Wiktionary dependent dependant dependence dependencyDependency or dependent may refer to Sciences Computer science dependency , also called Coupling computer science , a state in which one object uses a functionality of another object Data dependency , which describes a dependence relation between statements in a program Dependency UML , a relationship between two elements in the Unified Modeling Language Dependency relation , a type of binary relation in mathematics and computer science. Functional Dependency , a relation between database attributes allowing normalization. Dependent type , in computer science and logic, a type which depends on a value Hidden dependency , a relation where a change in one area of a program produces unexpected side effects, kind of dependency hell . Economics Dependant British English Dependent American English , a person who depends on another as a primary source of income Dependency ratio , in economics, the ratio of the economically dependent part of the economy to the productive part Dependency theory , an economic worldview which states that resources flow from poor states to wealthy states Linguistics Dependent and independent verb forms , in Goidelic languages , distinct verb forms used either with a preceding particle, in the case of dependent forms, or Logic Dependent type , in computer science and logic, a type which depends on a value Mathematics Dependency relation , a type of binary relation in mathematics and computer science. Dependent and independent variables , in mathematics, the variable that is dependent on the independent variable Medicine Dependence behavioral medicine , a continuum of physical and psychological attachments ... interactions within a dysfunctional relationship Dependency need , the real need of the organism, or something ... a dependency on that of the men. Technologies Dependency project management , a link amongst a project ... fr D pendance he nl Afhankelijkheid ru simple Dependency sk Z vislos ... more details
saved book title Dependancy subtitle cover image cover color Dependancy Dependency graph Dependency diagram Data dependency Incremental computing Circular dependency Topological sorting Directed acyclic graph Spreadsheet Transitive closure Reachability Directed graph Vertex graph theory Vertex Computer science Mathematics Binary relation Set mathematics Set Graph mathematics Graph Partially ordered set Real number Integer Total order ... more details
In economics and geography the dependency ratio is an age population ratio of those typically not in the labor force the dependent part and those typically in the labor force the productive part . It is used to measure the pressure on productive population Formula In published international statistics, the dependent part usually includes those under the age of 15 and over the age of 64. The productive part makes up the population in between, ages 15 64. It is normally expressed as a percentage math Total Dependency ratio frac number of people aged 0 14 and those aged 65 and over number of people aged 15 64 times 100 math As the ratio increases there may be an increased burden on the productive ... as many indirect consequences. The total dependency ratio can be decomposed into the child dependency ratio and the aged dependency ratio ref http www.apheo.ca index.php?pid 63 Association of Public Health Epidemiologists in Ontario ref math Child dependency ratio frac number of people aged 0 14 number of people aged 15 64 times 100 math math Aged dependency ratio frac number of people aged 65 and over number of people aged 15 64 times 100 math 2010 World Bank Age dependency ratio by country As of 2010 Japan and Europe had high age dependency ratios compared to other parts of the world. Inverse The inverse of the dependency ratio, the inverse dependency ratio can be interpreted as how many ... A high dependency ratio can cause serious problems for a country. As the largest proportion of a government ... population. Also the increasing expenditure on pension becomes a problem too. Migrant Labor Dependency Ratio Migrant Labor Dependency Ratio MLDR is used to describe the extent to which the domestic ...&dq migrant labor dependency ratio&source bl&ots lEH6LruK1C&sig toLCqVbMsW1J1SrJNKsCPb1VKYY&hl en&ei ... object document o5117n27112.html Old Age dependency Ratios in Europe http www.economicshelp.org dictionary d dependency ratio.html Definition and Forecasts for Dependency Ratios Category ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 longintro date February 2012 A dependency in the Unified Modeling Language exists between two defined element UML elements if a change to the definition of one may result in a change to the other. In UML this is indicated by a dashed line pointing from the dependent or client to the independent or Distributor business supplier element. If more than one client or supplier participates in the dependency, arrows with their tails on the client elements are connected to the tails of one or more arrows with their heads on the supplier elements. Place a small dot on the junction point along with a note on the dependency. Dependency is a model level relationship and not a run time relationship describing the need to investigate the model definition of the client element for possible changes if the model definition of the supplier element is changed. A dependency is a semantic relationship where a change to the influent or independent modeling element may affect the semantic s of the dependent modeling element. A dependency identifies a set mathematics set of model elements that require s other model elements for their specification or implementation . The complete semantic s of the depending elements is either semantically or structure structurally dependent upon the definition of the supplier element s . The arrow representing a dependency specifies the direction ... of classifiers, while a dependency is a model time relationship between definitions. A typical uni .... A uni directional link only requires the possibility of navigation not dependency ... does not require dependency. However, after the traversal of the association, if some property of the target instance s definition is accessed, such as an operation or attribute, a dependency is created. See also functional dependency External links http www.uml diagrams.org class diagrams.html dependencyDependency Relationship in UML 2 DEFAULTSORT Dependency Uml Category Unified Modeling Language ... more details
