from a partially destroyed work. Of other copies only fragments survive. The Denkard is roughly ... at any point. Structure and content The Denkard originally contained nine books or volumes, called nasks . The first two and part of the third have not survived. However, the Denkard itself contains ... as it appears in the Denkard is differs slightly from similar legends such as those presented ... portions of the canon have been lost and the Denkard at least makes it possible to determine which portions are missing and what those portions might have contained. The Denkard also includes an enumeration ... one quarter of the texts had survived. In the 20th century it was determined that the Denkard s divisions ... Y 54.1 . Bibliography Reflist Further reading http www.avesta.org denkard denkard.htm The D nkard in English Persian literature Zoroastrian literature Category Zoroastrian texts de Denkard fa fr Denkard ja no Denkard ... more details
ihrd d nask is one of the lost nask s of the Avesta and survives only as a summary preserved in Denkard D nkard 8.13. ref cite book title The Cambridge History of Iran last Yarshater first Ehsan year 1983 publisher Cambridge University Press isbn 9780521246934 url http books.google.co.uk books?id y7IHmyKcPtYC&pg RA3 PA1416&dq Chihrdad&sig ACfU3U2UUGMXt056zUwhPsqC9MVOW WNMA accessdate 2008 09 28 page 1416 ref In the summary, the text is said to have been a history of mankind from the beginning down to the revelation of Zoroaster , ref cite book title Firdowsi s Shahname last Bashiri first Iraj year 1994 publisher Supreme Soviet of Tajikistan isbn url http books.google.co.uk books?id oyBkAAAAMAAJ&q Chihrdad&dq Chihrdad&pgis 1 accessdate 2008 09 28 page xii ref and it was an important source for later works like the Shahnameh hn meh of Ferdowsi . References reflist External links http avesta.org denkard dk8sbe.html chap13 The Denkard s description of the ihrd d nask . Zoroastrian literature Category Zoroastrian texts Category Lost documents Zoroastrianism stub ... more details
peace . Akoman is also close to Varun Varan lust or concupiscence, together with whom so Denkard 3.33 ... harvnb Dhalla 1938 p 399 . ref The ability to make righteous decisions is blunted by Akoman Denkard ... while hiding his own 3.255 . Denkard 8 attributes the crying of new born infants to Akoman, reasoning .... According to Denkard 9.30.8 reflecting chapter 7.8 of the Warsht mansr Nask , a lost Avestan text ... . He so introduces discord and as a consequence physical evil in the world Denkard 6 . He perverts ... 1938 p 400 . ref Among all the demons, Akoman is to be dreaded the most Denkard 9 p. 625 . ref name ... more details
is even more evident in later literature. br In the Denkard Acts of Religion , 9th century , four ... by the Vendidad as an act of hygiene 11.13 , and the Denkard suggests the prayer be uttered when ... in Darmesteter s translation , and possibly to his successors. Later tradition Denkard 9.24.1, also ... more details
have the nectar being created from Ameretat herself e.g. Bd. 26.113 . According to the DenkardDenkard ... cows, Zoroaster s mother absorbed his tan gohr . Denkard 7.2.19ff Through the association with plants ... more details
Jaleh Amouzgar in Persian, born 2 December 1939 is a world class Iranology Iranist and a university professor Life Amouzgar holds a Ph. D. degree from Sorbonne University in Iranistics Iranian linguistics . ref http www.peeters leuven.be boekoverz.asp?nr 7248 ref She is currently chairman of the department of Ancient Iranian Culture and Languages at Tehran University . ref http cws.ut.ac.ir Publications WomensResearch Womensresearch.aspx ref Prof. Amouzgar in collaboration with Prof. Ahmad Tafazzoli has contributed significantly to Ancient Iranian studies and the history of literature in ancient Iran. She is also associated with the Encyclop dia Iranica project at Columbia University . ref http www.cgie.org.ir images Contributions.pdf ref Works Zoroastrian myth of life Pahlavi language, literature and instructions Mythological history of Iran The first samples and the first man on legendary Iranian Shahriyar translation Le Cinquieme Livre Du Denkard , Ahmad Tafazzuli Translator , Peeters, 2001 01 01, ISBN 9782910640095 See also Iranistics Persian culture List of famous Persian women References reflist External links http www.nimrooz.net iranistics amouzgar Biography of Jaleh Amouzgar http www.masoudsoheili.com IranArt Writers JalehAmouzgar.html Portrait of Jaleh Amouzgar Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Amouzgar, Jaleh ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 2 December 1939 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Amouzgar, Jaleh Category Iranologists Category Iranian linguists Category Iranian academics Category Iranian historians Category University of Paris alumni Category University of Tehran faculty Category 1939 births Category Living people Category Iranian women academics Iran bio stub fa ... more details
