about delamination in geology Delamination geology delamination in embryology Embryogenesis refimprove date March 2009 File Delamination CFRP.jpg thumb Delamination of Cfrp CFRP under compression load Delamination is a mode of failure for composite material s. ref name cantwell cite journal author WJ Cantwell, J Morton title The impact resistance of composite materials a review journal Composites year 1991 volume 22 issue 5 pages 347&ndash 62 url doi 10.1016 0010 4361 91 90549 V ref Modes of failure are also known as failure mechanisms . In laminated materials, repeated cyclic stresses, impact, and so on can cause layers to separate, forming a mica like structure of separate layers, with significant loss of mechanical toughness. Delamination also occurs in reinforced concrete structures subject to reinforcement corrosion, in which case the oxidized metal of the reinforcement is greater in volume than the original metal. The oxidized metal therefore requires greater space than the original reinforcing bars, which causes a wedge like stress on the concrete. This force eventually overcomes the relatively weak tensile strength of concrete, resulting in a separation or delamination of the concrete above and below the reinforcing bars. The cause of fiber pull out another form of failure mechanism and delamination is weak bonding. ref Serope Kalpakjian, Steven R Schmid. Manufacturing Engineering and Technology . International edition. 4th Ed. Prentice Hall, Inc. 2001. ISBN 0 13 017440 8 ref Thus, delamination is an insidious kind of failure as it develops inside of the material, without being obvious on the surface, much like metal fatigue . Delamination failure may be detected in the material ... de icing salts and chemicals are commonly subject to delamination and as such are typically scheduled ... defects inside the material. Due to increasing use of composite materials in aviation , delamination ... Reflist Category Composite materials de Delamination it Delaminazione pl Rozwarstwienie ... more details
File Sierra Nevada Mountains.JPG thumb 250px Sierra Nevada Mountains formed by delamination as seen from the International Space Station . In geophysics , delamination refers to the loss and sinking of the portion of the lowermost lithosphere from the tectonic plate to which it was attached. This can occur when the lower portion of the lithosphere becomes more dense than the surrounding Mantle geology mantle . Because of the instability of higher density material atop lower density material, the lower lithosphere separates from the tectonic plate and sinks into the mantle. ref cite journal last Kay first RW coauthors Mahlburg Kay, S. year 1993 title Delamination and delamination magmatism journal Tectonophysics volume 219 issue 1 3 pages 177 189 doi 10.1016 0040 1951 93 90295 U ref Delamination is of two basic types brittle or ductile. In the brittle type, the lower crust metamorphoses to the denser eclogite , causing a density inversion, ref name Rollinson cite book title Early Earth systems a geochemical approach author Hugh Richard Rollinson url http books.google.com ?id 9YRHu9kdPz8C&pg PA169 page 169 year 2007 isbn 1405122552 publisher Wiley Blackwell ref which then may detach rip away and sink. The second type, ductile delamination, is related to convective instabilities. The convection can simply peel away the lower crust. Or, in a different scenario, a Rayleigh Taylor instability is created. Due to the instability in a local area, the base of the lithosphere breaks up into descending ... Society of America ref Delamination of the lithosphere has two major geologic effects. First ... . Delamination may thus account for some volcanic regions that have been attributed to mantle ... of lithosphere delamination is the Sierra Nevada U.S. Sierra Nevada mountains in the western USA ... Timing of volcanism in the Sierra Nevada of California Evidence for Pliocene delamination of the batholithic ... first3 G. Lang issue 9 ref ref name delamination lee cite journal doi 10.1126 science.289.5486.1912 ... more details
Sources date April 2010 In geology , plating is a hypothesized process whereby asthenosphere asthenospheric Mantle geology mantle hardens beneath Crust geology crustal material, thereby becoming attached to it and thereafter moving together with the crustal material as part of the lithosphere . A complementary process, although it does not necessarily always involve the upper mantle, is called delamination geology delamination . See also Delamination geology Ophiolite Category Plate tectonics tectonics stub ... more details
