unreferenced date January 2009 A sectoral currency is a form of complementary currency that is restricted to a specific List of recognized economic sectors sector . Examples of sectoral currency are the Saber sectoral currency Saber , which is restricted to the education al sector and thus can only be used to buy education and the Hureai kippu , which is restricted to the health care sector. Sectoral currencies can make people provide the type of services they themselves require or intend to use in the future, which means people may act collective intelligence collectively intelligent because a currency is not generally redeemable. DEFAULTSORT Sectoral Currency Category Community currencies money stub de Sektoralw hrung ... more details
A Community Currency is often used as synonym for complementary currency , local currency , regional currency , alternative currency , auxiliary currencies , and private currencies . The debate is not easy to solve, since the words have different meanings to different people. All are currencies that have different designs and serve different purposes than our conventional money. They depart from the notion that money is essentially a human invention and instrument to influence the relations between citizens and organizations. A solid theoretical framework legitimizes this idea and in the past hundred years a lot of experimentation and experience was picked up with realizing social goals by the implementation of community currencies. Community Currency describes currencies that are used by groups with a common bond , like members of a locality, or association. Complementary currency describes currencies that exists as a supplement to our conventional national money. A complementary currency is an agreement to use something else than legal tender i.e. national money as a medium of exchange, with the purpose to link unmet needs with otherwise unused resources Lietaer & Hallsmith 2006 2 . Alternative currency is often used, but in essence this term is deceitful in many cases, as many currencies are designed to be complementary, and not to concur with or to substitute conventional currencies. Local currency is a Community Currency used in a locality. If this locality is larger, the word regional currency is often used. Private currencies emphasizes that the currency is issued by individuals, businesses or NGO s as opposed to ordinary currency issued under the authority of the government. Auxiliary currencies is far less applied, see for example Douthwaite & Wagman 1999 as synonym of community currencies. Category Community currencies ... more details
Distinguish private currency alternative currency Cleanup date May 2008 A Community Currency is often used as synonym for complementary currency , local currency , regional currency , alternative currency ... currencies. Community Currency describes currencies that are used by groups with a common bond , like members of a locality, or association. Complementary currency describes currencies that exists as a supplement to our conventional national money. A complementary currency is an agreement to use something ... unmet needs with otherwise unused resources Lietaer & Hallsmith 2006 2 . Alternative currency is often ..., and not to concur with or to substitute conventional currencies. Local currency is a Community Currency used in a locality. If this locality is larger, the word regional currency is often used. Private currencies emphasizes that the currency is issued by individuals, businesses or NGO s as opposed to ordinary currency issued under the authority of the government. Auxiliary currencies .... Complementary currency CC is a currency meant to be used as a complement to another currency, typically a national currency. ref name ccto http www.elecan.net docs moned ccto.pdf Robert Costanza et ... of Vermont, Draft, Dec. 12th, 2003. ref Complementary currency is sometimes referred to as complementary community currency CCC or as community currency . The term local currency , describing a complementary currency which is limited to a single locality, is sometimes used interchangeably with complementary currency . There are, however, some complementary currencies which are regional or global, such as the Community Exchange System , WIR and Friendly Favors, or the proposed global currency Terra currency terra . ref http sciencelinks.jp j east article 200214 000020021402A0521947.php B. Rietaer, Global Complementally Currency Making Money Sustainable , Environmental Research Quarterly , Vol ... between complementary currency systems, as is the case with national currency systems. Some complementary ... more details
