Cowlishaw , which was incorporated into the IEEE 754 2008 standard for decimal floating point. Encoding Like Chen Ho encoding, DPD encoding classifies each decimal digit into one of two ranges, depending on the most significant bit of the binary ... zeros or ones. Densely packed decimal Bits b7, b4 and b0 code c code , code f code and code i code ... above , but are filled with zeros when encoding. Examples This table shows some representative decimal numbers and their encodings in BCD, Chen Ho, and Densely Packed Decimal DPD class wikitable style text align center valign top align center Decimal BCD Chen Ho DPD 005 0000 0000 0101 000 000 0101 ... decimal128 floating point format cite web url http webdigg.net Densely Densely packed decimal title Packed Decimal Encoding IEEE 754r first J.H.M. last Bonten archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20070824053303 ... web url http speleotrove.com decimal DPDecimal.html title Summary of Densely Packed Decimal encoding ... more details
Infobox Book name Cocker s Decimal Arithmetick image image caption author Edward Cocker illustrator cover artist country United Kingdom language English language English subject Mathematics publisher Passinger u.a. pub date 1684 media type Print hardcover pages oclc 165934587 Cocker s Decimal Arithmetick is a grammar school mathematics textbook written by Edward Cocker 1631 1676 and published posthumously by John Hawkins in 1684. ref name yeldham cite book last Yeldham first Florence title The Teaching of Arithmetic Through Four Hundred Years 1535 1935 pages 75, 80 83, 85 location London publisher George G. Harrap & Co. Ltd. year 1936 oclc 152432557 ref Decimal Arithmetick along with companion volume, Cocker s Arithmetick published in 1677, were used in schools in the United Kingdom for more than 150 years. The concept of decimal fractions and the advantages of using them in calculations were well known, but a wide variety of different notations were in use. ref cite web author Jeff Miller title Earliest Uses of Symbols for Fractions url http jeff560.tripod.com fractions.html work Jeff Miller s Mathword date 28 April 2008 accessdate 2008 07 17 ref After surveying various notations, Decimal Arithmetick recommends the decimal point notation introduced by John Napier A decimal fraction being written ... by having a point or prick prefixed before it ... being written according to the first direction, I conceive they may be most fit for calculation. ref name yeldham Decimal Arithmetick gives instructions for calculations involving decimals, methods of extracting roots, and an overview of the concept of logarithms. There are many worked examples, some of which involve solid geometry or the calculation of interest. References references Category 1678 books Category Mathematics books ... more details
about the decimal coin the pre decimal coin Penny Irish pre decimal coin Use dmy dates date October 2011 Infobox coin Country Republic of Ireland Denomination Irish pound Penny Pingin Value 1 Unit Irish pound penny Mass 3.56 Diameter 20.32 Thickness Bronze 1.52 mm br Steel 1.65 Edge Plain Composition Bronze 1971 1989 br nowrap Copper plated steel 1990 2000 Years of Minting 1971 2000 Catalog Number Obverse Obverse Design Cl rsach Irish harp Obverse Designer Obverse Design Date 1971 first use 1928 Reverse Irish penny decimal coin .png Reverse Design Ornamental bird Reverse Designer Gabriel Hayes Reverse Design Date 1971 The decimal one penny 1p lang ga pingin coin was the second smallest denomination of the Irish pound . It was first issued when the Irish currency was decimalised on Decimal Day , 15 February 1971. It was the second of three new designs introduced all in bronze , the others being a half penny and a two pence coin. All featured ornamental birds designed by Irish artist Gabriel Hayes on the reverse. The coin originally had a diameter of 2.032 centimetres and mass of 3.564 gram s consisting of copper , tin and zinc . This was identical to the Penny British decimal coin British decimal penny as the two countries pounds were Fixed exchange rate system pegged until 1979. The coin s official designation was new penny and this was changed in 1985 to penny . In 1990 the decision was taken to produce the coin on a copper plated steel base as the bronze had become too expensive. The steel base coins are magnetic. The coin was designed by the Irish artist Gabriel Hayes and the design is adapted from the Book of Kells held in Trinity College, Dublin . The coin was 1 100 of an Irish ... website catalogue decimal penny http www.irishstatutebook.ie 1969 en si 0160.html Coinage Dimensions and Designs Regulations, 1969 http www.irishstatutebook.ie 1985 en si 0387.html Decimal Currency ... and coinage Category Coins of the Republic of Ireland penny decimal coin ru ... more details