orphan date March 2010 Unreferenced date March 2010 3D composites are a way to increase through the thickness mechanical properties of laminate s by having reinforcement in the thickness direction out of plane . When compared to a 2D composite, the impact resistance , compression after impact CAI , and delamination control is significantly improved without significantly reducing the mechanical properties along the plane. Possible applications include wind turbine blades, Ballistic vest ballistic armor , boat construction, and the automotive industry . The most common manufacturing technique is resin transfer molding . Category Composite materials civil engineering stub ... more details
Z pinning is a technique to insert reinforcing fibres also called Z pins or Z fibres along the Cartesian coordinate system Z direction of continuous fibre reinforced plastic s. ref name zpinningpaper cite web author Partridge, Ivana K. et al. title Manufacture and performance of Z pinned composites work Advanced polymeric materials structure property relationships, CRC Press ISBN 1 58716 047 1 chapter 3 year 2003 ref Z pins can be made of metal or precured unidirectional composite fibres. It is designed for use within pre preg technology there is extensive experimental evidence that Z pinning dramatically improves the resistance of the composite structure to delamination . ref name zpinningdelamination cite web author Partridge, Ivana K. et al. title Delamination resistant laminates by Z Fiber pinning doi 10.1016 j.compositesa.2004.06.029 work Composites Part A year 2005 month January ref Several ways of inserting Z pins have been developed to date. One method involves the use of an ultrasonic hammer that forces the Z pins through the uncured preform while inducing high frequency vibrations to them. The vibrating chamfered tip of the Z pins locally heats up and softens the resin allowing the Z fibre to penetrate the preform with minimal disruption of the long fibres. See also Tufting composites References references External links http www.cranfield.ac.uk sas clientservices facilities page5257.jsp Cranfield University page with Z pinning unit description DEFAULTSORT Z Pinning Category Composite materials material stub ... more details
Red rot also redrot is a degradation process found in vegetable tanned leather . ref Applebaum, Barabara. Guide to Environmental Protection of Collections p. 185. Sound View Press, 1991 ref Red rot is caused by prolonged storage or exposure to high relative humidity , environmental pollution, and high temperature. In particular, red rot occurs at pH values of 4.2 to 4.5. Sulfur dioxide converts to sulfuric acid which forms hydrogen peroxide . The peroxide combines with residual tannin s in the leather to oxidize proteins, creating ammonium sulfate and ammonium bisulfate ref Stambolov, Todor. Environmental influences on the weathering of leather . From International leather and parchment symposium, vol 8. May 1989. Deutsches Ledermuseum Deutsches Schuhmuseum 1989 , pp. 1 5, English German ref The disease manifests as a characteristic powdering of the leather s surface, along with structural weakness through loss, delamination, and a felt like consistency. The damage caused by red rot is irreversible. However, its spread may be retarded by an application of a consolidant such as Klucel mG coated with a sealer such as Renaissance Wax . References reflist Category Leather Category Bookbinding book art stub ... more details
Fiber pull out is one of the failure mechanisms in fiber reinforced composite materials ref name cantwell cite journal author WJ Cantwell, J Morton title The impact resistance of composite materials a review journal Composites year 1991 volume 22 issue 5 pages 347&ndash 62 url doi 10.1016 0010 4361 91 90549 V ref . Other forms of failure include delamination , intralaminar matrix cracking, longitudinal matrix splitting, fiber matrix debonding, and fiber fracture ref name cantwell . The cause of fiber pull out and delamination is weak bonding ref Serope Kalpakjian, Steven R Schmid. Manufacturing Engineering and Technology . International edition. 