Decreolization is a hypothetical phenomenon whereby over time a creole language reconverges with one of the standard languages from which it originally derived. First proposed by Keith Whinnom at the 1968 Mona conference, the concept has come under fire in recent years from such linguists as Derek Bickerton Bickerton and John R. Rickford Rickford since at its inception it sought to overturn long held elements of the theory of Post creole speech continuum creole continua . Overview Decreolization is a process of homogenization a creole language may undergo when in contact with one of its parent languages, particularly if the parent language is ascribed a prestige dialect prestige value. To put it another way, in decreolization, the influence of the superstratum superstrate language dismantles influences from substratum substrate languages . If one views pidgin ization as a process of language reform Simplification simplification , relaxed pronunciation reduction , and admixture from substratum substrate languages , and creolization as the expansion of the language to combat reduction, then decreolization attacks both simplification and admixture. As languages remain in contact over time, they inevitably influence one another. Typically, the language with higher prestige most often ... with Jamaican English and Standard English , shows evidence of decreolization. Jamaican Creole is much ... speech continuum in which the less prestigious varieties are undergoing decreolization. AAVE Many ... AAVE consider it to be a prime example of decreolization. According to this viewpoint, AAVE developed ... of American English , has undergone decreolization to the point that it is now simply a low prestige ... creoles Decreolization processes occurred in creoles ranging from Brazil in South America as well ... and underwent a process of decreolization when the Asian places were still overseas provinces of Portugal ... to about one century after the Brazilian independence along in the Americas. In Africa, decreolization ... more details
spoken on the islands of Cape Verde , with some decreolization. Another group is spoken in the Gulf ... of an earlier decreolization. Ancient Portuguese creoles originating from Africa are still preserved ... resulted from decreolization of a creole based on Portuguese and native languages but this is not a widely ... language. A degree of Decreolization occurred. Creole of Vaipim India Daman Indo Portuguese language Daman Indo Portuguese L ngua da Casa Daman and Diu Daman , India Decreolization process occurred ... Macau and Hong Kong Decreolization process occurred. Papiamento ref For a discussion about the origins ... more details
Merico or Americo Liberian is an English based creole language spoken until recently in Liberia by Americo Liberian s, descendants of the Settlers, freed slaves and African Americans who immigrated from the Southern US between 1819 and 1860. It is distinguished from Liberian Kreyol language and from Kru , and may be connected to Gullah language Gullah and Jamaican Creole . ref name dillard Joey Lee Dillard 1975 , Perspectives on black English . 391 pages. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9027978115, 9789027978110. http books.google.com.br books?id ntI2tjjTE2MC Online version accessed on 2009 08 10. ref The original Settlers numbered 19,000 in 1860. ref name dillard By 1975 the language was partly decreolization decreolized , restricted to informal settings, and deprecated even by its speakers. ref name dillard Grammatical features Plurals are unmarked, as in rak rock , rocks , or marked with a d should be tilde suffix , as in rak d rocks . The copula linguistics verb expressing to be is s , as in shi s smo she is small , but adjectives may be used without it, as in hi big he is big . Verbs are not inflected for past tense. ref name dillard Separate particles are used to indicate some verb tenses ref name dillard should be tilde for negation ai s di ch I didn t ask the child , d or l for continuing action hi d spiish he is talking at great length , shi l kr she is crying , wu for future wi wu k should be tilde we will come , d should be tilde or n ditto for completed action de d go d d dwe they have gone that way , lilpis n l f not a little piece was left The pronouns include ref name dillard Subject ai a , yu y yo , hi i , shi , wi , de d should be tilde Object mi , yu , hi h , h , wi s , d Possessive m mi , yu yo , hi i , shi h , ou , d See also Krio language of Sierra Leone References reflist lang stub Category Languages of Liberia Category English based pidgins and creoles ... more details
of decreolization is going on. As such, a Post creole speech continuum creole continuum exists ... of decreolization, some speakers include such dental fricatives in their speech. 7. Unstressed ... additions and are viewed as a sign of decreolization. The same is perceived of four ... of this marker are IPA den and IPA dem . As decreolization is processing, the standard English ... pon on instead. This is either an indication of emphasis or of decreolization. Another morpheme which ... more details
