A hypocarnivore is an animal that consumes less than 30 meat for its diet, the majority of which consists of non vertebrate foods that may include fungi , fruit s, and other plant material. ref http icb.oxfordjournals.org cgi content full icm016v1 Oxford Journals D j vu the evolution of feeding morphologies in the Carnivora, Blaire Van Valkenburgh ref Examples of living hypocarnivores are the American Black Bear black bear Ursus americanus , binturong Arctictis binturong and kinkajou Potos flavus . The division of Carnivore carnivory into three groups, including hypercarnivore and mesocarnivore , appears to have occurred about 40 Mya unit mya . It is used with increasing frequency in describing early Canidae evolution and has a documented history in North America n Borophaginae during the Miocene 23.03 to 5.33 Annum mya . According to Xiaoming Wang , some 25 species of hypocarnivore co occurred on the North American continent 30 million years ago. ref Wang X, Tedford R, Beryl E. Taylor. Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae Carnivora Canidae . B Am Mus Nat Hist 1999 243 1 391. ref A shift from hyper to hypo occurred at least three times among Oligocene and Miocene canid s Oxetocyon , Phlaocyon , and Cynarctus . Large hypocarnivore Ursus were rare and developed in the mid to late Miocene Pliocene as Borophanginae became extinct. Dentition Examination of dentition shows that carnassial postcarnassial molar volume expands with hypocarnivores while decreasing in hypercarnivores. ref Ewer, R. F., The carnivores 1973 Ithaca Cornell University Press. ref Prohesperocyon 38 mya 33.9 mya displayed a shift in relative proportion between slicing and grinding functions indicative of a dietary shift away from vertebrate foods to one including fruits. See also Hypercarnivore Mesocarnivore Sources reflist Category Carnivory ... more details
No footnotes article date December 2009 The Dahl effect or Dahl concept is a concept used in dentistry where changes are planned in the occlusion of the dentition . Dahl first described this phenomenon a Dahl appliance uses an anterior bite plane to increase the available interocclusal space available for restorations. It is of great interest to the dentist when an increase in the interocclusal space is required together with an increase in occlusal vertical dimension is required for example when restoring a case of severe anterior tooth surface loss . Typically, restoring the worn anterior teeth with dental composite to the original proportions will result in an increase in OVD, with the posterior dentition held apart out of the occlusion dentistry occlusion . Adaptation occurs over a period of some months compensatory eruption of the posterior teeth will occur, together with some intrusion of the anterior teeth and potential growth of the alveolar bone . This will allow the posterior occlusion to reestablish at the new increased OVD, stabilizing the increased interocclusal space. The advantages of this approach are minimal removal of tooth substance is required to create the interocclusal space, lost OVD can be restored, minimising facial aging, it is a safe, relatively simple, relatively cheap approach in selected patients. Risks of this approach to tooth surface loss cases are the risk that the patients tolerance and adaptive capacity might be exceeded. Planned occlusal changes can be tested using a removable appliance prior to permanent treatment. Dental composite based approaches to tooth surface loss allow for easy adjustment or removal if required. References cite book author Smith BGN year 1998 title Planning and making crowns and bridges edition 3rd publisher Routledge location London isbn 978 0 203 41955 7 oclc 60311365 page 71 cite journal author Poyser NJ, Porter RW, Briggs PF, Chana HS, Kelleher MG title The Dahl Concept past, present and future journa ... more details