4th Ed. Prentice Hall, Inc. 2001. ISBN 0 13 017440 8 ref . Work for debonding, math W d frac pi d 2 sigma f 2 l d 24 E f math ref PWR Beaumont. Fracture mechanisms in fibrous composites . Fracture Mechanics, Current Status, Future Prospects. Edited by RA Smith. Pergamon Press 1979. p211 33 in cite journal author WJ Cantwell, J Morton title The impact resistance of composite materials a review journal Composites year 1991 volume 22 issue 5 pages 347&ndash 62 url doi 10.1016 0010 4361 91 90549 V ref where math d math is fiber diameter math sigma f 2 math is failure strength of the fiber math l d math is the length of the debonded zone math E f math is fiber modulus file CVIpullout.jpg thumb In ceramic matrix composite material this mechanism is not a failure mechanism, but essential for its fracture toughness , which is several factors above that of conventional ceramic s. The figure is an example for how a fracture surface of this material looks like. The strong fibers form bridges over the cracks before they fail at elongations around 0.7 , and thus prevent brittle rupture of the material at 0.05 , especially under thermal shock conditions. ref W. Krenkel, ed. Ceramic Matrix Composites , Wiley VCH, Weinheim, 2008, ISBN 978 3 527 31361 7 ref This allows using this type of ceramics for heat shields applied for the re entry of ... more details
Moisture Sensitivity Level relates to the packaging and handling precautions for some semiconductors. The MSL is an Electronics electronic standard for the time period in which a moisture sensitive device can be exposed to ambient room conditions approximately 30 C 60 RH . Increasingly, semiconductors have been manufactured in smaller sizes. Components such as thin fine pitch devices and ball grid array s could be damaged during Surface mount technology SMT reflow when moisture trapped inside the component expands. The expansion of trapped moisture can result in internal separation delamination of the plastic from the die or lead frame, wire bond damage, die damage, and internal cracks. Most of this damage is not visible on the component surface. In extreme cases, cracks will extend to the component surface. In the most severe cases, the component will bulge and pop. This is known as the popcorn effect. IPC electronics IPC Association Connecting Electronic Industries created and released IPC M 109, Moisture sensitive Component Standards and Guideline Manual. Moisture sensitive devices are packaged in a moisture barrier antistatic bag with a desiccant and a moisture indicator card which is sealed. IPC M 109 includes seven documents. According to http www.siliconfareast.com msl.htm IPC JEDEC s J STD 20 Moisture Reflow Sensitivity Classification for Plastic Integrated Circuit IC SMDs, there are eight levels of moisture sensitivity. Components must be mounted and reflowed within the allowable period of time floor life out of the bag . MSL 6 Mandatory Bake before use MSL 5A 24 hours MSL 5 48 hours MSL 4 72 hours MSL 3 168 hours MSL 2A 4 weeks MSL 2 1 year MSL 1 Unlimited Category Integrated circuits Category Semiconductors de Moisture Sensitive Level ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Image Chinese porcelain tiles, Cochin synagogue.jpg thumb right 285px Hand painted Chinese porcelain tiles on the floor of a Jewish synagogue in Kochi, India Cochin , Kerala , India Porcelain tiles are ceramic tiles with a water absorption rate of less than 0.5 percent that are used to cover floors and walls. They can either be unglazed or Ceramic glaze glazed . The hardness of the tile is rated from zero to five according to the ASTM C1027 or ISO 10545 7 test for surface abrasion resistance of glazed tile. This rating, sometimes mistakenly called the PEI rating determines the tiles suitability for various end use conditions. Large scale production of http www.acorntiles.com porcelain tile is undertaken in many countries, with the major producers being China , Italy , Spain and Turkey . There are also countries undertaking small scale production, such as Australia and strong growth in developing countries such as Brazil . Porcelain Tile is also a very common trend in tile installation. There are many different styles of porcelain tiles on the market and they have proved to outperform ceramic tile in durability and looks. It is important to note that the differences of the body of the porcelain tile, as it relates to ceramic tile, has caused many job failures of tile installations. Tile setters that are self trained and novices to the industry will often use cements or mastic to install the impervious body of the porcelain tile to a substrate only to have delamination occur rather quickly. Highly Modified cements are necessary for installation of this material due to the very qualities that make it such a durable long lasting decorative surface. Those specifications are determined by and dictated as industry standards by the Tile Council of America, ref http www.tileusa.com ref and supported by the Tile Contractors Association. ref http www.tilecontractor.org ref references See also Ceramic tile cutter Diamond drilling porcelain Pag ... more details