In mathematics, a transitive dependency is a functional dependency which holds by virtue of transitive relation transitivity . A transitive dependency can occur only in a relation mathematics relation that has three or more attributes. Let A, B, and C designate three distinct attributes or distinct collections of attributes in the relation. Suppose all three of the following conditions hold A B It is not the case that B A B C Then the functional dependency A C which follows from 1 and 3 by the Armstrong s axioms Axioms axiom of transitivity is a transitive dependency. In database normalization , one of the important features of third normal form is that it excludes certain types of transitive dependencies. E.F. Codd , the inventor of the relational model , introduced the concepts of transitive dependence and third normal form in 1971. ref name Codd Codd, E.F. Further Normalization of the Data Base Relational Model. Presented at Courant Computer Science Symposia Series 6, Data Base Systems, New York City, May 24th 25th, 1971. IBM Research Report RJ909 August 31st, 1971 . Republished in Randall J. Rustin ed. , Data Base Systems Courant Computer Science Symposia Series 6 . Prentice Hall, 1972. See pages 45 51, which cover third normal form and transitive dependence. ref Example A transitive dependency occurs in the following relation class wikitable Book Genre Author Author Nationality Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea Science Fiction Jules Verne French people French Journey to the Center of the Earth Science Fiction Jules Verne French Leaves of Grass Poetry Walt Whitman United States American Anna Karenina Literary Fiction Leo Tolstoy Russians Russian A Confession Religious Autobiography Leo Tolstoy Russian The functional dependency Book Author Nationality applies that is, if we ... Author Author Nationality Therefore Book Author Nationality is a transitive dependency. Transitive dependency occurred because a non key attribute Author was determining another non key attribute ... more details
A join dependency is a constraint on the set of legal relations over a database scheme. A table T is subject to a join dependency theory database theory dependency if T can always be recreated by joining multiple tables each having a subset of the attributes of T. If one of the tables in the join has all the attributes of the table T, the join dependency is called trivial. The join dependency plays an important role in the Fifth normal form , also known as project join normal form , because it can be proven that if you decompose a scheme math R math in tables math R 1 math to math R n math , the decomposition will be a lossless join decomposition if you restrict the legal relations on math R math to a join dependency on math R math called math R 1,R 2,...R n math . Another way to describe a join dependency is to say that the set of relationships in the join dependency is independent of each other. Formal definition blockquote Let math R math be a relation schema and let math R 1, R 2, ..., R n math be a decomposition of math R math . br The relation math r R math satisfies the join dependency math R 1,R 2,...R n math if math bowtie i 1 n Pi R i r r math . br A join dependency is trivial if one of the math R i math is math R math itself. ref Silberschatz, Korth. Database System Concepts , 1st Edition ref br blockquote Example Given a pizza chain that models purchases in table Customer order number, customer name, pizza name, delivery boy . It is obvious that you can derive the following relations customer name depends on order number pizza name depends on order number delivery boy depends on order number Since the relationships are independent you can say there is a join dependency ... . If each customer has his own delivery boy however, you could have a join dependency like this order ... as well. This makes it obvious that just having a join dependency is not enough to normalize a database ... Join Dependency Category Database normalization database stub uk ... more details
Dependency grammar DG is a class of modern Syntax syntactic theories that are all based on the dependency relation and that can be traced back primarily to the work of Lucien Tesni re . Dependency grammars are distinct from phrase structure grammar s constituency grammar s , since dependency grammars .... Dependency structures are flatter than constituency structures in part because they lack a finite ... grammatical units has existed since the earliest recorded grammars, e.g. P ini , and the dependency ... ref Ibn Mada was the first grammarian to use the term dependency in the grammatical sense that we .... In early modern times, the dependency concept seems to have coexisted side by side with the constituency ... study of term logic of antiquity. ref Percival 1976 ref Modern dependency grammars, however, begin ... 