With regard to a particular currency , circulation refers to the total value of that currency whether banknotes , coins , or demand deposits that is engaged in that currency s economy at a given time. ref http financial dictionary.thefreedictionary.com Currency in circulation Currency in circulation at the Free Online Dictionary ref Circulation can also refer to the metaphorical or literal movement of wealth due to transactions between the holders of a currency. The euro , the official currency of the European Union , is currently the currency with the highest combined value of cash circulation in the world. ref cite web last Atkins first Ralph title Euro notes cash in to overtake dollar publisher Financial Times date 2006 12 27 url http www.ft.com cms s 18338034 95ec 11db 9976 0000779e2340.html accessdate 2007 05 04 ref Total currency in circulation In 1990, total Money supply currency in circulation passed 1 Orders of magnitude numbers 1012 trillion USD . After 12 years, in 2002 this total money supply in the world was 2 trillion USD. And just after 6 years, in 2008, this money supply increased to 4 trillion USD. European Union 1035.2 1000000000 number billion USD , 24.30 USA 850.7 billion USD, 19.97 Japan 762.4 billion USD, 17.90 China 492.3 billion USD, 11.56 India 140.3 billion USD, 3.29 Russia 110.8 billion USD, 2.60 UK 87.5 billion USD, 2.05 Canada 43.8 billion USD, 1.03 Switzerland 40.3 billion USD, 0.95 Poland 37.7 billion USD, 0.89 Brazil 37.3 billion USD, 0.88 Mexico 34.3 billion USD, 0.81 Australia 32.4 billion USD, 0.76 Other countries 554.9 billion USD, 13.03 ref http www.marketoracle.co.uk Article11576.html ref See also List of circulating currencies References references DEFAULTSORT Circulation Currency Category Currency Economics stub ... more details
Foreign Exchange A commodity currency is a name given to Currency currencies of countries which depend heavily on the export of certain raw materials for income. These countries are typically Developing country developing countries , eg. countries like Burundi , Tanzania , Papua New Guinea but also include Developed country developed countries like Canada and Australia . In the foreign exchange market , commodity currencies generally refer to the Australian dollar , Canadian dollar , New Zealand dollar , Norwegian krone , South African rand , Brazilian real , and the Chilean peso . See also Gold standard Hard currency Private currency Representative money Reserve currency Silver standard External links http www.imf.org external pubs ft fandd 2003 03 cash.htm IMF s study on commodity currencies econ stub Category Currency Category Money fr Monnaie mati res premi res ru ... more details
File US Fractional Currency 3 Cent 1864.jpg right thumb Three cent US Fractional Currency featuring George Washington. Third issue, 1864 1869. Fractional currency notes were issued by the Federal government ... currency an outline of the federal money system publisher G.P. Putnam s sons year 1895 location ... of the National Currency Bureau now the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing had his portrait ... www.ustreas.gov education history events 1800 1899.shtml Act of April 7, 1866 ref the currency can portray ... currency notes were issued from August 21, 1862, through February 15, 1876. U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase proposed to authorize postage stamp s of some type as a new currency. Much ...?id HioSAAAAYAAJ&pg PA325 ref The post office did not like selling stamps for currency and they did not provide refunds for soiled stamps. Congress and President Lincoln approved the Postage Currency ... became known as Postal currency Postage Stamp Currency because they bore facsimiles of the then current 5 and 10 cent postage stamps. Postage Currency 1st Issue were never legal tender but could be exchanged ... plain sheets that were cut with scissors. In 1863, Secretary Chase asked for a new Fractional Currency that was harder to counterfeit than the Postage Currency. The new Fractional Currency notes were different from the 1862 Postage Currency issues. They were more colorful with printing on the reverse. Fractional currency was succeeded by United States postal notes postal notes that were issued ... cent currency cent note. Image 3cb big.jpg Back of a three cent currency cent note. Image 5cf big.jpg Face of a five cent currency cent note. Image 5cb big.jpg Back of a five cent currency cent note. Image 10cf big.jpg Face of a ten cent currency cent note. Image 10cb big.jpg Back of a ten cent currency cent note. Image 15cf big.jpg Face of a 15 cent currency cent note. Image 15cb big.jpg Back of a 15 cent currency cent note. Image 25cf big.jpg Face of a 25 cent currency cent note. Image 25cb ... more details
A currency basket is a Portfolio finance portfolio of selected currencies with different weightings. A currency basket is commonly used to minimize the risk of Exchange rate Fluctuations in exchange rates currency fluctuations . ref cite web url http www.investopedia.com terms c currencybasket.asp title Currency Basket publisher Investopedia accessdate 18 September 2010 ref An example of a currency basket is the European Currency Unit that was used by the European Community member states as the unit of account before being replaced by the euro. ref cite book title Law of the European Union last Kent first Penelope year 2008 publisher Pearson Education isbn 9781405835268 page 258 url http books.google.com books?id 1OcCS czyroC&pg PA258 accessdate 19 September 2010 ref Another example is the special drawing rights of the International Monetary Fund . See also Basket finance Wocu Ven currency Ven References Reflist Category Currency Category Economics terminology Category Financial markets Category Securities Econ stub be x old de W hrungskorb es Canasta de monedas he ja pl Koszyk walutowy ru zh ... more details