. Door strike reinforcers In general there are two products frame reinforces, made to prevent delamination ... are made to prevent delamination and or splitting of the door. Sheet steel plate can be placed behind ... can be used to prevent delamination. Door chain s allows the doors to be opened slightly to view ... more details
Delamination geology delamination by intrusion of hot asthenosphere Bottom Subduction of ocean crust ... thumb 250px Sierra Nevada Mountains formed by delamination as seen from the International Space Station ... Nevada U.S. Sierra Nevada Range , where Delamination geology delamination created a block 650 ... PA9 page 9 author John Gerrard isbn 0262071282 date 1990 04 12 ref ref name delamination lee cite ... more details
Nevada Mountains a result of delamination as seen from the International Space Station . Mountain ... of Delamination geology delamination of the lithosphere , in which an unstable portion of cold ... and causing buoyant uplift. ref name delamination lee cite journal doi 10.1126 science.289.5486.1912 ... 07128 2 year 1990 publisher MIT Press ref experienced renewed uplift after a delamination of the lithosphere beneath them. ref name delamination lee ref cite journal doi 10.1130 0091 7613 2000 28 811 ... Evidence for Pliocene delamination of the batholithic root? first3 G. Lang last3 Farmer first2 ... more details
last Maor first Yonah year 2008 title Delamination of oil paints from acrylic grounds publisher Queen ... bond, both chemical and physical. Manufacturers of commercially sold, pre gessoed canvases deny that delamination ... are not permitted to use acrylic gesso under oil paint, precisely because of the delamination ... more details
Gas Exchange, Air Silicone Exchange Scissors Segmentation & Delamination Forceps Membrane Peeling Endophotocoagulation ... using Punch Thru Retinotomy Inside Out Delamination & Peeling Interface Vitrectomy Pars plana vitrectomy ... more details
Unreferenced date June 2008 SympaTex is a type of fabric that is branded as waterproof with breatheable fabrics made or licenced by SympaTex Technologies GmbH. The fabric features a waterproof, windproof and breatheable artificial membrane membrane that is laminate d to fabrics either on its inner surface or sandwiched between two fabric layers often marketed as 3 layer laminate . The latter system offers greater durability, by better protecting the integrity of the SympaTex layer from abrasion to both the outside and the inside of the garment. Overview Image Laminierprozess.jpg thumb 250px Lamination The SympaTex membrane is made of hydrophilic polyether ester block copolymer , which is closed i.e. it has no pores . Like its more common polyurethane equivalent, it can also be referred to as a monolithic membrane. No water can get in from the outside, but water vapour molecules are transported through the membrane from the inside to the outside by way of an absorption and evaporation process. This moisture transfer through the membrane is what is referred to as breatheability. A closed membrane like SympaTex differs from microporous membranes such as eVent or now discontinued Triplepoint Ceramic which have microscopic pores that let air and water vapour pass through, yet have such low surface energy that the surface tension of any liquid water in contact remains too high to allow it to squeeze through the pores. Microporous membranes have traditionally been let down by the contamination of their pores which significantly degrades their breatheability and commonly also have poorer adhesion to fabrics making them more susceptible to delamination. SympaTex s co polymer consists of polyester for molecular strength, and polyether to transport water molecules. The membrane weighs about 30g per average jacket. The membrane is at least 5 micrometres thick, translucent, and stretchable with good stretch recovery. The SympaTex membrane is completely recyclable and relatively ... more details
Refimprove date August 2011 image RAF2699.jpg thumb right United Kingdom military aircraft serials 2699 a World War I Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2 finished in a clear non coloured dope Aircraft dope is a plasticizer plasticised lacquer that is applied to Aircraft fabric covering fabric covered aircraft . It tautens and stiffens fabric stretched over airframes and renders them airtight and weatherproof. ref name Crane Crane, Dale Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition , page 170. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. ISBN 1 56027 287 2 ref Typical doping agents include nitrocellulose , cellulose acetate and cellulose acetate butyrate. Liquid dopes are highly flammable nitrocellulose, for instance, is also known as the explosive propellant guncotton . Dopes will often include colouring pigments to facilitate even application. The colour is usually red or silver. Citation needed date August 2011 Dope has been applied to various aircraft fabrics but typically to Madapolam ref name Madapolam Cite news url http militaryhistory.about.com od worldwariiaircraft p mosquito.htm title World War II De Havilland Mosquito accessdate 6 January 2012 last Hickman first Kennedy year 2012 work About.com ref or fabric with similar fine weave and absorbent qualities. In model aircraft it is often applied to tissue paper. Non shrinking dopes e.g. banana oil also exist for aeromodelling uses where tautening is undesirable. Citation needed date August 2011 Accidents Accidents have occurred when dope is not used correctly, for example when mixed with other chemicals, used on the wrong fabrics or applied to contaminated or improperly prepared surfaces. On 27 April 1995 91 year old aircraft designer and builder Steve Wittman and his wife were killed when their Wittman O&O Special broke up in flight due to delamination and separation of the wing fabric, resulting in wing aeroelastic flutter . The US National Transportation Safety Board stated in their investigation report A small sectio ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 This is an alphabetical list of articles pertaining specifically to civil engineering . For a broad overview of engineering, please see List of engineering topics . For biographies please see List of civil engineers . compactTOC8 side yes nobreak yes A Accuracy and precision American Society of Civil Engineers Applied mechanics B Bending Brittle Buckling Beams and arches Beams C CAD Calculator Calculus Carbon fiber check dam Classical mechanics Composite material Compression ratio Compressive strength Computational fluid dynamics Computer Computer aided design Conservation of mass Corrosion Concrete D Dam Damping deformation engineering Deformation Delamination Design Dimensionless number Technical drawing Drafting Dynamics mechanics Dynamics Drawing civil engineering equipments Design Displacement E Elasticity physics Elasticity Engineering Engineering drawing Engineering economics Engineering ethics Engineering management Engineering society Exploratory engineering Engineering Mechanics F Factor of safety Fatigue material Fatigue Fillet mechanics Fillet Finite element analysis Finite element method Fluid mechanics Force Friction Fundamentals of Engineering exam G Rail gauge Gauge Gauge engineering Granular material Galvanised Iron H HVAC Heating and cooling systems Hydraulics Hydrostatics I Inclined plane Inertia Instrumentation Invention J metod of datjointse July 2010 K Empty section date July 2010 L Leakage Treatments to External walls Lever Legal liability Liability Whole life cost Life cycle cost analysis Limit state design Load transfer M Margin of safety Mass transfer Materials Materials engineering Material selection Mechanics Moment physics Moment Moment of inertia N Normal stress Nozzle masonry O Empty section date July 2010 P Physics Plasticity physics Plasticity Poisson s ratio Position vector Pressure Product Lifecycle Management Professional Engineer Project management Pulley Pump Pile Foundation Plinth Protection Piers Plum ... more details
Mergeto tufting date December 2009 In the field of composite material s, tufting is an experimental technology to locally reinforce continuous fibre reinforced plastic s along the Cartesian coordinate system z direction , with the objective of enhancing the Shear stress shear and delamination resistance of the structure. ref name tuftingpaper cite web author Dell Anno, Giuseppe et al. title Exploring mechanical property balance in tufted carbon fabric epoxy composites url http www.sciencedirect.com science? ob ArticleURL& udi B6TWN 4P47GRX 1& user 10& rdoc 1& fmt & orig search& sort d&view c& acct C000050221& version 1& urlVersion 0& userid 10&md5 aee4f18c39a92e09d8b170f42c6d3c83 doi 10.1016 j.compositesa.2007.06.004 work Composites Part A year 2007 month November accessdate 2008 01 22 ref It consists of inserting a Yarn thread through a layered dry fabric, using a needle that, after insertion, moves back along the same trajectory leaving a loop of the thread on the bottom of the structure. It is a technology developed for and used within the thermoset resin injection manufacturing route, however it is currently being debated whether also Prepreg pre pregs can be successfully tufted. Citation needed date December 2009 Tufting is considered a more economical and flexible method compared to 3D weaving or 3D braid ing to include z fibres in laminated composites. ref name tuftingpinning cite web author Carti , Denis D. R. et al. title 3D reinforcement of stiffener to skin T joints by Z pinning and tufting url http www.sciencedirect.com science? ob ArticleURL& udi B6V2R 4KMYM9B 1& user 10& rdoc 1& fmt & orig search& sort d&view c& acct C000050221& version 1& urlVersion 0& userid 10&md5 88b761e17d8906e6f57465b7d2f162c9 doi 10.1016 j.engfracmech.2006.06.012 work Engineering Fracture Mechanics year 2006 month November accessdate 2008 01 22 ref It resembles stitching , but it is different in that tufting only requires access from one side of the preform. Depending on the equ ... more details