1965, Robinson 1970 ref and a number of other dependency based grammars have gained prominence ... Dependency grammar has generated a lot of interest in Germany ref e.g. Heringer 1996, Eroms 2000, gel ... surrounding dependency based theories has come from computational linguistics . Dependency ... in dependency grammar is growing at present, the first international conference on dependency linguistics having taken place just recently http depling.org Depling 2011 . Dependency vs. constituency Dependency is a one to one correspondence For every element e.g. word or morph in the sentence, there is exactly ... of this one to one correspondence is that dependency grammars are word or morph grammars. All that exist ... is that dependency structures are minimal ref Osborne et al. 2011 ref compared to their constituency ... 2 .jpg Dependency vs. constituency These two trees illustrate just two possible ways to render the dependency and constituency relations see below . The dependency tree is an ordered tree, i.e. it reflects actual word order. Many dependency trees abstract away from linear ... themselves are employed as the node labels. The distinction between dependency and constituency ... more details
dependencies of all modules in a tree view References refbegin http www.dependencywalker.com Dependency ... the website refend External links http www.dependencywalker.com Dependency Walker download site http wiki.imacros.net Dependency Walker How to use Dependency Walker Short Tutorial with Screenshots http www archive.mozilla.org quality help dependency walker.html How to use Dependency Walker Category Windows software Category Windows only freeware de Dependency Walker fr LDD hu EXE pl EXE ru Dependency ... more details
January 2010 Dependency injection is a software design pattern that allows a choice of component ... objects in production environments. Definition Dependency injection involves at least three elements ... a given dependency interface on request. The dependent object describes what software component ... the dependent object decides for itself what concrete classes it will use. In the dependency injection ... class implementations of a dependency contract interface at run time rather than at compile time. Being able to make this decision at run time rather than compile time is the key advantage of dependency ... The primary purpose of the dependency injection pattern is to allow selection among multiple implementations of a given dependency interface at runtime, or via configuration files, instead of at compile ... up in order to operate at all. Dependency injection simplifies the process of bringing up a working ... dependency injection, the components that provide access to the online service and back end databases could be replaced altogether with a test implementation of the dependency interface contracts that provide just enough behavior to perform tests on the component under test. Basics Without dependency ... must create an instance of a class that concretely implements the dependency interface. When using dependency injection, a consumer component specifies the service contract by interface, and the injector ... of creating the dependent object. The client makes a request to the dependency injection system for an implementation of a particular interface the dependency injection system creates the object ... Highly coupled dependency The following example shows code with no dependency injection applied source ... that implement those services. Manually injected dependency Refactoring the above example to use ... plays the role of dependency injector, selecting the concrete implementations of the dependencies required ... injected dependency There are several frameworks available that automate dependency management ... more details
In database theory , multivalued dependency theory database theory dependency is a full constraint between two sets of attributes in a Relation database relation . In contrast to the functional dependency , the multivalued dependency requires that certain tuple s be present in a relation. Therefore, a multivalued dependency is a special case of tuple generating dependency . The multivalued dependency plays a role in the 4NF 4NF database normalization . Formal definition The formal definition is given as follows. ref Cite book last Silberschatz first Abraham coauthors Korth, Sudarshan authorlink Abraham Silberschatz title Database System Concepts publisher McGraw Hill edition 5th date 2006 page 295 isbn 007 124476 X ref blockquote Let math R math be a relation schema and let math alpha subseteq R math and math beta subseteq R math subsets . The multivalued dependency br math alpha twoheadrightarrow beta math br which can be read as math alpha math multidetermines math beta math holds on math ... a multivalued dependency if we were to add a new book to the AHA course, we would have to add one ... every multivalued dependency X math twoheadrightarrow math Y is trivial or for every nontrivial multivalued dependency X math twoheadrightarrow math Y , X is a superkey . Example ... dependency functional dependencies If math alpha rightarrow beta math , then math alpha twoheadrightarrow ... constraint . That a multivalued dependency is a full constraint follows from its definition,as where it says something about the attributes math R beta math . tuple generating dependency A dependency which explicitly requires certain tuples to be present in the relation. trivial multivalued dependency 1 A multivalued dependency which involves all the attributes of a relation i.e. math R alpha cup beta math . A trivial multivalued dependency implies, for tuples math t 1 math and math t 2 math ... multivalued dependency 2 A multivalued dependency for which math beta subseteq alpha math . References ... more details
