Metadata modeling is a type of metamodeling used in software engineering and systems engineering for the analysis and construction of models applicable and useful some predefined class of problems. Meta modeling is the analysis, construction and development of the frames, rules, constraints, models and theories applicable and useful for the modeling in a predefined class of problems. The meta data side of the diagram consists of a concept diagram. This is basically an adjusted class diagram as described in Booch, Rumbaugh and Jacobson 1999 . Important notions are concept, generalization, association, multiplicity and aggregation. Metadatamodeling Concepts Image Mm31.gif thumb Fig.1 STANDARD, OPEN and CLOSED CONCEPTS Image Mm32.gif thumb Fig.2 Example of STANDARD, OPEN and CLOSED CONCEPTS First of all, a concept is a simple version of a UML class. The class definition ref Booch, Rumbaugh and Jacobson 1999 ref is adopted to define a concept, namely a set of objects that share the same attributes, operations, relations, and semantics. The following concept types are specified STANDARD CONCEPT a concept that contains no further sub concepts. A standard concept is visualized with a rectangle. COMPLEX CONCEPT a concept that consists of a collection of sub concepts. Complex concepts are divided into OPEN CONCEPT a complex concept whose sub concepts are expanded. An open concept is visualized with two white rectangles above each other. CLOSED CONCEPT a complex concept whose sub concepts are not expanded since it is not relevant in the specific context. A closed concept is visualized by a white rectangle above a black rectangle. In Figure 1 the three concept types that are used in the modeling technique are illustrated. Concepts are always capitalized, not only in the diagram, but also when referring to them outside the diagram. In Figure 2 all three concept types are exemplified ... of CONCEPT B See also MetadataMetadata standards Metamodeling Unified Modeling Language UML References ... more details
wiktionary specificationSpecification may refer to several different concepts Specification technical standard , an explicit set of requirements Specification legal concept , from Roman Law Specification regression , the practice of translating theory into a model for regression analysis Specification language , for describing a computer software design at a high level Regional specification , identifying different areas of the early embryo in biology Patent application Patent specification Patent specification , part of a patent application disambig ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Discovery Type Album Artist Charles Lloyd jazz musician Charles Lloyd Cover Discovery .jpg Released 1964 Recorded May 27 and 29, 1964 br small Genre Jazz Length 47 11 Label Columbia Records Columbia br small CL 2267 Producer George Avakian Last album This album Discovery br 1964 Next album Of Course, Of Course br 1965 Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1Score rating 4 5 ref cite web url http www.allmusic.com album r155170 title Discovery The Charles Lloyd Quartet Charles Lloyd & 124 AllMusic first Scott last Yanow work allmusic.com year 2011 last update accessdate 14 July 2011 ref Discovery is the debut album by jazz saxophonist Charles Lloyd jazz musician Charles Lloyd released on the Columbia Records Columbia label featuring performances by Lloyd with Don Friedman , Eddie Khan , Roy Haynes , Richard Davis double bassist Richard Davis , and J.C. Moses . The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 4 stars and states Lloyd s Coltrane inspired sound was already in place, and his flute playing was becoming distinctive. The music is essentially melodic but advanced hard bop, a strong start to an important career . ref Yanow, S. Allmusic class album id r155170 pure url yes Allmusic Review accessed 21 October 2009 ref The piece Ol Five Spot is a homage to the legendary New York Five Spot jazz club of the same name . Track listing All compositions by Charles Lloyd except as indicated Forest Flower 7 44 How Can I Tell You 5 10 Little Peace 6 24 Bizarre 4 13 Days of Wine and Roses song Days of Wine and Roses Henry Mancini Mancini , Johnny Mercer Mercer 5 46 Sweet Georgia Bright 5 38 Love Song to a Baby 5 50 Ol Five Spot 6 26 Tracks 2, 3, 6, 7 recorded on May 27, 1964 1, 4, 5, 8 recorded on May 29, 1964. Personnel Tracks 1, 4, 5, 8 Charles Lloyd jazz musician Charles Lloyd tenor saxophone , flute Don Friedman piano Eddie Khan double bass bass Roy Haynes drum kit drums Tracks 2, 3, 6, 7 Charles Lloyd jazz musician Charles ... more details
The MultiProcessor Specification MPS for the x86 architecture is an open standard describing enhancements to both operating system s and firmware , which will allow them to work with x86 compatible processors in a Multiprocessing multi processor configuration. Version 1.1 of the specification was released on April 11, 1994. Version 1.4 of the specification was released on July 1, 1995, which added extended configuration tables to improve support for multiple PCI bus configurations and improve expandability. The MP specification covers Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller APIC architectures. The Linux kernel and FreeBSD are known to support the Intel MP Specification. There is a utility called mptable which can be used to examine the MP Spec Table on motherboards. External links http www.intel.com design pentium datashts 242016.htm http download.intel.com design pentium datashts 24201606.pdf MPS Specification 1.4 May 1997 http www.uruk.org mps DEFAULTSORT Multiprocessor Specification Category Intel products Category X86 architecture Compu stub ru MultiProcessor Specification ... more details