The neonatal line is a particular band of incremental growth lines seen in histology histologic sections of a deciduous tooth . It belongs to a series of a growth lines in tooth enamel known as the Striae of Retzius . The neonatal line is darker and larger than the rest of the striae of Retzius. It is caused by the different physiologic changes birth and is used to identify enamel formation before and after birth. In forensics forensic dentistry, the neonatal line can be used to distinguish matters such as if a child died before or after birth and approximately how long a child lived after birth. These lines are formed in Enamel and dentine at the point of birth.Therefore, only teeth that are developing at birth can exhibit neonatal lines. All the primary teeth are forming at birth. The first permanent molar is just beginning calcification at or near birth. References Cate, A.R. Ten. Oral Histology development, structure, and function. 5th ed. 1998. ISBN 0 8151 2952 1. http www.uic.edu classes orla orla312 BHDTwo.html Biology of the Human Dentition Category Teeth dentistry stub ... more details
refimprove date March 2012 A polyphyodont is an animal whose tooth animal teeth are continuously replaced. Most toothed fishes are polyphyodonts. diphyodont Diphyodonts , on the other hand, are characterized by having only two successive sets of teeth. Reptiles and most other vertebrates are also polyphyodonts, mammals being the main exception. Mammals chew their food. This requires a strong set of firmly attached, strong teeth and a full tooth row with no gaps. http courses.washington.edu chordate 453labs 453lab11 09.pdf dead link date March 2012 Elephants cn date March 2012 and manatees are unusual among mammals because they are polyphyodonts, as opposed to most other mammals who replace their teeth only once in their lives diphyodont . The new teeth emerge from the back of the jaw ref Savethemanatee.org http www.savethemanatee.org anatomy2.htm Manatee Anatomy Facts ref and are sometimes referred to as Marching Molars . fact date March 2012 References reflist Category Fish anatomy Category Dentition types Fish stub dentistry stub animal anatomy stub pl Polifiodontyzm ... more details
Acrodont is a formation of the teeth whereby the teeth are consolidated with the summit of the alveolar ridge of the jaw without sockets. ref Plough, F. H. et al. 2002 Vertebrate Life , 6th Ed. Prentice Hall Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. ISBN 0 13 041248 1 ref The term also refers to species of reptiles that have such a formation. This formation is common in the order Squamata , ref Kearney, M. 2003 Systematics of the Amphisbaenia Lepidosauria Squamata Based on Morphological Evidence from Recent and Fossil Forms. Herpetological Monographs. Vol. 17. pp. 1 74. ref with the only other teeth formation in this order being pleurodont . Acrodontal tooth attachment can also be seen in many teleosts and Sphenodons tuatara . References reflist External links http www.palaeos.com Vertebrates Bones Teeth ToothImplantation.html Tooth Implantation http www.peteducation.com article.cfm?cls 17&cat 1848&articleid 2812 Oral Cavity of Reptiles Anatomy and Physiology Category Dentition types lizard stub it acrodonte ... more details
Taxobox name Asfaltomylos fossil range Middle Jurassic Middle Late Jurassic regnum Animalia phylum Chordata classis Mammalia subclassis Australosphenida ordo Incertae sedis familia Henosferidae genus Asfaltomylos species A. patagonicus binomial Asfaltomys patagonicus binomial authority Rauhut, Martin, Ortiz Jaureguizar & Puerta, 2002 Asfaltomylos is an extinct genus of Australosphenida from the middle Jurassic of Argentina . Only one species is recorded, Asfaltomylos patagonicus , from the Ca adon Asfalto Formation , Chubut Province , Patagonia . References Martin, T. & Rauhut, O. W. M. 2005. Mandible and dentition of Asfaltomylos patagonicus Australosphenida, Mammalia and the evolution of tribosphenic teeth . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 2 414 425. Rauhut, O. W. M., Martin, T., Ortiz Jaureguizar, E. & Puerta, P. 2002. A Jurassic mammal from South America . Nature 416 165 168. Australosphenida nav paleo mammal stub portal Paleontology Jurassic stub Category Jurassic mammals Category Australosphenida ca Asfaltomylos patagonicus de Asfaltomylos nl Asfaltomylos ... more details
Taxobox name Metalopex fossil range Fossil range Late Pleistocene status Fossil regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammalia ordo Carnivora subordo Caniformia familia Canidae genus Metalopex genus authority Tedford and Wang, 2008 species binomial binomial authority Metalopex is an extinct hypocarnivore hypocarnivorous mammal similar to Vulpes endemic to North America . Its sister taxon is the extant Urocyon which form a clade based on dentition. These same dental characteristics are shared by Otocyon and Protocyon . ref Tedford, Richard H., Wang, Xiaoming, Taylor, Beryl EPhylogenetic systematics of the North American fossil Caninae Carnivora, Canidae . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, no. 325 http digitallibrary.amnh.org dspace bitstream 2246 5999 1 B325.pdf .PDF ref References reflist carnivora stub Category Prehistoric animals of North America Category Foxes ... more details