distinguish private currency complementary currency Alternative currency is a term that refers to any currency used as an alternative to the dominant national or multinational currency systems usually referred to as national or Fiat currency fiat money . Alternative currencies can be created by an individual ..., or they can arise naturally as people begin to use a certain commodity as a currency. Mutual credit is a form of alternative currency, and thus any form of lending that does not go through the banking system can be considered a form of alternative currency. When used in combination with or when designed ... currency . Most complementary currencies are also local currency local currencies and are limited to a certain region. Barter s are another type of alternative currency. These are actually exchange systems, which only trade items thus without the use of any currency whatsoever. Finally ... currency, with the caveat that the tax must be paid in the national currency. The legality and tax ... barter organizations are an example of alternative currency systems. BerkShares Bitcoin Calgary Dollars ... LETS , an example of mutual credit , is a type of local currency used in a number of small communities worldwide. Liberty Dollar is a private currency backed by silver , designed to be a nationwide alternative currency in the United States . Ripple monetary system Stroud Pound Time Dollar is a state sponsored alternative currency in the U.S, designed to encourage the independence and productivity of welfare recipients. Toronto Dollar is another example of a backed local currency. E.C. Riegel Valun System proposed by E.C. Riegel Ven currency Ven is a social currency used in Hub Culture , a private social network that operates a network of Pavilions which accept the currency for products ... spending through the introduction of a local currency known as Freigeld . Local currencies also ... only increase economic activity temporarily. Lengthy use of a local currency will ultimately result ... more details
Social currency is a common term that can be understood as the entirety of actual and potential resources ... status and recognition. Social currency in Marketing and Management In their study on social currency, the consulting company Vivaldi Partners defined social currency as the extent to which people share ... or customers. In today s age, building social currency is probably the most important ... first Vivaldi Partners title Social Currency Study url http images.fastcompany.com Vivald iPartners Social Currency.pdf accessdate 1 July 2011 ref Social currency can be divided into six dimensions ..., consumers and users of a brand. Having social currency increases a brand s engagement with consumers ... be a core driver for an active advocacy recommending or even defending the brand. File Social Currency Levers.jpg 300px Further examples of social currency Social currency is information shared which ... or television programmes. ref http books.google.co.uk books?id LLL28xCRM00C&pg PA154&dq 22social currency ... events themselves is a form of social currency. Young men in particular feel the need to learn ... currency. ref http books.google.co.uk books?id oF4eFfbFxYcC&pg PA59&dq 22social currency 22 PPA60,M1 The Elusive fan ref Women may use jewellery and clothes as part of their social currency, providing ... currency 22 Marketing to Women ref Sharing a meal can be social currency. ref http books.google.co.uk books?id rwgvyW8AOeIC&pg PA150&dq 22social currency 22&lr Seeing Through the Eyes of Jesus ref What is completely new or unique has no, or unknown, social currency, hence all news programmes or other ... low risk and novelty, to try and create programmes people will use as social currency. ref http books.google.co.uk books?id NoHGh1GQFAkC&pg PA72&dq 22social currency 22&lr Beyond Media ref In morality , choosing an action based on its social currency alone, its social acceptability reliance on duty ... worth. ref http books.google.co.uk books?id fmYjgiUMy7EC&pg PA162&dq 22social currency 22&lr PPA162,M1 ... more details
This is an outline of Uruguay s monetary history. For the present currency of Uruguay , see Uruguayan peso . Pre independence currency main Currency of Spanish America Uruguay s currency was initially ... centavos Onza de oro 16 Pesos History In 1828, Uruguay s currency was based on the silver peso of eight ... Pesos plata 1000 Cent simos 1863 1868 Peso 100 Cent simos History The National Currency Decree of 23 June 1862 with effect from 1 January 1863 made the gold dobl n and the silver peso the national currency ... was revalued to 100 cent simos, with 1 new cent simo equal to 10 old cent simos de real, the new currency being known as Sistema centesimal as opposed to the old Sistema real . The National Currency .... The new government suspended payment on its London debt, and on 8 May it decreed government currency ... change, the government followed the example of U.S. postal currency copies of current postage ... to serve as small change. lo que estan es locos 1870 currency notes A law of 4 May 1870 authorized ... and 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 pesos. They were not payable on demand. 