File Agendacumple en Z.jpg thumb upright An example formal specification using the Z notation . In computer science , a formal specification is a mathematics mathematical description of software or computer hardware hardware that may be used to develop an implementation . It describes what the system should do, not necessarily how the system should do it. Given such a specification , it is possible to use formal verification techniques to demonstrate that a candidate system design is correct with respect to the specification. This has the advantage that incorrect candidate system designs can be revised before a major investment has been made in actually implementing the design. An alternative approach is to use provably correct Program refinement refinement steps to transform a specification ... specification . Whether the formal specification correctly describes the problem to be solved ... validate a specification by proving challenge theorem s concerning properties that the specification ... of the specification and its relationship with the underlying problem domain. If not, the specification ... and implementing the specification. The Z notation is an example of a leading formal specification language . Others include the Specification Language VDM SL of the Vienna Development Method and the Abstract Machine Notation AMN of the B Method . In the Web services area, formal specification ... network.eu km terms f formal specification Formal Specification ref Web services Quality of Service . See also Algebraic specification Formal methods Specification technical standard Software engineering Specification language References Reflist External links http kuro5hin.org story 2005 7 29 04553 9714 A Case for Formal Specification Technology by Coryoth 2005 07 30 http c2.com cgi wiki?FormalSpecification Formal Specification Category Formal methods Category Formal specification languages Formal specification Formalmethods stub de Formale Spezifikation es Especificaci n formal lt Formali ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A specification language is a formal language used in computer science . Unlike most programming language s, which are directly executable formal languages used to implement a system, specification languages are used during systems analysis , requirements analysis and systems design . Specification languages are generally not directly executed. They describe the system at a much higher level than a programming language. Indeed, it is considered as an error if a requirement specification is cluttered with unnecessary implementation detail, because the specification is meant to describe the what , not the how . A common fundamental assumption of many specification approaches is that programs are modelled as algebra ic or model theory model theoretic structures that include a collection of set mathematics sets of data values together with function mathematics functions over those sets. This level of abstraction is commensurate with the view that the correctness ... oriented approach to specification taken e.g. by Common Algebraic Specification Language ... often just by their interrelationship. This is in contrast to so called model based specification model oriented specification in frameworks like Vienna Development Method VDM and Z notation Z , which ... in a programming language, or in an executable subset of the specification language at hand. For example, Hartmann pipeline s, when properly applied, may be considered a dataflow specification which is directly ... and must be specialized to be executable. An important use of specification languages is enabling the creation ... Algebraic Specification Language CASL Vienna Development Method VDM Z notation Lepus3 LePUS3 a visual, object oriented design description language Perfect Developer Perfect See also Formal specification Language independent specification Unified Modeling Language Specification and Design Language SDL Computer language Compu lang stub DEFAULTSORT Specification Language Category Specification languages ... more details
In computing , bit specification may mean Computer hardware or software capabilities or design features expressed in terms of bit counts. Higher bit specification e.g. 16 bit vs. 8 bit usually indicates better performance. Examples Color depth Computer bus size Processor register size Sound quality Specification or datasheet where the meaning of individual bit s in a larger, for example byte length, message is described. Bit specifications are often required to document low level device control or data transmission protocol computing protocol s. See bit manipulation . See also Functional specification disambig ... more details