BLP sources date September 2011 Image MRamulu.jpg 120px right thumb Professor Mamidala Ramulu , University of Washington Dr. Ramulu is a mechanical engineering professor, born in southern India . Education He completed his doctoral degree at University of Washington in 1982 under Dr. Kobayashi s guidance. Teaching He teaches 4 5 undergraduate graduate courses every calendar year at the Mechanical Engineering Department at the University of Washington . These courses include mechanics of materials , fracture mechanics , fatigue material fatigue , and advanced manufacturing processes. Research His main research activities focus on solid mechanics , fatigue material fatigue , fracture mechanics , and their applications in manufacturing engineering , and design and manufacturing of composite materials Publications 1. Electrical discharge machining of functionally graded 15 35 Vol SiC p Al composites Seo, Y.W. School of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University Vancouver Kim, D. Ramulu, M. Source Materials and Manufacturing Processes, v 21, n 5, Jun 1, 2006, p 479 487. 2. Facing SiCp Mg metal matrix composites with carbide tools Pedersen, W. Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 105 VKH, University of Minnesota Duluth Ramulu, M. Source Journal of Materials Processing Technology, v 172, n 3, Mar 10, 2006, p 417 423. 3. Waterjet peening at 600MPa A first investigation. Hashish, M. Flow International Corporation Chillman, A. Ramulu Source American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Fluids Engineering Division Publication FED, v 261 FED, 2005, p 45 52. 4. Edge finishing and delamination effects induced during abrasive waterjet machining on the compression strength of a graphite epoxy composite. Ramulu, M. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Box 352800, University of Washington Colligan, K. Source American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Materials Division Publication MD, v 100 MD, Proceedings of the ASME Materials Division 2005, 2005, p 17 ... more details
Image FLTSATCOM.jpg thumb FLTSATCOM Satellite FLTSATCOM also FLTSAT was a satellite communication system of the U.S. Navy which was used for UHF radio communications between ships, submarines, airplanes and ground stations of the U.S. Navy. Most of the transponders on these satellites are simple repeaters with no authentication or control over what they retransmit. This characteristic led to a subculture of pirate radio radio pirates in Brazil using modified ham radio equipment making use of the satellites without authorization. ref cite web url http www.wired.com politics security news 2009 04 fleetcom title The Great Brazilian Sat Hack Crackdown last Soares first Marcelo date 2009 04 20 work Wired magazine Wired accessdate 2009 04 22 ref Altogether eight satellites were launched in the years from 1978 to 1989 by Atlas Centaur rockets into geostationary orbit . The system became operational in 1981. The satellites were manufactured by TRW . The solar arrays of the satellites had a span of over 13.2 m. A special characteristic was an UHF transmit antenna reflector 4.9 m in diameter. The satellites had 12 transponders, which worked in the UHF range from 240 400 megahertz. Additionally FLTSATCOM 7 and 8 had an experimental EHF transponder built by Lincoln Laboratory intended to test the MILSTAR ground terminals. The first seven satellites had a launch mass of 1884 kg and the remaining two were 2310 kg, with the additional mass due to the EHF payload module. The fifth satellite reached geosynchronous orbit, but was unusable due to damage to the solar arrays and antennas. The failure was attributed to explosive delamination of the fiberglass Composite honeycomb honeycomb fairing during flight. The inside wall of the fairing extensively damaged one of the solar arrays, and bent the transmit antenna mast which prevented the antenna from deploying fully. Flight 7 was launched out of sequence after a launch failure of a Delta mission carrying the GOES G weather satellite gr ... more details
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