1875 currency notes The Junta ... coined on the Latin Monetary Union standard. Meanwhile, the paper currency was reformed in 1875 .... This new paper peso was known as peso moneda national peso national currency . The economy picked up ..., were obliged to use inconvertible paper currency, Uruguay continued to use gold. By 1889 ... s sound paper money. It was unthinkable to have the paper currency of an independent nation in the hands .... 1875 currency redemption notes The government tasked the Comision de Extincion de Billetes note ... and 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 pesos moneda corriente pesos in circulating currency , printed ... moneda nacional oro sellado national gold currency . Banco Nacional failed in the financial crisis ... enjoyed a sound currency and monetary stability until WWI. Bank notes were denominated in legal tender currency en moneda legal . The gold standard was suspended in August 1914, and foreign gold coin ... more details
Foreign Exchange A currency pair is the quotation of the relative value of a currency unit against the unit of another currency in the foreign exchange market . The currency that is used as the reference is called the counter currency or quote currency and the currency that is quoted in relation is called the base currency or transaction currency. Currency pairs are written by concatenating the ISO currency code s ISO 4217 of the base currency and the counter currency, separating them with a slash character. Often the slash character is omitted. A widely traded currency pair is the relation of the euro ... euro is exchanged for 1.2500 US dollars. The most traded currency pairs in the world are called the Majors ... , Canadian dollar , and the Swiss franc . Syntax and quotation Currency quotations use the abbreviations ... weaker than the dollar. Base currency anchor Base currency Most traded currencies The rules for formulating standard currency pair notations result from accepted priorities attributed to each currency. From its inception in 1999 and as stipulated by the European Central Bank , the euro has first precedence as a base currency. Therefore, all currency pairs involving it should use it as their base ... are also referred to as currency crosses, or simply crosses. The most common crosses are EUR, JPY, and GBP crosses. The term base currency in the foreign exchange field is also used as the accounting currency by banks, and is usually the domestic currency. For example, a British bank may use GBP as a base currency for accounting, because all profits and losses are converted to the sterling ... currency 1 CCY1 and currency 2 CCY2 , where one unit of CCY1 equals the quoted number of units ... and news reporting, the currency pairs are often referred to by nicknames rather than their symbolic ... the GBP USD quote between the London and New York markets. ref http www.pipholic.com currency pairs what forex traders should know.html Currency pairs what Forex traders should know ref The following ... more details
Functional currency refers to the main currency used by a business or unit of a business. It is the monetary unit of account of the principal economic environment in which an economic entity operates. International Accounting Standards IAS ref http eifrs.iasb.org eifrs bnstandards en ias21.pdf IAS 21 issued by the International Accounting Standards Board . ref and U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles GAAP ref http asc.fasb.org topic&trid 2175825&nav type left nav&analyticsAssetName left nav topi AC 830 , issued by the US Financial Accounting Standards Board , originally as Statement of Financial Standards No. 52 SFAS 52 . ref provide rules for translation of foreign currency transactions and financial statements. SFAS 52 introduced the concept of functional currency , defined as the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates normally, that is, the currency of the environment in which an entity primarily generates and expends cash. Businesses may enter into transactions sales, payments, etc. in multiple currencies. Each qualified business unit QBU of the business translates these items to its functional currency at an appropriate exchange rate . It then prepares periodic reports of its position balance sheet and activity income and cash flow statements in that functional currency. When various QBUs are combined, these reports are translated ... translated at the spot rate , i.e., the rate of exchange between the transaction currency and the functional currency on the date of the transaction. Example Jim is traveling on business and pays a hotel bill for SFR 200. Jim s home currency is the GBP. On the date Jim pays the bill, the exchange ... in another currency using some sort of standard rate for some period, such as the average rate ... although Base currency is sometimes used as a synonym, functional currency is the more precise term ... cost Money illusion References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Functional Currency Category Currency ... more details