for the pre decimal halfpenny coin Halfpenny British pre decimal coin ref improve date January 2012 Infobox Coin Country United Kingdom Denomination Half penny Value Unit Pence sterling penny sterling Mass 1.78 Diameter 17.14 Thickness approx. 1 Edge Plain Composition Bronze Years of Minting 1971&ndash 1984 Catalog Number Obverse British half new penny obverse.jpg Obverse Design Queen Elizabeth II Obverse Designer Arnold Machin Obverse Design Date 1971 Reverse 76 926reverse.jpg Reverse Design Crown headgear Crown br From 1971&ndash 1981 the inscription read small NEW PENNY small . Reverse Designer Christopher Ironside Reverse Design Date 1971 The United Kingdom British decimal half penny p was first issued on 15 February 1971, the Decimal Day day the British currency was decimalised . In practice it had been available from banks in bags for some weeks previously. Reason for issue The decimal half penny, worth 1.2 pre decimal pence, enabled the prices of some low value items to be more accurately translated to the new decimal currency. It also allowed the pre decimal British sixpence coin sixpence to remain in circulation with a value of 2 new pence alongside the new decimal coinage. In the same vein, a decimal quarter penny coin to be struck in aluminium was also proposed which would have allowed the pre decimal History of the threepence threepence to continue to circulate with a value of 1.25 new pence , but ended up never being produced. ref http www.tclayton.demon.co.uk dec.html The Change to Decimal Coinage , Tony Clayton ref Physical properties The half penny coin was minted in bronze. It was the smallest decimal coin by both size and value, weighing 1.78 grams and measuring 17.14 millimetres in diameter. Unpopularity It was nicknamed the tiddler on account of its size, and soon became Britain s least favourite coin. ref name BBCNews http news.bbc.co.uk onthisday ... http www.tclayton.demon.co.uk decbr.html Coins of the UK Decimal Bronze Coins British coinage Category ... more details
The IEEE 754 2008 standard includes an encoding format for decimal floating point numbers in which the significand and the exponent and the payloads of NaN s can be encoded in two ways, referred to in the draft as binary encoding and decimal encoding. ref cite web title DRAFT Standard for Floating Point Arithmetic P754 date 2006 10 04 url http 754r.ucbtest.org drafts archive 2006 10 04.pdf accessdate 2007 07 01 ref Not sure why this next one is here? Proprietary trade marks and propaganda articles not scientific, surely? Arith18 paper would be much better The binary encoding format is referred to by Intel ref cite web title IEEE 754R Decimal Floating Point Arithmetic Reliable and Efficient Implementation ... technology itj 2007 v11i1 s2 decimal 1 sidebar.htm accessdate 2007 07 01 ref and others as Binary Integer Decimal BID . Both formats break a number down into a sign bit s , an exponent q between q sub ..., but they differ in how the significand c is represented. In the decimal encoding, it is encoded as a series of p decimal digits using the densely packed decimal encoding. This makes conversion to decimal form efficient, but requires a specialized decimal ALU to process. In the binary integer decimal ... sup 1024 is only slightly more than 10 sup 3 sup 1000, 3 n digit decimal numbers can be efficiently .... For the Decimal128 encoding, 113 bits of significand is actually enough to encode 34 decimal digits, and the second form is never actually required. Cohort A decimal floating point number can be encoded ... 1, where n is the number of whole decimal digits that can be stored in the bits available so that decimal ... for conversions to or from decimal encoded data, such as strings ASCII , Unicode , etc. and Binary coded decimal BCD . A binary encoding is therefore best chosen only when the data are binary rather than decimal. IBM has published some unverified performance data, available at http speleotrove.com decimal decperf.html , however as both packages are available as open source these figures could be verified ... more details