A data dependency in computer science is a situation in which a program statement instruction refers to the data of a preceding statement. In compiler theory , the technique used to discover data dependencies among statements or instructions is called dependence analysis . There are three types of dependencies data, name, and control. Data dependencies Assuming statement S1 and S2, S2 depends on S1 if I S1 O S2 O S1 I S2 O S1 O S2 where I Si is the set of memory locations read by Si and O Sj is the set of memory locations written by Sj and there is a feasible run time execution path from S1 to S2 This Condition is called Bernstein Condition, named by A. J. Bernstein. Three cases exist Flow data dependence O S1 I S2 , S1 S2 and S1 writes something read by S2 Anti dependence I S1 O S2 , S1 S2 and S1 reads something before S2 overwrites it Output dependence O S1 O S2 , S1 S2 and both write the same memory location. Flow dependency A Flow dependency, also known as a data dependency or true dependency, occurs when an instruction depends on the result of a previous instruction 1. A 3 2. B ... ref Anti dependency An anti dependency occurs when an instruction requires a value that is later updated ... ordering , as this would affect the final value of A. 1. B 3 2. A B 1 3. B 7 An anti dependency is an example of a name dependency . That is, renaming of variables could remove the dependency, as in the next ... in a new instruction, instruction N. The anti dependency between 2 and 3 has been removed, meaning ... dependency instruction 2 is now truly dependent on instruction N, which is truly dependent upon ... architecture Output dependency An output dependency occurs when the ordering of instructions will affect the final output value of a variable. In the example below, there is an output dependency between ... dependency , Write after Write output dependency , and Write After Read anti dependency . ref name architecture Control Dependency An instruction is control dependent on a preceding instruction if the outcome ... more details
Refimprove date September 2009 Dependency hell is a colloquial term for the frustration of some software users who have installed Software package installation software packages which have dependency computer ... name Dependency Hell cite news title Urban Dictionary Dependency Hell url http dependecy hell.urbanup.com .... ref name jamesdonald The issue of dependency hell may be regarded as an anti pattern , where the fault .... Platform specific On specific computing platform s, dependency hell often goes by a local specific name, generally the name of components. DLL hell A form of dependency hell occurring on Microsoft Windows . Extension conflict A form of dependency hell occurring on older versions of Mac OS Citation needed date December 2009 . JAR hell A form of dependency hell occurring in the Java Runtime Environment . RPM hell A form of dependency hell occurring in the Red Hat distribution of Linux and other ... Dependency hell takes several forms many dependencies An application depends on many Library computing ... arise, where two different versions of the same package are required ref name Dependency Carousel cite journal title It s Good Work When You Can Find It The Dependency Carousel last Stevens first ... to resolve all the dependencies manually , manual resolution can mask dependency cycles or conflicts .... Alternatively, the existing dependency, along with all software that depends on it, must be uninstalled in order to install the new dependency. A problem on Linux systems with installing packages ... documents dev dependency hell Dependency hell ref hence on Linux circular dependencies are often ... platforms, however, the packaging system may not be able to resolve the circular dependency. Solutions ... library repository based package management systems to try to solve the dependency problem. These systems ... commonly, directories on removable media such as CDs or DVDs. This eliminates dependency hell for software ... to have every piece of software in them, so dependency hell can still occur. In all cases, dependency ... more details
Infobox Country native name conventional long name Ross Dependency common name Ross Dependency image ... leader name3 sovereignty type nowrap New Zealand dependency established event1 British claim delegated ... Pole Station br sup 4 sup Zucchelli Station The Ross Dependency is a region of Antarctica defined ... Zealand was appointed as the Governor of the Ross Dependency by an Imperial Order in Council made in London ... in Antarctica. The Dependency takes its name from Sir James Clark Ross , who discovered the Ross ... and the small Scott Island also form part of the Dependency, as does the ice covered Roosevelt ... based in New Zealand. The Dependency has a snow runway at Williams Field , and depending on conditions ... Dry Valleys Dry Valley area of the dependency. Greenpeace maintained its own Antarctic station in the Ross Dependency called World Park Base from 1987 to 1992, which was on Ross Island. As this base ... under the British Settlements Act 1887, which defined the current borders of the Ross Dependency ... Longitude which are situated south of the 60th degree of South Latitude shall be named the Ross Dependency ... c 54 , Providing for the Government of the Ross Dependency. ref This Order in Council was published ... extending New Zealand law to the Ross Dependency. After the Order in Council was read in the New .... It might be assumed that in the administration of the Ross Dependency that he would invite advice ... Dependency on the appointment of Her Majesty s Government in the United Kingdom. Then in the year ... of the area defined as being in the Ross Dependency is either in the Ross Sea or the Southern Ocean .... Officers of the Government of the Ross Dependency are annually appointed to run the Dependency. The New Zealand Geographic Board has named many features within the Dependency. In the summer of 1985 ... Dependency Flag Currently, only the Flag of New Zealand New Zealand national flag serves in an official capacity in the Ross Dependency. The only other official flag seen in photographs was the New ... more details