A specification tree shows all specifications of a technical system under development in a hierarchical order. For a spacecraft system it has the following levels System requirements specification generated by customer System design to specification generated by system responsible prime contractor Subsystem specifications generated by system responsible prime contractor Assembly specifications generated by subsystem responsible contractors Unit specifications generated by subsystem or assembly responsible contractors. An assembly level is defined as intermediate level when the subsystem contractor prefers to contract a group of units with complex interfaces to another contractor for instance the operating system and subsystem application software can be an assembly of the data management subsystem . See also Specification technical standard Category Product development ... more details
expert subject Architecture date October 2011 A design specification provides explicit information about the requirements for a product and how the product is to be put together. It is the most traditional kind of specification, having been used historically in public contracting for buildings, highways, and other public works, and represents the kind of thinking in which architects and engineers have been trained. Its use is called for where a structure or product has to be specially made to meet a unique need. For example, a design specification must include all necessary drawings, dimensions, environmental factors, ergonomic factors, aesthetic factors, cost, maintenance that will be needed, quality, safety, documentation and disposal See also Software Design Description SDD Requirements specificationSpecification Data sheet Spec sheet Category Product development design stub nl Ontwerpspecificatie zh ... more details
The Multiboot Specification is an open standard originally created in 1995 and developed by the Free Software Foundation . The specification describes a method of loading various multiboot Kernel computer science kernels using a single compliant boot loader . GNU Hurd , VMware ESXi, Xen , and L4 microkernel family L4 microkernels all need to be Booting booted using this method. GNU GRUB is the reference implementation used in the GNU operating system . The latest version is 0.7. See also Multi boot Functional specification External links http www.gnu.org software grub manual multiboot multiboot.html Multiboot specification http www.osdcom.info content view 33 39 Writing a Multiboot compliant kernel http www.gnu.org software grub GRUB Home page http www.onlamp.com pub a bsd 2007 03 01 inside multiboot.html Article Making NetBSD Multiboot compatible http mail index.netbsd.org source changes 2006 10 25 0015.html A post committing implementation of Multiboot in NetBSD i386 4.x 10 2006 http julipedia.blogspot.com 2006 10 improved multiboot support in.html More information about Multiboot in NetBSD http grub.enbug.org MultibootSystems GrubWiki list of operating systems known to support Multiboot http kb.vmware.com selfservice microsites search.do?language en US&cmd displayKC&externalId 1008971 Booting VMware via PXELINUX with Multiboot standard stub Category Booting Category Computer standards ru Multiboot Specification pt Multiboot Specification ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date August 2009 A field specification or fspec defines a portion of a Word data type word in some programming language . It has the form L R where L is the leftmost byte and R is the rightmost byte, and counting begins at zero. For example, the first three bytes of a word would have the fspec 0 2 for bytes numbered 0, 1, and 2. DEFAULTSORT Field Specification Category Units of information ... more details
In regression analysis and related fields such as econometrics , specification is the process of converting a theory into a regression model. This process consists of selecting an appropriate function mathematics functional form for the model and choosing which variables to include. Model specification is one of the first steps in regression analysis. If an estimated model is misspecified, it will be biased and inconsistent. ref Lee, Cheng Few Lee, John C. Lee, Alice C. Statistics for Business and Financial Economics. World Scientific Publishing Company. 2nd edition. December 1999 . p 718. ref Specification error and bias Specification error occurs when an independent variable is correlated with the error term. There are several different causes of specification error incorrect functional form a variable omitted from the model may have a relationship with both the dependent variable and one or more of the independent variables omitted variable bias ref http cemood.people.wm.edu 603.html Untitled Bot generated title ref an irrelevant variable may be included in the model the dependent variable may be part of a simultaneous equation simultaneity bias measurement errors may affect the independent variables. Detection The Ramsey RESET test can help test for specification error. See also Model risk References references cite journal last Thursby first Jerry G. coauthors Schmidt, Peter title Some Properties of Tests for Specification Error in a Linear Regression Model journal Journal of the American Statistical Association volume 72 issue 359 pages 635 641 month September year 1977 doi 10.2307 2286231 publisher Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 72, No. 359 jstor 2286231 cite journal last Sapra first Sunil title A regression error specification test RESET for generalized linear models