Taxobox regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Cimolesta subordo Apatotheria familia Apatemyidae familia authority Apatemyidae is an extinct Family biology family of placental mammals that took part in the first placental evolutionary radiation together with other early mammals such as the Leptictida leptictids . Common in North America during the Paleocene , they are also represented in Europe by the genus Jepsenella They used their strong dentition to dig in the bark of wood and search for insect larvae. See also http www.paleocene mammals.de insectivores.htm Paleocene mammals of the world References cite book title Mammoths, Sabertooths, and Hominids 65 Million Years of Mammalian Evolution in Europe url http www.amazon.com Mammoths Sabertooths Hominids Jordi Agusti dp 0231116403 first1 Jordi last1 Agusti first2 Mauricio last2 Anton publisher Columbia University Press date 2002 isbn 0231116403 Category Prehistoric mammals ... more details
Taxobox name Phenacodontidae fossil range Early Paleocene to middle Eocene image Phenacodus.jpg image caption Phenacodus regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Condylarthra familia Phenacodontidae familia authority Cope, 1881 subdivision ranks Genus Genera subdivision Almogaver Copecion Eodesmatodon Meniscotheriinae Phenacodus Phenacodontidae were an extinct family of large herbivorous mammals in the order biology order Condylarthra . ref http www.paleodb.org The Paleobiology database ref Dentition shows that species like Pleuraspidotherium and its relatives were probably browsers. ref cite book title Mammoths, Sabertooths, and Hominids 65 Million Years of Mammalian Evolution in Europe first1 Jordi last1 Agusti first2 Mauricio last2 Anton publisher Columbia University Press year 2002 isbn 0231116403 . ref References reflist Category Condylarths ca Fenacod ntid es Phenacodontidae nl Phenacodontidae pt Phenacodontidae ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Paraliparis membranaceus regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Actinopterygii ordo Scorpaeniformes familia Liparidae genus Paraliparis species P. membranaceus binomial Paraliparis membranaceus binomial authority Albert G nther G nther , 1887 Paraliparis membranaceus is a species of snailfish only known from a single specimen of 57 mm standard length collected in Sarmiento Channel in the fjord lands of southern Chile . This species is similar to Paraliparis molinai but differs in details of dentition and pectoral fin shape. References cite journal author David L. Stein title Descriptions of four new species, redescription of Paraliparis membranaceus and additional data on species of the fish family Liparidae Pisces Scorpaeniformes from the west coast of South America and the Indian Ocean year 2005 journal Zootaxa volume 1019 pages 1 25 url http www.mapress.com zootaxa 2005f zt01019p025.pdf Scorpaeniformes stub Category Liparidae Category Animals described in 1887 ca Paraliparis membranaceus nl Paraliparis membranaceus ... more details
Taxobox name Parapithecidae image regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Primates suborder Anthropoidea superfamilia Parapithecoidea familia extinction Parapithecidae familia authority subdivision ranks genera subdivision See text. Parapithecidae is an extinct family of primates which lived in the Eocene and Oligocene periods in Egypt . Eocene fossils from Burma are sometimes included in the family in addition. They showed certain similarities in dentition to Condylarthra , but had short faces and jaws shaped like those of tarsier s. They are part of the superfamily Parapithecoidea , equally related to Ceboidea and Cercopithecoidea plus Hominoidea . Genera Apidium small Osborn, 1908 small Arsinoea small Simons, 1992 small Biretia small Bonis et al., 1988 small Parapithecus small Schlosser, 1910 small Qatrania small Simons & Kay, 1983 small External links http www.biolib.cz en taxontree id32097 biolib.cz http www.encyclopedia.com topic Parapithecidae.aspx encyclopedia.com Category Prehistoric apes ... more details