In mathematics , computer science and digital electronics , a dependency graph is a directed graph representing dependencies of several objects towards each other. It is possible to derive an evaluation order or the absence of an evaluation order that respects the given dependencies from the dependency graph. Definition File Dependencygraph.png right Given a set of objects S and a transitive relation math R S times S math with math a,b in R math modeling a dependency a needs b evaluated first , the dependency graph is a graph math G S, T math with math T subseteq R math and R being the transitive closure of T. For example, assume a simple calculator. This calculator supports assignment of constant values to variables and assigning the sum of exactly 2 variables to a third variable. Given several equations like A B C B 5 D C 4 D 2 , then math S A,B,C,D math and math R A,B , A,C , B,D math . You can derive this relation directly A depends on B and C , because you can add two variables if and only if you know the values of both variables. Thus, B and C must be calculated before A can be calculated ... evaluations In a dependency graph, cycles of dependencies also called circular dependencies ... may be evaluated first. If a dependency graph does not have any circular dependencies, it forms ... before. The equation system A B B D C C D A D 12 contains a circular dependency formed by A, B and C ... that form the nodes of the dependency graph so that the following equation holds math n a n ... would be D, C, B, A . However, C, D, B, A is a correct evaluation order as well. Examples Dependency ... installation software packages that are required but not yet installed. The dependency is given ... Scheduling . Dependency graphs are computed for the operands of assembly or intermediate ... if data in the model changes. Dependency graphs are one aspect of Theory of Constraints Plant ... also Topological sort Data dependency Incremental computing References Balmas, Francoise 2001 http www.ai.univ ... more details
TOC right The dependency network approach provides a new system level analysis of the activity and topology ... Ben Jacob 2011 , Analyses of antigen Dependency Networks dependency networks unveil immune ... association correlations, semantic cliques and dependency networks for global and local system analysis ... . Using this concept, the dependency of one node on another node, is calculated for the entire ... Graph PMFG , and others. File dependency network for financial data.jpg thumb 720px right Dependency ... 5 12 , e15032 2010 Importance The partial correlation based Dependency Networks is a revolutionary ... of the network is dominated by companies belonging to the Financial sector , which are the hubs in the Dependency Networks Dependency network . Thus, they were able for the first time to quantitatively show the dependency relationships between the different economic sectors . Following this work, the Dependency Networks Dependency network methodology has been applied to the study of the Immune System ... to any complex system . File dependency network for immune system data.jpg thumb 920px right Dependency Network of specific antibodies activity, measured for a group of mothers. Panel a presents the Dependency Network, and panel b the standard correlation network. Reproduction from Madi et al., Chaos 21, 016109 2011 File dependency network for semantic data.jpg thumb 920px right Example of Dependency Network of associations, constructed from a full semantic network. Reproduction from ... define the influence of node j on node i , or the dependency of node i on node j D i,j , to be the sum ... , or the dependency of node i on node j D i,j , to be the sum of the influence of node j on the distances between node i with all other nodes k . The activity dependency networks The node node correlations ... defined above. The correlation influence and correlation dependency The relative effect of the correlations ... values. We note that this quantity can be viewed either as the correlation dependency of C i,k on node ... more details
A functional dependency theory database theory dependency FD is a constraint between two sets of attributes in a relational model relation from a database .. Given a relation R , a set of Attribute computing attributes X in R is said to functionally determine another attribute Y , also in R , written X Y if, and only if, each X value is associated with precisely one Y value. Customarily we call X the determinant set and Y the dependent attribute . Thus, given a tuple and the values of the attributes in X , one can determine the corresponding value of the Y attribute. In simple words, if X value is known, Y value is certainly known. For the purposes of simplicity, given that X and Y are sets of attributes in R , X Y denotes that X functionally determines each of the members of Y in this case Y is known as the dependent set . Thus, a candidate key is a minimal set of attributes that functionally determine all of the attributes in a relation. Note the function being discussed in functional dependency is the function of Identification information identification . A functional dependency FD X Y is called