journal Economics Bulletin volume 3 issue 1 year 2005 pages 1 6 url http economicsbulletin.vanderbilt.edu 2005 volume3 EB 04C50033A.pdf format PDF Category Regression analysis ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Unreferenced date March 2007 The person specification is an extension of the job description . It is a profile of the type of person needed to do a job and is produced along with a job description following a job analysis . Elements of a person specification include Attainments experience and qualifications Specialized skill s Interests Disability Personality See also business human resource management personnel recruitment process job analysis job description employment contract A person specification is written by the firm and outlines the type of person the firm wants. It might contain the educational qualifications, previous experience, general intelligence, specialised skills, interests, personality and physical requirements and how you look A person specification is used to match the right person to the job. It describes the desirable personal attributes of the job holder. References http www.acas.gov.uk acas.gov.uk http www.businesslink.gov.uk bdotg action detail?type RESOURCES&itemId 1073793806 businesslink.gov.uk Category Human resource management Category Recruitment business stub ... more details
Algebraic specification ref cite book title Algebraic Specification first J. A. last Bergstra coauthors B. Mahr publisher Academic Press year 1989 isbn 0 201 41635 2 ref ref cite book title Algebraic Specification first E. last Ehrig coauthors J. Heering, J. Klint publisher Springer Vrlag year 1985 series EATCS Monographs on Theoretical Computer Science volume 6 ref ref cite book title Algebraic Specification first M. last Wirsing series Handbook of Theoretical Computer Science volume B editor Jan van Leeuwen year 1990 publisher Elsevier pages 675 788 ref , is a software engineering technique for formal specification formally specifying system behavior. Algebraic specification seeks to systematically develop more efficient programs by formally defining data type types of data , and mathematical operations on those data types abstracting implementation details, such as the size of representations in memory and the efficiency of obtaining outcome of computations formalizing the computations and operations on data types allowing for automation by formally restricting operations to this limited set of behaviors and data types. An algebraic specification achieves these goals by defining one or more data types, and specifying a collection of functions that operate on those data types. These functions can be divided into two classes Constructor object oriented programming constructor functions functions that create or initialize the data elements, or construct complex elements from simpler ones Method computer programming additional functions functions that operate on the data types, and are defined in terms of the constructor functions. Example Consider a formal algebraic specification for the Boolean data type boolean data type. One possible algebraic specification may provide ... to yield the value true. The algebraic specification therefore describes state machine all ... between states. See also Common Algebraic Specification Language Donald Sannella Formal specification ... more details
Refimprove date August 2011 In the field of developmental biology , regional specification is the process ... cell is irreversible. There are two main types of specification autonomous and conditional. A cell specified ... fate based upon other surrounding cells or morphogen gradients. Specification in sea urchins uses ... study confirmed the role of catenin in the cell autonomous specification of vegetal cell fates and the micromeres ... to initiate specification of secondary mesenchyme cells in the sea urchin embryo. journal Development ... for the study of regional specification because tunicates were the first organism in which autonomous specification was discovered and tunicates are evolutionary related to vertebrates. Early observations ... specification. The endoderm sends a fibroblast growth factor FGF signal to specify the notocord ... to produce. Thus, The first division gives the autonomous specification of the two cells, but the AB ... while the P4 lineage gives rise to the germ line. Axis specification The anterior posterior axis ... the ventral cell is the EMS cell. Localization of cytoplasmic determinants The autonomous specification ... see below accumulate in the posterior. Specification of germ line P granules were identified as the cytoplasmic ... cells which become the germ line. Specification of EMS and P1 cells Other proteins that are likely to function ... of PIE 1 is required to keep the germ line lineage from differentiating. Specification of C and D founder ... factor that is required to distinguish C from D. Specification of E lineage The specification of the E ... and mom 5 is a member of the frizzled family of proteins i.e. the receptor . Specification of ABa and ABp The specification of ABa and ABp depend on another cell cell signaling event. A difference ... for the Notch signaling Notch protein. GLP 1 , a Notch protein, is also required for specification ... in the Wnt pathway led to the discovery that catenin was. catenin is present in the nuclei on the dorsal ... The earliest specification in mouse embryos occurs between trophoblast and inner cell mass cells ... more details