File US Postal Currency 5 cent 1862 1863.jpg right thumb 5 cent postage currency note Image 10cf big.jpg right thumb 10 cent postage currency note Postal Currency , or Postage Currency , was a form of United States Postal Service US Post Office paper money printed in 5 , 10 , 25 , and 50 Denomination currency denominations and issued from August 21, 1862 through May 27, 1863. They were valid for redemption of postage stamps and, while not actually valid as legal tender , they could be exchanged for United States Notes in 5 lots and were receivable in payment of all dues to the United States, up to 5. Essentially, they were postage stamp s printed on United States Department of the Treasury Treasury paper . ref name Spaulding 1869 Cite book last Spaulding first Elbridge Gerry authorlink Elbridge G. Spaulding title History of the Legal Tender Paper Money issued during the Great Rebellion publisher Express Printing Co. year 1869 location Buffalo NY pages 165 166 url http books.google.com books?id Df1CAAAAIAAJ&pg PA165 ref After the American Civil War broke out the Union American Civil War ... hoarding coins . There was a near universal fear that Banknote paper currency would become worthless ... Currency later in 1862. The 5 and 10 notes depicted the same pictures as the postage stamps that were ... 15 June 2007 ref The Postal Currency notes were followed by four additional issues of Fractional currency which remained in use until 1876 when United States Congress Congress authorized the Mint coin minting of fractional silver coins to redeem the outstanding fractional currency. Today, the original Postage Currency of 1862 is often collected alongside postage stamps of that era. See also Scott Stamp Catalog Fractional currency References reflist External links http www.usmarshals.gov ... page8.html U.S. Issued Fractional Currency 1st Issue were the postage currency notes Category ... monnaie nl Postage Currency ru ... more details
Image Uned cymru.jpg thumb 200px Symbol for the Uned Cymru, a complementary currency system proposed for Wales. The Uned unit in Welsh language Welsh is a negative interest complementary currency system proposed by the political and economic theorist Martin Wilding Davies Martin Davies to stimulate economic activity in the moribund economy of Wales . ref cite news author Martin Shipton title Cymru currency could boost local economies url http www.walesonline.co.uk news wales news 2009 01 19 cymru currency could boost local economies 91466 22722423 work WalesOnline publisher Media Wales Ltd date 19 January 2009 accessdate 26 August 2010 ref References reflist Category Community currencies ... more details
Currency overlay is a financial trading strategy or method conducted by specialist firms who manage the currency ... hedge and attempt to profit from tactical foreign exchange views, i.e. speculate . The currency overlay ... and removing hedges to achieve the objectives of the client. Many types of currency overlay accounts are more focused on the speculative aspect, i.e. profiting from currency movements. These so called ... of objective and trading style. Currency hedging Individuals and institutions who own equities ... portfolio is generally increased by adding currency exposure, yet there is no risk premium ... often hedge their currency risk, normally using forward currency contracts, currency swaps, currency futures contracts, or currency options. Passive currency overlay Currency hedging can be done passively or actively. The stream of returns from passive currency overlay is negatively correlated with international ... manager uses forward contracts to match the portfolio s currency exposures in such a way as to insure ..., The hedged portfolio The benchmark The investor s cash flow preferences Active currency overlay Active currency overlay requires management style decisions on the part of the manager, based on the types ... currency overlay are as follows ref name Record Record, Neil 2003 . Currency Overlay ref Fundamental .... ref name Record Currency for return The foreign exchange market exhibits systematic inefficiencies, owing mostly to its unique status among financial markets only a small proportion of currency market ... rate bias. ref name Record References Harris, Louise 2006 . Currency Overlay An Introduction Record, Neil 2003 . http www.amazon.com Currency Overlay Wiley Finance Record dp 0470850272 ref sr 1 1?s books&ie UTF8&qid 1322221326&sr 1 1 Currency Overlay The Wiley Finance Series Smith, Ralph 2003 . Currency Hedging for European investors Xin, Dr Hai 2003 . http www.amazon.com Currency Overlay Practical Hai Xin dp 1904339174 Currency Overlay A Practical Guide Book UBS . Second edition to be released ... more details
about Col n the cent symbol Cent currency Symbol Unreferenced date December 2009 The col n is the currency of two Central American nations Costa Rica ISO 4217 three letter currency code CRC see Costa Rican col n El Salvador ISO 4217 SVC &ndash since 2001 used in parallel with the United States dollar see dollarization , El Salvadoran col n The Costa Rican col n is divided into 100 c ntimos the El Salvadoran col n is divided into 100 centavos . In Spanish language Spanish , the plural form is colones , but it is frequently rendered in English language English as colons pronounced like colognes . Symbol The same symbol for colon Unicode is used in both El Salvador and Costa Rica. In Unicode , it is at code point unichar 20A1 COLON SIGN html Currency signs DEFAULTSORT Colon Category Economy of Costa Rica Category Economy of El Salvador Category Currency signs ca Col n moneda it Col n moneta ja pt Col n moeda ... more details