Religious text primary date December 2010 for the villages in Iran Ramazanabad Rashnudeh Zoroastrianism Rashnu is the Avestan language name of the Zoroastrian yazata of justice. Together with Mithra and Sraosha , Rashnu is one of the three judges who pass judgment on the souls of people after death. Rashnu s standard appellation is the very straight. In creation accounts In the Bundahishn , a Zoroastrian account of creation finished in the 11th or 12th century, Rashnu Middle Persian Rashn is identified as an assistant of the Amesha Spenta Ameretat Amurdad , immortality . GBd xxvi.115 . In a subsequent passage, Rashnu is described as the essence of truth asha arta asha that prevents the daeva daeva s from destroying material Ahura Mazda Creation . Rashnu adjudges even the souls of men and women as to bad deeds and good deeds. As one says, Rashnu shall not see thither the rank of the judge who delivers false judgment. GBd xxvi.116 117 . In other texts In the Avestan Dahm Dahman Afrin , Rashnu is invoked in an address to Ameretat. According to the Denkard , the Duwasrud Nask a legal manual now lost contained passages extolling the supremacy of Rashnu. Dk 8.16 In the Siroza thirty days the very straight Rashnu ... augments the world and is the true spoken speech that furthers the world. Siroza 18 . Holy days The 18th day of every month in the Zoroastrian calendar is dedicated to Rashnu. The Counsels of Adarbad Mahraspandan , a Sassanid era text, notes that on the 18th day life is merry . Zoroastrian Calendar Category Yazatas Zoroastrianism stub fa ja nn Rashnu pl Rasznu ro Ra naw ru ... more details
Zoroastrianism The Jamasp Nameh var J m sp N mag , J m sp N meh , Story of Jamasp is a Middle Persian book of revelations. In an extended sense, it is also a primary source on Zoroastrian doctrine and legend. The work is also known as the Ay dg r J m sp g or Ay tk r J m sp k , meaning In Memoriam of Jamasp . The text takes the form of a series of questions and answers between Vishtasp and Jamasp, both of whom were amongst Zoroaster Zoroaster s immediate and closest disciples. Vishtasp was the princely protector and patron of Zoroaster while Jamasp was a nobleman at Vishtasp s court. Both are figures mentioned in the Gathas , the oldest hymns of Zoroastrianism and believed to have been composed by Zoroaster himself. The question answer series is a common literary technique in Category Zoroastrian texts Zoroastrian literature . In the past, and among Zoroastrians themselves, this technique was frequently misunderstood to be an indication of a first hand account. The text has survived in three forms a Zoroastrian Middle Persian Pahlavi manuscript, that is, a rendering of the Middle Persian language using an Aramaic derived script and accompanied by Aramaic ideograms. The Pahlavi manuscript is damaged and fragmented. a transmission in Pazand , that is, a rendering of the Middle Persian language using Avestan script also an Aramaic derivative but without any non Iranian vocabulary. The Pazend version has survived in its entirety. a Modern Persian language Persian translation in Arabic alphabet Arabic script has also survived. It is slightly younger than the other two manuscripts. See also The Denkard D nkard , a 10th century compendium of the Zoroastrian beliefs and customs. The Bundahishn , a Zoroastrian account of Mazdaen cosmogony and cosmology . The Ayadgar i Zariran , a Zoroastrian epic story Frashokereti , Zoroastrian eschatology Bibliography cite book first Giuseppe last Messina title Libro apocalittico persiano Ay tk r i m sp k i Biblica et Orientalia 9 i y ... more details