Orphan date November 2006 Process specification is a generic term for the specification of a process. Its context is not unique to business activity but can be applied to any organizational activity. Within some structured methods, the capitalized term Process Specification refers to a description of the Procedure term procedure to be followed by an actor within an elementary level business activity, as represented on a process model such as a dataflow diagram or IDEF0 model. A common alias is minispec short for miniature specification. Use in systems development The process specification defines what must be done in order to transform inputs into outputs. It is a detailed set of instructions outlining a business procedure that each elementary level business activity is expected to carry out. Process specifications are commonly included as an integral component of a requirements document in systems development. Techniques There are a variety of approaches that can be used to produce a process specification including decision tables structured English favored technique of most systems analysts pre post conditions use cases , basic course or events alternate paths in use cases flowcharts . Nassi Shneiderman diagram Unified Modeling Language UML Activity diagram No matter what approach is used, it must communicate to system development designers, implementers and support professionals, as well as be verifiable by the stakeholders end users. See also Specification technical standard External links http www.yourdon.com strucanalysis wiki index.php?title Chapter 11 Chapter 11 of the http www.yourdon.com strucanalysis wiki index.php?title Introduction Structured Analysis Wiki , by Ed Yourdon Category Process management Category Software development process ko ... more details
Specification by example is a collaborative approach to defining requirements and business oriented functional tests for software products based on capturing and illustrating requirements using realistic examples instead of abstract statements. It is applied in the context of Agile software development ... Specification by example How successful teams deliver the right software publisher Manning year 2011 isbn 978 0 321 27865 4 ref Specification by example is also known as Example driven development, Executable ... the Communication Gap Specification by Example and Agile Acceptance Testing publisher Neuri year 2009 isbn 0 9556836 1 0 ref Advantages Successful application of Specification by example is documented .... Examples as a single source of truth A key aspect of specification by example is creating a single ... is often required on weekly or two weekly basis. With Specification by example, different ... as a specification and a business oriented functional test. Any additional information discovered during ... a specification and a business oriented Acceptance testing test for acceptance of software functionality. After the change is implemented, specification with examples becomes a document explaining ... Documentation. ref name Adzic11 Key practices Teams that apply Specification by example successfully ... collaboratively through all team specification workshops, smaller meetings or teleconference reviews ... from specifications with examples to support future development Software teams that apply specification ... examples. ref name Larman10 Applicability Specification by example applies to projects with sufficient ... ref name Cunningham06 2 http c2.com ppr episodes.html ref in 1996. The name Specification by Example ... Specification by Example is an evolution of the Customer Test ref name Beck99 cite book last Beck ... of Specification by example on large scale projects requires frequent validation of software functionality ... aspects the specification and the automation layer. The specification of a test which is often ... more details
Image Specification UML v2.png right thumb 300px Specification Pattern in Unified Modeling Language UML In computer programming, the specification pattern is a particular software design pattern , whereby business rules can be recombined by chaining the business rules together using boolean logic. A specification pattern outlines a business rule that is combinable with other business rules. In this pattern, a unit of business logic inherits its functionality from the abstract aggregate Composite Specification class. The Composite Specification class has one function called IsSatisfiedBy that returns a boolean value. After instantiation, the specification is chained with other specifications, making new specifications easily maintainable, yet highly customizable business logic. Furthermore upon instantiation the business logic may, through method invocation or inversion of control , have its state altered in order to become a delegate of other classes such as a persistence repository. Code examples C Sharp programming language C source lang csharp public interface ISpecification bool IsSatisfiedBy object candidate ISpecification And ISpecification other ISpecification Or ISpecification other ISpecification Not public abstract class CompositeSpecification ISpecification public abstract bool IsSatisfiedBy object candidate public ISpecification And ISpecification other return new AndSpecification this, other public ISpecification Or ISpecification other return new OrSpecification ... agency. Using these three specifications, we created a new specification called SendToCollection ... 2005 03 25 the specification pattern a primer The Specification Pattern A Primer by Matt Berther http www.codeproject.com KB architecture SpecificationPart1.aspx The Specification Pattern A Four Part Introduction using VB.Net by Richard Dalton http www.dpdk.nl opensource specification pattern for selection on lists specification pattern in flash actionscript 3 by Rolf Vreijdenberger ... more details