no footnotes date October 2010 The article provides a historical summary of the currency used in Ecuador . The present currency of Ecuador is the United States dollar . 1822 1830 Gran Colombia Main Currency of Colombia 1821 1830 Gran Colombia Peso 8 Reales silver br Onza 8 Escudos 16 Pesos gold Quito was part of Gran Colombia until 1830 as Departamento del Sur . Gran Colombia s monetary regulations retained the old Spanish colonial system, with both milled and hammered coin circulating. Gold and silver were minted at Popay n and Bogot , copper at Caracas. On July 28, 1823, Bol var authorized a mint at Quito, but almost a decade would pass before one opened there. Cobs macuquina were ordered withdrawn in 1826, but because of the lack of other coin, they continued to circulate. All kinds of foreign coin circulated on the coast as a result of foreign trade, but in the interior provinces only ..., so that currency standards were difficult to maintain. The use of Token coin merchant tokens became .... The bulk of the circulating currency consisted of poor quality, worn coins. As soon as the new ... currency, while gold coins immediately disappeared abroad. By the 1850s the Quito mint ... thus settled the basic problems of Ecuador s currency. In 1877 President Ignacio de Veintimilla authorized ... SUCRE currency sucre decree of March 22, 1884, effective April 1 , equal to 22.500 g fine silver .... The exchange rate remained at par 2 055 per US 1 until 1918, when progressive depreciation set ... to 42 per dollar and a crawling peg was adopted. Depreciation gained momentum and the free ... s official currency. Protests led to his removal. Vice President Gustavo Noboa became president ... transactions. Only coins would continue in the local currency. 2000 Dollarization Main ... es icon Historical information on Ecuadorian currency by Banco Central del Ecuador s Museo ... 234 pp. illus, some in colour . Use mdy dates date August 2010 DEFAULTSORT Currency Of Ecuador Category ... more details
Infobox Museum name Bank of Canada s Currency Museum image Currency Museum entrance.jpg imagesize 220 caption Entrance to Bank of Canada Currency Museum alt map type map caption map alt latitude 45.42088 longitude 75.702968 established 1980 dissolved location 245 Sparks Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0G9 type visitors director curator publictransit website http currencymuseum.ca Currency Museum CA First opened on December 5, 1980, Canada s Currency Museum is located on the ground floor of the Bank of Canada in Ottawa . It is the public face of the National Currency Collection, which contains over 100,000 currency related artifacts from around the world. These include coins, bank notes, dies, plates, and engraving tools, bank and government ledgers, weights and scales, cash register s, wallets, numismatic medals and cards and examples of counterfeit money . The National Currency Collection also encompasses a library and archive, which contain over 8,500 books, pamphlets, catalogues and journals dating back to the Middle Ages. ref Bank of Canada 2008, p. 19 ref The Museum offers various ... cite web title National Currency Museum url http www.currencymuseum.ca home national currency collection ... thumb left A rai stone , used as currency on the island of Yap , stands in the atrium of the Bank of Canada Economy of Canada The creation of a national currency collection was first proposed in the late ... the development of Canadian currency over the previous 150 years. By 1962 Sheldon S. Carroll had been ... of ancient, medieval and modern foreign currency, and of artifacts related to banking and monetary ... as the National Currency Collection. ref Bank of Canada 2008, p. 27 ref The Currency Museum opened ... Bank of Canada Beads to Bytes Canada s National Currency Collection . 2008. External links http www.currencymuseum.ca eng collection index.php History of the earliest forms currency in Canada http www.currencymuseum.net ... currency and coinage Category Museums in Ottawa Category Numismatic museums Category Museums of economics ... more details
Public finance A currency board is a monetary authority which is required to maintain a fixed exchange rate with a foreign currency. This policy objective requires the conventional objectives of a central bank to be subordinated to the exchange rate target. Features of orthodox currency boards Foreign Exchange The main qualities of an orthodox currency board are A currency board s foreign currency ... of a Reserve Account at the currency board can convert them into the reserve currency usually 110 115 of the monetary base M0 . A currency board maintains absolute, unlimited convertibility between its notes and coins and the currency against which they are pegged the anchor currency , at a fixed rate of exchange, with no restrictions on current account or capital account transactions. A currency ... minimum reserve at the Currency Board. 1 generates a seignorage revenue. 