trivial if Y is a subset of X. The determination of functional dependencies is an important part of designing databases in the relational model , and in database normalization and denormalization ... because there could be many vehicles with the same engine capacity. This functional dependency may ..., that may not always be appropriate. For example, if that functional dependency occurs as a result ... set of a functional dependency of S contains only one attribute. Each left set of a functional dependency ... of S S will lose some information . Reducing any functional dependency will change the content ... the concept of functional dependency. The situation modeled is that of college students visiting ... values. This basic fact can be expressed by a functional dependency StudentID Semester. Other nontrivial .... See also Multivalued dependency MVD Database normalization First normal form External links ... more details
Cleanup date March 2008 Expert date May 2010 International relations theory Dependency theory or dependencia ... of the former. It is a central contention of dependency theory that poor states are impoverished ... transfers, and closer integration into the world market. Dependency theory rejected this view, arguing ... advanced countries than themselves. Dependency theorists argued, in opposition to free market economists ... 2009. ref Basics The premises of dependency theory are that Poor nations provide natural resources, cheap ... of economic sanctions and or the use of military force. Dependency theory states that the poverty of the countries ... into the system. History Dependency theory originates with two papers published in 1949 one by Hans ... 2004 06.pdf Technology, Finance and Dependency Latin American Radical Political Economy in Retospect .... ref Dependency theory shares many points with earlier, Marxist, theories of imperialism by Rosa Luxemburg ... Vernengo, a University of Utah economist, identifies two main streams in dependency theory the Latin ... , Paul Sweezy , and Andre Gunder Frank . ref Vernengo, Technology, Finance and Dependency , op cit ... poverty in much of the world. Many dependency theorists advocate social revolution as an effective ... on some basic points quote B oth groups would agree that at the core of the dependency relation between ... and Dependency , op cit., pp 3, 4. ref Baran and others frequently spoke of the international ... of dependency. ref Vernengo, Technology, Finance and Dependency , op cit., pp 5, 6. ref Baran ... for this hypothesis. They were led to the position that dependency is not a relation between ... and Dependency , p 10. ref The importance of technology, multinational corporations, and State promotion ... Vernengo, p 12. ref Vernengo 2004 has suggested that the sine qua non of the dependency relationship is not the difference in technological sophistication, as traditional dependency theorists believe .... ref P 13. ref Standard dependency theory differs from Marxism, in arguing against internationalism ... more details
one source date August 2011 A dependency need is characterized by two components 1 It is a real need of the organism, something that must be present for the human being to thrive, 2 It is something that individuals cannot provide for themselves. An infant has very many dependency needs. Some are obvious, and some have only come to the attention of researchers as the result of epidemiological studies. It is very well known that infants must be adequately fed, provided with adequate water, kept within a narrow range of temperature, cleaned, etc. It was not well known until the middle of the 20th century that infants also need the presence of warmth and the texture of skin or fur . In other words, infants need something that is usually called maternal warmth even though males and even members of other species can provide it. The phenomenon was first noticed when researchers learned of the higher mortality rates for infants maintained in orphanage s. When the obvious factors such as inadequate nutrition , contagious disease s, etc., were ruled out, researchers discovered that mortality rates could be greatly ameliorated by having the nurses in charge of these infants cuddle them in a way that approximated the amount of cuddling infants would normally receive from their own parent s. One classic study involved groups of monkey s that were removed from their mothers during early infancy. The members of one group were maintained in warmed sterilization microbiology sterile cages and fed from a rubber nipple that was readily available to them. A second group was provided with a maternal figure made of wire mesh, with the nipple in the appropriate position on the figure s body. A third group was provided with a similar mock up of a mother monkey, but the model was covered with manmade fur. The survival rates and eventual adult levels of social competency varied according to how well the experimental devices provided for the dependency needs of the infant monkeys. ref citation ... more details