, Notosuchidae and probably with Candidodon . Other characteristics of the dentition are shared with many ... , a large group of crocodylomorphs that shows a great variation of dentition. ref ... more details
In dentistry, the approximal surfaces are those surfaces which form points of contact between adjacent teeth. However, in Diastema dentistry diastemic individuals these surfaces may not make contact but are still considered approximal. Due to the topography of approximal sites the removal of dental plaque plaque by brushing may be difficult and hence a significant build up may occur increasing the risk of plaque related diseases such as dental caries or gingivitis . It is recommended that teeth be professionally cleaned every six months, in part, to avoid this build up and therefore maintain the health of the dentition and surrounding tissues ref cite book last1 Fejerskov first1 O last2 Kidd first E author9 Fejerskov, O. Kidd, E. title Dental Caries The Disease and Its Clinical Management, 2nd Edition year 2008 publisher Wiley Blackwell isbn 978 1 4051 3889 5 ref . References reflist Category Dentistry ... more details
Year nav topic 1742 science The year 1742 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy James Bradley succeeds Edmond Halley as Astronomer Royal in Great Britain. Mathematics June Christian Goldbach produces Goldbach s conjecture . ref cite book first Tony last Crilly title 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know location London publisher Quercus year 2007 isbn 978 1 84724 008 8 page 37 ref Physiology and medicine Surgeon Joseph Hurlock publishes his http books.google.co.uk books about A practical treatise upon dentition or T.html?id OI5zw aQvdkC&redir esc y A Practical Treatise upon Dentition, or The breeding of teeth in children in London , the first treatise in English language English on dentition . Technology Benjamin Robins publishes his http books.google.com books?id 3j8FAAAAMAAJ&pg PA1&dq New Principles in Gunnery&as brr 1 New Principles of Gunnery, containing the determination of the force of gun powder and an investigation of the difference in the resisting power of the air to swift and slow motions in London, containing a description of his ballistic pendulum and the results of his scientific experiments into improvements in ballistics . ref cite web url http www.1911encyclopedia.org Chronograph title Chronograph work Encyclop dia Britannica edition 11th year 1911 accessdate 2011 10 13 ref ref cite book title The Elementary Part of A Treatise on the Dynamics of a System of Rigid Bodies first Edward John last Routh year 1905 location London publisher Macmillan ref ref cite book last Ferguson first Niall authorlink Niall Ferguson title Civilization The West and the Rest location London publisher Allen Lane year 2011 isbn 9781846142734 ref Awards Copley Medal Christopher Middleton navigator Christopher Middleton . Births May 18 Lionel Lukin , English people English inventor d. 1834 in science 1834 . December 3 James Rennell , English geographer, historian and oceanographer d. 1830 in science 1830 . December 9 Carl Wilhelm Scheel ... more details
1 85 98 ref Dentition In addition to its retention of several primitive cranial characters, Paraenhydrocyon dentition includes unique sharp tipped, slender premolar s which clearly contrasts with the strong ... more details
Taxobox name Keel bellied Water Snake image image width image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata subphylum Vertebrata classis Reptilia ordo Squamata subordo Serpentes infraordo Alethinophidia familia Colubridae subfamilia Homalopsinae genus Bitia genus authority John Edward Gray Gray , 1842 ref http jcvi.org reptiles species.php?genus Bitia&species hydroides JCVI.org Retrieved March 3, 2010. ref species B. hydroides binomial Bitia hydroides binomial authority John Edward Gray Gray , 1842 The keel bellied water snake Bitia hydroides is a marine ocean marine Homalopsinae homalopsine snake . It belongs to the monotypic genus Bitia . ref http www.eol.org pages 1057061 EOL.org ref Geographic range It is found in Malaysia . Dentition Bitia hydroides is noted for its unusual dentition . In all other snakes, any enlarged teeth are located on the dentary or maxilla , with the inner, Palatum palatine teeth of the upper jaw being smaller. In Bitia hydroides , the palatine teeth are greatly enlarged. Not enough is known about this animal s feeding behavior or ecology to