2 is the revenue on minimum reserves revenue of investment activities less cost of minimum reserves remuneration A currency .... Governments cannot print money, and can only tax or borrow to meet their spending commitments. A currency ... requirements. A currency board does not attempt to manipulate interest rates by establishing a discount rate like a central bank. The peg with the foreign currency tends to keep interest rates and inflation very closely aligned to those in the country against whose currency the peg is fixed. Consequences of adopting a fixed exchange rate as prime target The currency board in question will no longer issue fiat money but instead will only issue one unit of local currency for each unit or decided amount of foreign currency it has in its vault often a hard currency such as the United States ... of currency stability no longer apply. The drawbacks are that the country no longer has the ability ... between it and its trading partners. Typically, currency boards have advantages for small, open ..., Russian Ruble and U.S. Dollar in a currency basket . Image Foreign Currency uses and pegs.png right ... more details
Ven is a global virtual currency used by members of a social network service , Hub Culture , to buy, share and trade knowledge, goods and services. It is the first virtual currency to be used in the financial markets and the first used in commodity and carbon credit trading. Ven can be spent at Hub Culture Pavilions or used for micropayments on the Internet at large. ref name Wall Street Journal Economics blog cite web accessdate 2012 02 04 url http blogs.wsj.com economics 2009 09 09 the currency revolution title The Currency Revolution work Wall Street Journal Economics blog date 2009 09 09 ref The value of Ven is determined on the financial markets from a basket of currencies, commodities and carbon ... first appeared as an application in Facebook on 4 July 2007. In late 2008, the currency became tradeable to anyone with an email address, making it the first global digital currency to move from an online ... www.dgcmagazine.com blog index.php 2009 07 14 ven is hubcultures cool social currency title Hub Culture Ven is Hub Culture s cool social currency work DGC Magazine date 2009 07 14 ref . It is the only virtual currency available in the financial markets via a partnership with Thomson Reuters Indices ... of Ven. The introduction of carbon to the calculation price of the currency made Ven the first and only currency that is linked to the environment. ref http www.hubculture.com groups 237 news 486 Hub Ven Global Digital Currency News Bot generated title ref An open API for Ven arrived in January 2011, providing new forms of distribution and access to the currency for the web at large via a developer ... 04 url http www.finextra.com news fullstory.aspx?newsitemid 22475 title Virtual currency used for commodity ... claims to have completed the first commodity trading deal priced in a virtual currency. The network ... http www.finextra.com news fullstory.aspx?newsitemid 22985 title Ven digital currency to be displayed ... Ven Currency Category Currency Category Electronic currencies ... more details
See Emissions Reduction Currency System for community based initiatives aimed at emission reduction Refimprove date March 2009 Numismatics A Community Currency is often used as synonym for complementary currency , local currency , regional currency , alternative currency , auxiliary currencies , and private ... up with realizing social goals by the implementation of community currencies. Community Currency .... Complementary currency describes currencies that exists as a supplement to our conventional national money. A complementary currency is an agreement to use something else than legal tender i.e. ... resources Lietaer & Hallsmith 2006 2 . Alternative currency is often used, but in essence this term ... with or to substitute conventional currencies. Local currency is a Community Currency used in a locality. If this locality is larger, the word regional currency is often used. Private currencies emphasizes that the currency is issued by individuals, businesses or NGO s as opposed to ordinary currency ... Douthwaite & Wagman 1999 as synonym of community currencies. In economics , a local currency , in its common usage, is a currency not backed by a national government and not necessarily legal ... with traditional bartering. These currencies are also referred to as community currency , and are a form of alternative currency or complementary currency . They encompass a wide range ... acute demands for cash, which were met by businesses creating emergency currency . These scrips were usually issued with the intention of redemption in national currency at some later date. A few ... banking to produce an alternative, community level currency dates back at least as far as the German ... in Switzerland, and the Labor Banks in Japan. Complementary currency is a hypernym to local currency , but the terms are often used as synonyms. The term local currency does not refer to national currency that happens to be used only in a local area. Advocates of local currency, such as Jane Jacobs ... more details