The Post creole continuum or simply creole continuum refers to a situation wherein a creole language consists of a spectrum of Variety linguistics varieties between those most and least similar to the superstrate language that is, a closely related language whose speakers assert dominance of some sort . Due to social, political, and economic factors, a creole language can decreolization decreolize towards one of the languages from which it is descended, aligning its morphology linguistics morphology , phonology , and syntax to the local standard of the dominant language but to different degrees depending on a speaker s status. Stratification William Stewart, in 1965, proposed that the terms acrolect and basilect be the sociolinguistic labels for the upper and lower boundaries respectively of a post creole speech continuum. ref Harvcoltxt Stewart 1965 p 15 ref In the early 1970s Derek Bickerton popularized these terms as well as mesolect for intermediate points in the continuum to refer to the phenomenon of code switching used by some users of creole languages who also have some fluency in the standard language upon which the contact language is based. University of Chicago linguist Salikoko Mufwene explains the phenomenon of creole languages as basilectalization away from a standard, often European, language among a mixed European and non European population. ref http humanities.uchicago.edu faculty mufwene pidginCreoleLanguage.html Salikoko Mufwene Pidgin and Creole Languages Bot generated title ref In certain speech communities, a continuum exists between speakers of a creole language and a related standard language. There are no discrete boundaries between the different varieties and the situation in which such a continuum exists involves considerable social stratification. The following table from Harvcolnb Bell 1975 shows the 18 different ways of rendering the phrase I gave him one in Guyanese Creole language Guyanese English class wikitable 1 rowspan 2 IPA a ... more details
Infobox language name Nigerian Pidgin nativename Naija states Nigeria speakers unknown date NA speakers2 30 million second language L2 speakers familycolor Creole fam1 Creole language fam2 English based creole languages English Creole fam3 Atlantic fam4 Krio iso3 pcm Nigerian Pidgin is an English language English based pidgin and a creole language spoken as a lingua franca across Nigeria . The language is commonly referred to as Pidgin or Brokin . It is often not considered a creole language since most speakers are not native speaker s, although many children do learn it early. Nonetheless it can be spoken as a pidgin, a creole, or a decreolization decreolised acrolect by different speakers, who may switch between these forms depending on the social setting. Faraclas, Nicholas C., Nigerian Pidgin , Descriptive Grammar, 1996, Introduction. Ihemere 2006 reports that Nigerian Pidgin is the native language of approximately 3 to 5 million people and is a second language for at least another 75 million. Variations of Pidgin are also spoken across West Africa , in countries such as Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon . Pidgin English, despite its common use throughout the country, has no official status. Variations Each of the 250 or more ethnic groups in Nigeria can converse in this language, though they usually have their own additional words. For example, the Yoruba people Yor b s use the words e and Abi when speaking Pidgin. These are often used at the start or end of an intonated sentence or question. For example, You are coming, right? becomes e you dey come? or You dey come abi? Another example, the Igbo people Igbos added the word, Nna also used at the beginning of some sentences to add effect. For example, man that test was hard becomes Nna, that test hard no be small . Nigerian Pidgin also varies from place to place. Dialects of Nigerian Pidgin may include the Warri, Sapele, Benin, Port Harcourt, Lagos especially in Ajegunle, Onitsha varieties. Nigerian Pidgin is mo ... more details
the creole and the prestige language may result in decreolization , in which the creole begins to more closely resemble the prestige language. Decreolization thus creates a post creole continuum creole ... . An example of decreolization described by Hock and Joseph is African American Vernacular English ... more details
have always been bidialectal, it is likely that at least some decreolization has taken place. In other ... decreolization. They avoided using it in public situations outside the safety of their home areas and many ... more details
non European or African. ref Harvcoltxt Parkvall 2000 ref Decreolization Since creole languages ... their speech to one of the parent languages. This decreolization process typically brings ... more details
, a decreolization process occurs for all the different Cape Verdean Creole variants. Check in this fictional ... of decreolization Portuguese intromission can be noted c qu m c qu m spaced ndash Portuguese ... more details
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