Mergeto Tolerance relation date February 2010 Unreferenced date March 2008 In mathematics and computer science , a dependency relation is a binary relation that is finite, symmetric relation symmetric , and reflexive relation reflexive i.e. a finite tolerance relation . That is, it is a finite set of ordered pairs math D math , such that If math a,b in D math then math b,a in D math symmetric If math a math is an element of the set on which the relation is defined, then math a,a in D math reflexive In general, dependency relations are not transitive relation transitive thus, they generalize the notion of an equivalence relation by discarding transitivity. Let math Sigma math denote the alphabet computer science alphabet of all the letters of math D math . Then the independency induced by math D math is the binary relation math I math math I Sigma times Sigma D math That is, the independency is the set of all ordered pairs that are not in math D math . Clearly, the independency is symmetric and irreflexive. The pairs math Sigma, D math and math Sigma, I math , or the triple math Sigma, D, I math with math I math induced by math D math are sometimes called the concurrent alphabet or the reliance alphabet . The pairs of letters in an independency relation induce an equivalence relation on the free monoid of all possible strings of finite length. The elements of the equivalence class es induced by the independency are called trace monoid traces , and are studied in trace theory . Examples Consider the alphabet math Sigma a,b,c math . A possible dependency relation is math begin matrix D & & a,b times a,b quad cup quad a,c times a,c & & a,b 2 cup a,c 2 & & a,b , b,a , a,c , c,a , a,a , b,b , c,c end matrix math The corresponding independency is math I D b,c ,, , c,b math Therefore, the letters math b,c math commute, or are independent of one another. Category Mathematical relations es Relaci n de dependencia it Alfabeto concorrente uk ... more details
of Poverty Welfare dependency is the state in which a person or household is reliant on government ... defines welfare dependency as the proportion of all individuals in families which receive more ... to make recipients self sufficient through paid work. While the term welfare dependency can be used ... of persistent poverty . Discourses of dependency and the history of a social problem Terminology The term welfare dependency is itself controversial, often carrying derogatory connotations that the recipient ... p articles mi hb3359 is 3 36 ai n28866617 The Intellectual Origins of Welfare Dependency ref The term ... between discourses of welfare dependency and the stereotype of the welfare queen , in that long term ... of welfare dependency, coming from the perspective of classical economics , argued that individual ... welfare reform with work programs in order to reduce long term dependency received bipartisan support ... content 12 4 492.abstract Harris, K.M. 1991 . Teenage Mothers and Welfare Dependency Working ... spells by attacking dependency while simultaneously preserving the function of welfare as a safety ... ref Measuring dependency The United States Department of Health and Human Services defines ten indicators of welfare dependency ref http aspe.hhs.gov hsp indicators08 ch2.shtml 2008 Indicators of Welfare .... If such benefits were excluded from calculations, the dependency rate would be lower. ref http ... Theory of Welfare Dependency. Harvard Women s Law Journal. ref Mothers who have never been married ... prod2 sipp wp SIPP WP 085.pdf Ruggles, P. 1989 Welfare Dependency and Its Causes Determinants ... Teenage Childbirth and Welfare Dependency, Family Planning Perspectives, 10 4, 233 235 ref While ... content 12 4 492.abstract Harris, K.M. 1991 . Teenage Mothers and Welfare Dependency Working off ... counterparts to be lone parents, which partially explains their higher rate of welfare dependency. At the time ..., Jr. and Myers, S. L. Jr 1983 Changes in Black Family Structure Implications for Welfare Dependency ... more details
Confusing date December 2006 In software engineering , a circular dependency is a relation between two or more modules which either directly or indirectly depend on each other to function properly. Overview Circular dependencies are natural in many domain model s where certain objects of the same domain depend on each other. However, in software design circular dependencies between larger software modules are considered an anti pattern because of their negative effects. Problems of circular dependencies Circular dependencies can cause many unwanted effects in software programs. Most problematic from a software design point of view is the tight coupling of the mutually dependent modules which reduces or makes impossible the separate re use of a single module. Circular dependencies can cause a domino effect when a small local change in one module spreads into other modules and has unwanted global effects program errors, compile errors . Circular dependencies can also result in infinite recursions or other unexpected failures. Circular dependencies may also cause memory leak s by preventing certain very primitive automatic garbage collector s those that use reference counting from deallocating unused objects. Causes and solutions In very large software designs, software engineers may lose the context and inadvertently introduce circular dependencies. There are tools to analyze software and find unwanted circular dependencies ref http clarkware.com software JDepend.html JDepend for Java software platform Java ref ref http cap.xore.de Code Analysis Plugin CAP for Java software platform Java ref . Circular dependencies are often introduced by inexperienced programmers who need to implement ... definition must be placed above its usage in the same file. A circular dependency between ... The Circular Dependency Rule Abstract definition as applied to Symbolic Model Verification language DEFAULTSORT Circular Dependency Category Programming language topics Category C Category Articles ... more details