attempt to infer a function of this peculiar arrangement. See also snake skull snake dentition References references http www.jstor.org stable 1447028 Lu, S. Pang, J. Yang, D. 2006. Morphological phylogeny of the water snake subfamily Homalopsinae Serpent Colubridae . Zoological Research 27 4 363 366. Manthey, U. & Grossmann, W. 1997. Amphibien & Reptilien S dostasiens. Natur und Tier Verlag M nster , 512 pp. Murphy, John C. 2007. Homalopsid Snakes Evolution in the Mud. Krieger Publishing, Malabar, Florida, 249 pp. Smedley, N. 1931. Notes on some Malaysian snakes. Bull. Raffl. Mus. No 5 49 54 Smith, M.A. 1943. The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo Chinese Sub Region. Reptilia and Amphibia. 3 Serpentes . Taylor and Francis, London. 583 pp. Stoliczka, F. 1870. Observations of some Indian and Malayan Amphibia and Reptilia. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 4 6 105 109 Taylor,E.H. 19 ... more details
compressed, Torvoneustes is unique in having a false ziphodont dentition. The common ancestor of Dakosaurus and Geosaurus may also have had a ziphodont dentition, and as Torvoneustes is also a descendant of this common ancestor, it is possible that a ziphodont dentition was secondarily ... more details
order. Description of remains Postcanine dentition of P. unio is documented by 13 dentulous ... to fragmentary dentition from the Garbani Channel fauna from Purgatorius janisae proves that the lower dental formula was 3.1.4.3. ref name BCMNM harvnb Clemens 2004 ref Dentition The type specimen ... demonstrate that the lower dentition of P. unio includes seven postcanines. The alveolus for the single ... member of the Primates or a basal member of the Plesiadapiforms . Several characters of the dentition .... Due to general morphology of the postcanine dentition of Purgatorius , it could be expected ... more details
to SOD, but the incisors and canines of the permanent dentition are commonly involved and agenesis ... is described as teeth showing poorly demarcated enamel and dentition with a blotchy appearance. The pulp ... more details
Taxobox name Kogaionidae status Fossil regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Multituberculata familia Kogaionidae subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Kogaionon genus Kogaionon Barbatodon Hainina Kogaionidae is a family of fossil mammals within the Extinction extinct order Multituberculata . Representatives are known from the upper Cretaceous and the Paleocene of Europe . This family is part of the suborder Cimolodonta . Other than that, their systematic relationships are hard to define. These small multituberculates were named by R dulescu R. and Samson P. in 1996, who stated they Share with Taeniolabidoidea the general shape of the skull, with anterior part of zygomatic arch es directed roughly transversely and very short basicranial region, which gives the skull a square like appearance, but differ from them in having a strongly elongated snout and different dentition, Kielan Jaworowska & Hurum 2001, p.418 . References R dulescu and Samson 1996 , The first multituberculate skull from the Late Cretaceous Maastrichtian of Europe Hateg Basin, Romania . Anuarul Institutului de Geologie al Rom niei, Supplement 1 69 , p.177 178. Kielan Jaworowska Z & Hurum JH 2001 , Phylogeny and Systematics of multituberculate mammals . Paleontology 44 , p.389 429. Much of this information has been derived from http home.arcor.de ktdykes cimolod.htm MESOZOIC MAMMALS basal Cimolodonta , Cimolomyidae , Boffius Boffiidae and Kogaionidae, an Internet directory. Category Cimolodonts Category Cretaceous mammals Category Paleocene mammals Category Paleocene extinctions paleo mammal stub pl Kogaionidae ... more details
Taxobox name Probainognathidae fossil range Triassic regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Synapsida ordo Therapsida subordo Cynodont ia unranked familia Eucynodontia familia Probainognathidae familia authority Alfred Sherwood Romer Romer , 1973 subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Lepagia Probainognathus Probainognathidae is an extinct family of meat eating mammal like reptiles Therapsids which lived during the Upper Triassic . According to some authors, it has perhaps two known members Probainognathus from South America , and the somewhat later Lepagia from Europe . The family was established by Romer in 1973. Its members were closely related