about the decimal coin the pre decimal coin Halfpenny Irish pre decimal coin Use dmy dates date October 2011 Infobox coin Country Republic of Ireland Denomination Irish pound Halfpenny Leathphingin Value Unit Irish pound penny Mass 1.78 Diameter 17.14 Thickness approx. 1 Edge Plain Composition Bronze Years of Minting 1971 1987 Catalog Number Obverse Obverse Design Cl rsach Irish harp Obverse Designer Obverse Design Date 1971 first use 1928 Reverse Irish halfpenny decimal coin .png Reverse Design Ornamental bird Reverse Designer Gabriel Hayes Reverse Design Date 1971 The decimal halfpenny p lang ga leathphingin coin was the smallest denomination of the Irish pound . It was first issued when the Irish currency was decimalised on Decimal Day , 15 February 1971. It was one of three new designs introduced all in bronze and featuring ornamental birds on the reverse. The coin value was weakened by inflation and very few were produced beyond the initial run for 1971. It was removed from circulation and demonetised on 1 January 1987. The main reason that halfpennies were issued was that when Shilling Irish coin shillings were decimalised they were worth five new pence, so a Sixpence Irish coin sixpence half of a shilling yielded a value of 2.5 new pence. Its dimensions and appearance were the same as the Halfpenny British decimal coin British coin of the same denomination as the pounds of Britain and Ireland were pegged until 1979. The coin was designed by the Irish artist Gabriel Hayes and the design is adapted from manuscript MS.213 in Cathedral Library in Cologne , Germany . The coin has a diameter of 1.7145 centimetres and mass of 1.782 gram s consisting of copper , tin and zinc . The coin was 1 200 of an Irish Pound. The 1985 version of this coin is particularly rare, and valuable ... links http www.irishcoinage.com DECCAT.HTM dechpe Irish coinage website catalogue decimal halfpenny ... Category Coins of the Republic of Ireland halfpenny decimal coin ru ... more details
Some programming languages provide a built in primitive or library decimal data type to represent non repeating decimal fraction s like 0.3 and 1.17 without rounding, and to do arithmetic on them. Examples are the code decimal.Decimal code type of Python programming language Python , and analogous types provided by other languages. Rationale Fractional numbers are supported on most programming languages as floating point number s or fixed point number s. However, such representations typically restrict the denominator to a power of two. Most decimal fractions or most fractions in general cannot be represented exactly as a fraction with a denominator that is a power of two. For example, the simple decimal fraction 0.3 3 10 might be represented as 5404319552844595 18014398509481984 0.299999999999999988897769... . This inexactness causes many problems that are familiar to experienced programmers. For example, the expression code 0.1 7 0.7 code might counterintuitively evaluate to false in some systems, due to the inexactness of the representation of decimals. Although all decimal fractions are fraction s, and thus it is possible to use a rational data type to represent it exactly, it may be more convenient in many situations to consider only non repeating decimal fractions fractions whose denominator is a power of ten . For example, fractional units of currency worldwide are mostly based on a denominator that is a power of ten. Also, most fractional measurements in science are reported as decimal fractions, as opposed to fractions with any other system of denominators. A decimal data type could be implemented as either a floating point number or as a fixed point number . In the fixed point case, the denominator would be set to a fixed power of ten. In the floating point case ... value, etc.. Standard formats IEEE 754 specifies three standard floating point decimal data types of different ... library includes a tt Decimal tt class in the module tt decimal tt . ref http docs.python.org ... more details
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