File Harbor Fwy Traffic.jpg thumb 300px Traffic in Los Angeles Automobile dependency is a term coined by Professors Peter Newman Australian Peter Newman and Jeff Kenworthy to capture the predicament of most cities in the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, and to a lesser extent, large cities in Europe. Etymology Automobile dependency implies that cities where automobile s are the predominant transport deny their residents not only freedom of choice about the way they live and move around the city, but also that the culture of automobile use has produced a kind of addiction to them. The analogy is made with addictions to harmful substances and activities because of the well known law of diminishing returns in relation to increasing use or participation the more that is used, the less of the desired effect is gained until a point is reached where the substance or activity has to be maintained to remain normal , a state of dependency. Overview When it comes to automobile use, there is a spiralling effect where traffic congestion produces the demand for more and bigger roads and removal of impediments to traffic flow, such as pedestrians, signalised crossings, traffic lights, cyclists, and various forms of street based public transit such as streetcars trams . These measures make automobile use more pleasurable and advantageous at the expense of other modes of transport, so greater traffic volumes are induced. Additionally, the urban design of cities adjusts to the needs ... are automobile dependent. Automobile dependency is seen primarily as an issue of environmental ... of planning and design approaches to redressing automobile dependency, known variously as New Urbanism ... growth does or can reduce problems of automobile dependency associated with urban sprawl have ... of a city which has been more successful in reducing automobile dependency and constraining increased ... cities.media.mit.edu Smart Cities concept cars at MIT DEFAULTSORT Automobile dependency Category ... more details
Tube dependency is an unintended result of long term feeding by enteral nutrition in infant s and toddler s. ref name Dunitz Scheer, M. et al.,2009 M. Dunitz Scheer et al. Prevention and Treatment of Tube Dependency in Infancy and Early Childhood. In Infant, Child, & Adolescent Nutrition. 1 2 , 2009, S. 73 82. ref This can lead to a physical and emotional dependency on tube feeding feeding tube in absence of any medical indication. ref name Dunitz Scheer, M. et al.,2010 M. Dunitz Scheer et al. Sondenentw hnung. In P diatrie. 4 5, 2010, S. 7 13. ref Although tube dependency can be seen as an iatrogenic factor which causes physical symptoms and psychological stress biology stress , it is often not recognized as a diagnosis or complication by medical professionals. ref name Dunitz Scheer, M. et al.,2009 There are several types of temporary feeding tubes nostril Nasogastric tube or directly into the stomach Gastrostomy or intestinal Jejunal tube placed, which were intended to last for a short period of a few months which are commonly placed without offering a specific therapeutic support or a specific exit strategy. Affected Persons Affected Persons are infants and toddlers, who had been in need of a temporary feeding tube because of their acute medical condition. This can include extreme prematurity, chromosomal anomalies chromosomal abnormality , cardiac conditions, gut anomalies demanding immediate surgery like esophageal atresia or any medical complication leaving the infant in a fragile medical condition with insufficient nutritional intake. After the condition has stabilized these infants remain tube fed although there is no further medical need for the tube. They subsequently often remain on tube feeds, avoid any contact with food, resist the offering, touching and tasting ... stress. br Aspects of diagnostic assessment Because tube dependency is a new morbidity and isn t yet ... of tube dependency is increasing in research literature as well as in the media. Worldwide ... more details
Dependency theory is a subfield of database theory which studies implication and optimization problems related to logical constraints, commonly called dependencies, on databases. The best known class of such dependencies are functional dependencies , which form the foundation of candidate key keys on database relations. Another important class of dependencies are the multivalued dependency multivalued dependencies . A key algorithm in dependency theory is the Chase algorithm Chase , and much of the theory is devoted to its study. database stub Category Database theory Category Database constraints ... more details
directly upon lower level components to achieve some task. This dependency upon lower level components limits the reuse opportunities of the higher level components. The goal of the dependency inversion ... upon the high level component for compilation, thus inverting the conventional dependency relationship. Various patterns such as Plug in computing Plugin , Service locator pattern Service Locator , or Dependency ... level component implementation to the high level component. Applying the dependency inversion principle ... no dependency to the low level module since it only uses the low level indirectly through the adapter ... low level module. History The dependency inversion principle was postulated by Robert C. Martin ... , an article appearing in the C Report in May 1996 entitled The Dependency Inversion Principle ref http www.objectmentor.com publications dip.pdf The Dependency Inversion Principle, Robert C. Martin ... Inversion of Control Interface computer science Interface Dependency Injection Service locator pattern ... Robert C. Martin, C Report, Sept Oct 1995 http www.objectmentor.com publications dip.pdf The Dependency ... 2008 12 28 examining dependency inversion Examining the Dependency Inversion Principle, Derek Greer Category Software design patterns de Dependency Inversion Prinzip ru ... more details
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