to the even more exotically named Chiniquodontidae . Both genus genera were small animals. Probainognathus , known from a number of specimens, was about 10 cm in length and extremely mammal like in terms of its anatomy . Remains of Lepagia are restricted to teeth. These most closely resemble the dentition of other carnivorous cynodonts of the Upper Triassic. References Much of this information has been derived from http home.arcor.de ktdykes cynoga.htm TRIASSIC CYNODONTS Cynognathidae, Probainognathidae and Allies , an Internet directory. Cynodontia P. Category Cynodonts therapsid stub ca Probainogn tid fr Probainognathidae gl Probainognathidae ... more details
orphan date December 2009 cleanup reason References are a bit of a shambles and the dentition section hasn t been referenced properly. date April 2012 Taxobox name Europolemur klatti fossil range Eocene regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Primates familia Notharctidae subfamilia Cercamoniinae genus Europolemur species E. klatti binomial Europolemur klatti binomial authority Weigelt , 1933 Europolemur klatti was a medium to large size adapiformes primate that lived on the continent of Europe from the middle to early Eocene . The most recent relative to this species,appearing to be so from the Geiseltal localities of the DDR, is a recently discovered primate , Mahgarita stevensi , whose type specimen is about the size of Lepilemur leucopus . This relationship to M. stevensi suggests that eastern North America was the possible homeland of lemuriformes with close European phylogenetic ties during the Eocene. Characteristic of most adapines are the reduced or absence of a paraconid and morphology of the paracristid. These and a few other features are synapomorphies that were used to link E. klatti with Leptadapis priscus and Microadapis sciureus , as well as Smilodectes . Morphology Europolemur klatti is part of a group of long digited fossils, and most likely approximates early euprimate hand proportions. E. klatti has a grasping hallux and there is evidence that supports that E. klatti may have had nail anatomy nail s instead of claw s. This insinuates that stabilizing the tips of the digits and hand must have in some way been an important function for them and their lifestyle in their habitat. Relative to the forearm, the hand of E. klatti was large ... in Smilodectes and Notharctus and E. klatti had an average body mass of 1.7 kilograms. Dentition ... with nearly complete dentition belonging to another cercamoiines, Periconodon were representative ... has a dental formula of 2 1 3 3 Franzen, 1987 cited in Martin, 1990 and the milk dentition of this species ... more details
Ganodonta so named from the presence of bands of Tooth enamel enamel on the teeth were a group of specialized North American Lower and Middle Eocene mammals of uncertain affinity. The group includes Hemiganus, Psittacotherium and Conoryctes from the Puerco , Calamodon and Hemiganus from the Wasatch , and Slylinodon from the Bridger Eocene . With the exception of Conorycles, in which it is longer, the skull is short and suggests affinity to the sloths , as does what little is known of the limb bones. The dentition , too, is of a type which might well be considered ancestral to that of the Edentata . For instance, the molars when first developed have tritubercular summits, but these soon become worn away, leaving tall columnar crowns, with a subcircular surface of dentine exposed at the summit of each. Moreover, while the earlier types have a comparatively full series of teeth, all of which are rooted and invested with enamel, in the later forms the incisors are lost, and the cheek teeth never develop roots but grow continuously throughout life. These and other features induced Dr J. L. Wortman to regard the Ganodonta as an ancestral suborder of Edentata but this view is not accepted by Prof. W. B. Scott. Teeth provisionally assigned to Calamodon have been obtained from the Lower Tertiary deposits of Switzerland . 1911 Category Eocene mammals ... more details
specialist knowledge of mammalian dentition led him to pursue the same path with regard to human evolution and he came to be regarded as the world s leading expert on the evolution of human dentition, a reputation secured by the 1922 publication of The Evolution of the Human Dentition . However ... more details
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