of road surface descriptions. An implementation of OpenCRG into the OpenDRIVE file format specification ... Format Specification location OpenDRIVE publisher VIRES GmbH year 2008 url http www.opendrive.org ... name Format specification Schema file Release date rowspan 4 OpenDRIVE br style background Khaki ... Specification Category Driving ... more details
orphan date April 2010 In Xenopus laevis , the specification of the three germ layers endoderm , mesoderm and ectoderm occurs at the blastula stage. ref name Heasman Heasman, J., Quarmby, J., and Wylie, C.C. 1984 . The mitochondrial cloud of Xenopus oocytes the source of germinal granule material. Dev Biol 105, 458 469. ref Great efforts have been made to determine the factors that specify the endoderm and mesoderm. On the other hand, only a few examples of genes that are required for ectoderm specification have been described in the last decade. The first molecule identified to be required for the specification of ectoderm was the ubiquitin ligase Ectodermin Ecto, TIF1 , TRIM33 later, it was found that the deubiquitinating enzyme, FAM USP9x , is able to overcome the effects of ubiquitination made by Ectodermin in Smad4 Dupont et al., 2009 . Two transcription factors have been proposed to control gene expression of ectodermal specific genes POU91 Oct3 4 ref name Snir Snir, M., Ofir, R., Elias, S., and Frank, D. 2006 . Xenopus laevis POU91 protein, an Oct3 4 homologue, regulates competence transitions from mesoderm to neural cell fates. EMBO J 25, 3664 3674. ref and FoxIe1 Xema . ref name Mir07 Mir, A., Kofron, M., Zorn, A.M., Bajzer, M., Haque, M., Heasman, J., and Wylie, C.C. 2007 . FoxI1e activates ectoderm formation and controls cell position in the Xenopus blastula. Development ... thumb 320px right Proteins required for ectodermal specification. Ectodermin and FAM Biological role ...., Rugge, M., and Piccolo, S. 2005 . Germ layer specification and control of cell growth by Ectodermin ... actions of TGF eta in homeostasis and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 3, 807 821. ref During ectoderm specification ..., FoxM1 and FoxP1 in early development. Int J Dev Biol 49, 53 58. ref and ventral head specification ... of Xenopus Foxi1a for ventral specification of the cephalic ectoderm during gastrulation. Development ... Reflist DEFAULTSORT Ectoderm Specification Category Genetics ... more details
wiktionary defense defence NOTOC Defense or defence see American and British English spelling differences ce.2C se ce se may refer to Tactics and strategy small of defending against attack small Defense military Defense sports Defender association football Defenceman ice hockey Biological defense disambiguation a Chess opening as created in reply by Black Self defense Civil defense Politics and economics National security Defense minister International security The defense industry Defense contractor Concepts in law Defense legal Defense of property Right of self defense In psychology Defence mechanism In philosophy Defenses and theodicies regarding the problem of evil See also lookfrom lookfrom Defence intitle intitle Defence A euphemism for war or the military HMS Defence , Royal Navy ships of this name Defense of a doctoral thesis, also called viva voce see dissertation La D fense , a business district in Paris The Grande Arche , commonly known as Arche de la D fense, in Paris DeFence , an artproject Haganah in Hebrew The Defence , a paramilitary organization in British Palestine Tower defense , a type of strategy game The pharmaceutical Cimetidine , used for treating gastric ulcers Defender disambiguation disambiguation an Esfensa az M dafi mumi anlay cs Obrana de Verteidigung es Defensa eo Defendo apartigilo fr D fense hr Obrana id Pertahanan nl Defensie ja pt Defesa ru sk Obrana sl Obramba sr sv F rsvar zh ... more details