other uses Peshotanu punishment refimprove date September 2009 Zoroastrianism Peshotanu Avestan lang ae P tan , Middle Persian Peshyotan , Peshotan is an eschatological figure of the 9th 12th century texts of Zoroastrianism Zoroastrian tradition, one of the Zoroastrian immortals and an assistant of the Saoshyant , the future benefactor who brings about the final renovation of the world. In the genealogy of the mythical Kayanians , Peshotanu is the son of Vishtaspa Wistasp, Goshtasp , the patron of Zoroaster , and brother of Esfandiyar Spentodata Spandadat, Esfandiyar . The principal source of information on the figure is the apocalyptic Zand i Wahman yasn also incorrectly known as the Zand i Vohuman Yasht or Bahman Yasht , which despite its name is neither a portion of the Yasna nor an Avestan language Yasht , but a Middle Persian translation and commentary on a now lost Avestan text. According to Denkard nowiki nowiki s summary in Book 9 of the Sugdar Nask 15.12 15 the Sugdar Nask text has been lost and is only preserved as a summary , Peshotanu is one of seven immortal rulers , residing in Khandez location unknown . This section of the Sudgar Nask serves as the introduction of the Zand i Wahman yasn , which goes on to foretell various events, including several that had already occurred by the time the translations were made. As described in the second half actually, ch. 7 9 of 9 but West s divisions are different from those typically used of the Zand i Wahman yasn , Peshotan will serve as protector of the religion , and at the end of the Millennialism eleventh millennium will bring about a revival of the faith. Peshotanu will live that long because he has gained immortality through his devotion to God. Until the revival which will come when the daevas daeva s will have exceeded their term of rule by 1,000 years Peshotanu will live in a fortress in Khandez with 150 of his disciples. Then, Peshotan will come down to battle the armies of the demons and restore Ira ... more details
Zoroastrianism H rbad also H rbad , h rbed or rvad is a title given to Zoroastrianism Zoroastrian priests of minor orders. In the present day, h rbad is the lowest rank in the Zoroastrian priesthood, and is granted following the basic navar ceremony that marks the beginning of theological training. Unlike a mobed or dastur , a herbad may not be the celebrant zaotar zot of a Yasna service. He may however raspi assist. A herbad may also not officiate at a recitation of the Vendidad . This task is reserved for priests of higher grade. Amongst lay Zoroastrians, the three terms are used interchangeably. Unlike mobed but like dastur , herbad may be adopted as a professional title in a persons name. History of the term Middle Persian herbad Zoroastrian Middle Persian Pahlavi yhlpt derives from Avestan aethrapaiti , which in the Avesta denotes a priestly teacher whose students aethrii would be taught to recite the sacred texts. By the 2nd century CE, the term had however come to refer to a clergyman who taught religious subjects, and the term appears to have commanded greater prestige than it does today. In the late 3rd century inscription at the Ka ba ye Zartosht , the high priest Kartir refers to himself as herbad . There is some evidence that suggest that already by the 6th century, herbad s performed advanced theological tasks, including translations and interpretation of Avestan texts. The 10th century Denkard refers to the high priest Tansar who in legend is attributed with the collation of the Avesta as herbad . Following the collapse of the Sassanid Empire Sassanid state in the 6th century, after which Zoroastrianism began to be supplanted by Islam , the increasingly impoverished Zoroastrian communities found it difficult to support a priesthood known only for their scholarship. By the 9th century, there was an active rivalry between these scholar priests and ritual priests, with each group underbidding the other in their attempts to secure an income. For Zoroastr ... more details