virtual currency to purchase land, supplies and various items used to enhance their status and add points. ref name Cici Wirachmat1 Some virtual currencies are Time based currency time based , relying ... currency or cyber currency is also often used, in a more broad sense, to indicate electronic money ... and MySpace , this is rapidly changing with systems like Ven currency Ven in the financial markets. ref name Cici Wirachmat2 Zynga reported that direct purchases of virtual currency and goods accounted for most of its more than 100 million in revenue for 2009. ref name Cici Wirachmat2 Gamer currency Players of some massively multiplayer online games MMOG s spend real money on virtual currency to purchase ... in Zynga s FarmVille . ref name Cici Wirachmat2 ref name Cici Wirachmat3 Virtual currency systems such as Hub Culture s Ven currency Ven are used beyond gaming to enable trade and purchase of real ..., Frictionless and Almost Free date 22 February 2010 ref Ven is the first virtual currency to have ... news fullstory.aspx?newsitemid 22475 ref In others, such as Empire Avenue , the virtual currency can ... the purchase of virtual currency via PayPal US dollars. ref name empireavenue cite web url http ..., or through virtual currency platforms such as http www.sponsorpay.com SponsorPay , http www.offerpal.com ... 10 tips for monetizing social traffic through virtual currency ref Virtual world currency An often confusing ... 101 . Hybrid currency Where a virtual currency is accepted as payment for a real product or service. See also Electronic money Anonymous Internet banking Fictional currency Internet currency Ven currency Bitcoin References Reflist 2 Multiplayer online games DEFAULTSORT Virtual Currency Category ... more details
Refimprove date June 2010 Infobox single See Wikipedia WikiProject Songs Name Social Currency Cover Social Currency.jpg Cover size Caption Artist Children Collide Album The Long Now A side Social Currency B side Economy, Hail Good Fellow, Chameleon. Released 19 July 2008 small Australia small Format music download digital download br CD Single Recorded Melbourne Australia Genre Indie rock Length 3 55 Label Writer Children Collide Producer Dave Sardy Certification Last single This single Social Currency br 2008 Next single Farewell Rocketship br 2009 Misc Social Currency is a song recorded by Australian indie rock band Children Collide . It placed at No. 104 in the Triple J Triple J Hottest 100, 2008 Hottest 100 of 2008 . Track listing Track listing collapsed no headline Single title1 Social Currency length1 3 55 ref http www.childrencollide.com ref title2 Economy length2 2 04 Track listing collapsed no headline iTunes EP title1 Social Currency length1 3 55 title2 Economy length2 2 02 title3 Hail Good Fellow length3 4 05 title4 Chameleon length4 4 00 References Reflist Category 2008 singles ... more details
Merge from cross currency swap discuss Talk currency swap Merger proposal date February 2012 Foreign Exchange A currency swap is a foreign exchange agreement between two parties to exchange aspects namely the Loan principal and or interest payments of a loan in one currency for equivalent aspects of an equal in net present value loan in another currency see foreign exchange derivative . Currency swaps ... ref A currency swap should be distinguished from a central bank liquidity swap . Structure Currency ... , and are closely related to interest rate swap s. However, unlike interest rate swaps, currency swaps ... in which currency swaps can exchange loans The simplest currency swap structure is to exchange only ... years, where bid offer spread spreads are wider for alternative derivatives, principal only currency swaps are often used as a cost effective way to fix forward rates. This type of currency swap is also ... year 2008 origyear 2007 isbn 978 1 84152 569 3 ref Another currency swap structure is to combine the exchange ... on loans of the same size and term. Again, as this is a currency swap, the exchanged cash flows are in different ... payments in Euro. This type of swap is also known as a cross currency interest rate swap, or cross currency swap . ref http www.isda.org educat faqs.html 22 ref Uses Currency swaps have two main uses To secure cheaper debt by borrowing at the best available rate regardless of currency and then swapping for debt in desired currency using a back to back loan . ref name ICAEW To hedge finance hedge against ... cost is in that company s domestic currency. Alternatively, the companies could borrow in their own ... in the currency they desire with a principal only swap . Abuses In May 2011, Charles Munger ... funding in 2002 through a currency swap, allowing the government to hide debt. ref http www.bloomberg.com ... fudging euro entry , BBC ref History Currency swaps were originally conceived in the 1970s to circumvent ... books?id YDiHUIQk3C4C&pg PA24 ref While such restrictions on currency exchange have since become ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 The sole was a unit of currency in Argentina and Bolivia during the 19th century, equivalent to the Spanish real real . The name sole was used alongside real in Argentina, whilst in Bolivia it replaced the real in 1827 and circulated until decimalization in 1864. Category Modern obsolete currencies DEFAULTSORT Sole Currency Money unit stub ... more details
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