Infobox book See Wikipedia WikiProject Novels or Wikipedia WikiProject Books name The Defense title orig Zashchita Luzhina translator Vladimir Nabokov and Michael Scammell image Image Defense.jpg 200px image caption 1st edition Russian author Vladimir Nabokov illustrator cover artist country language Russian language Russian genre novel publisher G. P. Putnam s Sons English release date 1930 english release date 1964 media type Print Hardcover Hardback & Paperback pages isbn NA The Defense is third novel written by Vladimir Nabokov during his emigration in Berlin and published in 1930. Publication The novel appeared first under Nabokov s penname V. Sirin in the Russian emigre quarterly Sovremennye Zapiski and was thereafter published by the emigre publishing house Slovo as The Luzhin Defense in Berlin. More than three decades later the novel was translated into English by Michael Scammell in collaboration with Nabokov and appeared in 1964. In the foreword to the English edition Nabokov states that he wrote The Defense in 1929 while he he vacationed in Le Boulou hunting butterflies and then finished it in Berlin. He links the events in the central chapters to moves as encountered in chess problem s. Plot summary The plot concerns the title character, Aleksandr Ivanovich Luzhin. As a boy, he is considered unattractive, withdrawn, and an object of ridicule by his classmates. One day, when a guest comes to his father s party, he is asked whether he knows ... the game, Luzhin has a mental breakdown , which climaxes when his carefully planned defense against ... books, The Defense contains and diffuses the greatest warmth which may seem odd seeing how supremely ... of Madness in Vladimir Nabokov s The Defense Glen Downey writer Glen Downey , The Antigonish Review ... of Luzhin s Defence , The Chess Drum Nabokov Prose DEFAULTSORT Defense Category 1930 novels ... Lu ino gynyba hu Luzsin v delem pl Obrona u yna pt The Defense ru uk ... more details
Merge Knowledge retrieval date May 2009 Merge Knowledge extraction date March 2011 Knowledge discovery is a concept of the field of computer science that describes the process of automatically searching large volumes of data for patterns that can be considered knowledge about the data ref Frawley William. F. et al. 1992 , Knowledge Discovery in Databases An Overview , AI Magazine Vol 13, No 3 , 57 70 online full version http www.aaai.org ojs index.php aimagazine article viewArticle 1011 ref . It is often .... Knowledge discovery developed out of the Data mining domain, and is closely related to it both in terms of methodology and terminology ref Fayyad U. et al. 1996 , From Data Mining to Knowledge Discovery ... discovery, also known as Knowledge Discovery in Databases KDD . Just as many other forms of knowledge discovery it creates abstraction s of the input data. The knowledge obtained through the process may become additional data that can be used for further usage and discovery. Another promising application of knowledge discovery is in the area of software modernization which involves understanding ... obtained from existing software. Object Management Group OMG developed specification Knowledge Discovery Metamodel KDM which defines an ontology for the software assets and their relationships for the purpose of performing knowledge discovery of existing code. Knowledge discovery from existing ... systems. Instead of mining individual data set s, software mining focuses on metadata , such as database schemas. Input data for knowledge discovery Data mining Databases Relational data mining Relational ... data streams under concept drift Web mining Web Output formats for discovered knowledge Data model Metadata ... Discovery Metamodel KDM Business Process Modeling Notation BPMN Intermediate representation Resource ... References reflist Computable knowledge DEFAULTSORT Knowledge Discovery Category Knowledge representation Category Machine learning Category Data mining de Knowledge Discovery in Databases pt Extra o ... more details
The Metadata Facility for Java is a specification for Java programming language Java that defines an API for annotation annotating field computer science fields , method computer science methods , and class computer science classes as having particular attributes that indicate they should be processed in specific ways by development tool s, deployment tools, or library computer science run time libraries . The specification was developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 175, and was released as a part of Java Platform, Standard Edition J2SE 5.0 Tiger . External links http www.jcp.org en jsr detail?id 175 JSR 175 A Metadata Facility for the Java Programming Language http www.jcp.org en jsr detail?id 250 JSR 250 Common Annotations defines common Java SE and Java EE annotations http www.jcp.org en jsr detail?id 269 JSR 269 Pluggable Annotation Processing API defines a pluggable interface for developing build time annotation processors Compu soft stub Category Java platform Category Metadata Java Category Java specification requests pt Metadata facility para Java ... more details
unreferenced date June 2010 Metadata Working Group was formed in 2006 by Adobe Systems , Apple Computers Apple , Canon company Canon , Microsoft and Nokia . Sony joined later in 2008. The focus of the group is to advance the interoperability of metadata stored in digital media . Its first specification, http metadataworkinggroup.com specs Guidelines for Handling Image Metadata , defined the interoperability among Exif , IPTC Information Interchange Model IIM old IPTC , and Extensible Metadata Platform XMP with consumer digital images. The following properties were selected for interoperability keywords description date and time orientation rating copyright creator location created location shown Test file s for verification and validation verification were added in 2008 and area available for http metadataworkinggroup.com specs test files.html download . External links Official http metadataworkinggroup.com Category Metadata ... more details
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