Zoroastrianism History of literature2 Middle Persian literature also called Pahlavi literature ref C. G. Cereti, MIDDLE PERSIAN LITERATURE, Encyclopedia Iranica http www.iranicaonline.org articles middle persian literature 1 pahlavi accessed August 2010 ref is Persian literature of the 1st millennium AD , especially of the Sassanid period. Literature of Pahlavi Pahlavi Literature can be divided in three parts the Pahlavi version of the Avesta , generally known as the Zend Avesta . Pahlavi texts on religious subjects. Pahlavi texts on non religious subjects. Pahlavi translations of Avesta texts This includes several major Pahlavi texts which are translations of Avesta texts. It includes also some Afringan, Yasht and Niyayishn. Some major Pahlavi books of this kind are Vendidad Afringan i Gahanbar Yasna Haptan Yasht Nirangistan Srosh Yasht Hadokht Vishtasp Yasht Sirozak I, II Visperad Frahang i Oim evak Khurshet Nyayish Ahuramazd Yasht Aban Nyayish Bahram Yasht Afringan i Dahman Hadokht Nask Afringan Gatha Aogemadaecha Khurshet Yasht Chitak avistak i gasan Mah Yasht Ataxsh Nyayish Vichirkart i Denig Afaringan Fravartigan Mah Nyayish Pahlavi texts on religious subjects It includes several major Pahlavi texts about different Zoroastrian religious subjects such as cosmogony, cosmology, eschatology, creation of the world, ceremonies, rituals, Andarz, Pandnamak, Patit etc. Major 9th century texts include the encyclopedic Denkard Manushchihr s Dadestain i Denig Religious Decisions and Epistles of Manushchihr Epistles the treatises of Manushchihr s heretical brother, Zat Sparam and Bundahishn Original Creation http www.iranchamber.com religions articles zurvanism1.php . Some other Pahlavi books of this kind are Rivayat accompanying Shikand gumanic Vichar Shayast ne shayast Bundheshn the creation Dana i Menog Khrat Mah farvardin Ruz khordad a notable evidents in a date Book of Arda Viraf Arda Viraf Namag Jamasp Namag Zand i Wahman yasn Matigan i Yosht i Fryano Shabuhragan And ... more details
The Letter of Tansar was a 6th century Sassanid propaganda instrument that portrays the preceding Arsacid Empire Arsacid period as morally corrupt and heretical to Zoroastrianism , and presents the first Sassanid dynast Ardashir I as having restored the faith to a firm foundation. The letter is simultaneously a declaration of the unity of Zoroastrian church and Name of Iran Iranian state, for church and state were born of the one womb, joined together and never to be sundered. ref name Boyce 1968 12 harvnb Boyce 1968 p 12 Ref Boyce1968 . ref The document seems to have been based on a genuine 3rd century letter written by Tansar, the Zoroastrian high priest under Ardashir I, to King Gushnasp of Tabaristan Parishwar Tabaristan , another vassal king of the Arsacid Artabanus IV of Parthia Ardavan IV , whom Ardashir had overthrown. Tansar appears to have been responding to charges leveled at Ardashir, and the delay to accept Ardashir s suzerainty. ref name Boyce 1968 5 harvnb Boyce 1968 p 5 Ref Boyce1968 . ref Representative of those charges is the accusation that Ardashir had taken away fires from the fire temples, extinguished them and blotted them out. To this, Tansar replies that it was the kings of the peoples i.e. Parthians vassal kings that began the practice of dynastic fires, an innovation unauthorized by the kings of old. ref name Boyce 1968 47 harvnb Boyce 1968 pp 26, 47 Ref Boyce1968 . ref A similar response appears in Book IV of the 9th century Denkard . ref name Adhami 2003 226 harvnb Adhami 2003 p 226f . ref The letter was revised in the 6th century, during the reign of Khosrau I Khusrow I Anoshiravan . Boyce 1984 109 The legend that the Arsacid Parthians had allowed Zoroastrianism to fall into neglect stems from the same period. ref name Boyce 1984 109 harvnb Boyce 1984 p 109 . ref The letter was translated into Arabic language Arabic in the 9th century by Abdullah Ibn al Muqaffa Ibn al Muqaffa , and from Arabic into New Persian in the 13th century when I ... more details
multiple issues cleanup July 2011 lead too short July 2011 refimprove July 2011 durb d e Mahrspand n durb d, son of Mahrspand was a Zoroastrian high priest in the reign of the Sassanian king Shapur II A.D. 309 79 ref name Iranica http www.iranicaonline.org articles adurbad i mahrspandan A. Tafa ol , DURB D MAHRSPAND N in Encyclopaedia Iranica ref Life In the Middle Persian Bundahishn , Adurbad s lineage is traced back to the legendary D rsarw, the son of Manuchihr . In Biruni s chronicle of nation, he also mentioned as the descendant of Dwsr. According to Zoroastrian traditions, a proof of the validity of his line of religious traditions was that he underwent the ordeal of molten bronize. That is metal was poured on his chest and he emerged as unscathed. According to Iranica, In keeping with his religious zeal, durb d was a force in the enactment and implementing of decrees against non Zoroastrians the established church is described as having then fallen on evil days, plagued by doubt and infidelity. . Works Various andarz texts collection of wise counsels are attributed to him . ref name Iranica The Denkard ascribes admonitions to Adurbad and an Arabic version of these admonitions occur in the work of Ebn Miskawayh Meskaway s al ekmat al leda . Two groups of his counsels occur in extant Middle Persian text. The first group of counsels contain his addresses to his and is in part translated by Miskawayh Ebn Maskawayah in Arabic . The second group comprises his supposed deathbed utterances. A collection of questions addressed to him by a disciple and his responses are found in the Pahalvi Rivayat. A translation of some of the Middle Persian counsels exist in the book R. C. Zaehner, The Teachings of the Magi, London, 1956. Some Counsels Do not tell a lie to anyone. Do not take an oath on either what is true or what is false. Do not consciously wager on anything at all. Do not seduce other men s wives, for that is a grievous sin for thy soul. My son, think up ... more details
was then supposedly Arda Viraf 1.4 7 and Denkard 3.420 lost in a fire caused by the troops of Alexander ... According to the Denkard D nkard , a semi religious work written in the 9th century, the king Volgash ... to the Denkard D nkard , the Tonsar effort resulted in the reproduction of twenty one volumes, called ... to Denkard , the 21 nask s books mirror the structure of the 21 word long Ahuna Vairya prayer ... notable among the Middle Persian texts are the Denkard D nkard Acts of Religion , dating from the 9th ... more details
According to Denkard 3.157, it is due to the superior assistance and friendship of Airyaman Middle ... into Zoroastrian trandition. In Denkard 8.37.13, Airyaman s role as healer is even shared with Asha ..., Denkard 3.321 div References reflist 3 Bibliography refbegin citation last Bartholomae first Christian ... more details
Persian arts Persian mythology are traditional Iranian folklore tales and stories of ancient origin, some involving extraordinary or supernatural beings. Drawn from the legendary past of the Iranian cultural continent which especially consists of the state of Iran , Afghanistan , Tajikistan and Central Asia , they reflect the attitudes of the society to which they first belonged attitudes towards the confrontation of good and evil , the actions of the gods, yazats lesser gods , and the exploits of heroes and fabulous creatures. Myths play a crucial part in Iranian culture and our understanding of them is increased when we consider them within the context of Iranian history . For this purpose we must ignore modern political boundaries and look at historical developments in the Greater Iran , a vast area covering parts of Central Asia well beyond the frontiers of present day Iran. The geography of this region, with its high mountain ranges, plays a significant role in many of the mythological stories. The second millennium BCE is usually regarded as the age of migration because of the emergence in western Iran of a new form of Iranian pottery , similar to earlier wares of north eastern Iran, suggesting the arrival of the Ancient Iranian peoples . This pottery, light grey to black in colour, appeared around 1400 BCE . It is called Early Grey Ware or Iron I, the latter name indicating the beginning of the Iron Age in this area. ref Sarkhosh Curtis, V., Persian Myths 1993 London, ISBN 0 7141 2082 0 ref Key texts The central collection of Persian mythology is the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi , written over a thousand years ago. Ferdowsi s work draws heavily, with attribution, on the stories and characters of Zoroastrianism Mazdaism and Zoroastrianism , not only from the Avesta , but from later texts such as the Bundahishn and the Denkard as well as many others. Religious background File Chogha Zanbil.jpg thumb left The Chogha Zanbil ziggurat. 209px The characters of Persian myth ... more details
Religious text primary date December 2010 refimprove date December 2010 Zoroastrianism Sraosha is the Avestan language name of the Zoroastrianism Zoroastrian divinity of Obedience or Observance , Kanga 551 Hearkening which is also the literal meaning of her name. In the Middle Persian commentaries of the 9th 12th centuries, the divinity appears as S a rosh . This form appears in many variants in New Persian as well, for example Perso Arabic lang fa , Sor sh . Unlike many of the other Yazata s concepts that are worthy of adoration , Sraosha has the historical Vedic religion Vedic equivalent to Saraswati . Sraosha is also frequently referred to as the Voice of Conscience , which overlaps with both Obedience and as her role as the Teacher of Daena , Daena being the hypostasis of both Conscience and Religion . In scripture In Zoroaster s revelation Sraosha is already attested in the Gathas , the oldest texts of Zoroastrianism and believed to have been composed by Zoroaster himself. In these earliest texts, Sraosha is routinely associated with the Amesha Spenta s, the six Bounteous Immortals through which Ahura Mazda realized created by His thought creation. In the Gathas, Sraosha s primary function is to propagate the religion of Ahura Mazda to humanity, as Sraosha herself learned it from Ahura Mazda. Dhalla, 182 This is only obliquely alluded to in these old verses but is only properly developed in later texts Yasna 57.24, Yasht 11.14 etc. . Directly evident in the Gathas is the description as the strongest, the sturdiest, the most active, the swiftest, and the most awe inspiring of youths Yasna 51.13 , and as the figure that the poor look to for support 51.10 . In the ethical goals of Zoroastrianism good thoughts, good words, good deeds as expressed in Yasna 33.14, Sraosha is identified with good deeds. This changes in Zoroastrian tradition Denkard 3.13 14 , where Sraosha is identified with good words. In Yasna 33.5, the poet speaks of Sraosha as the greatest of ... more details
and the Denkard VII.6 , both of which enumerate the Kayanian kings. In both the Zand i Vohuman Yasht 3.20 29 and the Denkard , Bahman is described as one of the greatest Mazdayasnian kings of Iran. The importance ... more details
and the dew s can only destruct, they will ultimately destroy themselves Denkard 3 . As the medieval ... dew s could not possibly exist. One interpretation of the Denkard proposes that the dew s were perceived ... to Denkard 5.24.21a, the protection of the yazata yazata s is ultimately greater than the power of the demons ... but does not enjoy its hoard e.g., Gbd XXVII Rashk Avestan Areshko envy e.g. Denkard 9.30.4 Sij who ... more details
Zoroastrianism The Vendidad or Videvdat is a collection of texts within the greater compendium of the Avesta . However, unlike the other texts of the Avesta, the Vendidad is an ecclesiastical code, not a liturgical manual. Name The name of the texts is a contraction of the Avestan language V Da v D ta , Given Against the Daeva Daeva s Demons , and as the name suggests, the Vendidad is an enumeration of various manifestations of evil spirits, and ways to confound them. According to the divisions of the Avesta as described in the Denkard book 8 , a 9th century text, the Vendidad includes all of the 19th nask , which is then the only nask that has survived in its entirety. Contents The Vendidad nowiki nowiki s different parts vary widely in character and in age. Although some portions are relatively recent in origin, the subject matter of the greater part is very old. In 1877, Karl Friedrich Geldner identified Metrik des j ngeren Avesta , Stuttgart, 1877 the texts as being linguistically distinct from both the Old Avestan language texts as well as from the Yashts of the younger Avesta. Today, there is controversy over historical development of the Vendidad. The Vendidad is classified by some as an artificial, young Avestan text. Its language resembles Old Avestan. The Vendidad is thought to be a Magi Magi influenced composition. ref name Zaehner 1961 cite book last Zaehner first Richard Charles title The Dawn and Twilight of Zoroastrianism year 1961 location New York publisher Putnam p. 160ff. br Portions of the book are available http www.farvardyn.com magi1.php online . ref It has also been suggested that the Vendidad belongs to a particular school, but no linguistic or textual argument allows us to attain any degree of certainty in these matters. ref name EI Avesta cite encyclopedia last Kellens first Jean title Avesta encyclopedia Encyclopedia Iranica volume 3 year 1989 location New York publisher Routledge & Kegan Paul pages 35 44 p. 35 ref The Vendidad consists ... more details
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