DifferentialAccumulation is an approach for analysing capitalist development and crisis, tying together mergers and acquisitions, stagflation and globalization as integral facets of accumulation. The concept has been developed by Jonathan Nitzan and Shimshon Bichler . The concept of differentialaccumulation ... must therefore have an encompassing definition. ref http bnarchives.yorku.ca 9 DifferentialAccumulation ... bnarchives.yorku.ca 9 DifferentialAccumulation Toward a New Political Economy of Capital. Nitzan 1998 ... per employee. Each avenue of breadth and depth can be divided into pursuing differentialaccumulation through internal or external means. This gives us four categories of differentialaccumulation ... merger wave is an integral facet of differentialaccumulation. 4 Periodic lulls in amalgamation ... contributes significantly to differentialaccumulation at the disaggregate level. An end to the present ... to tame. ref http bnarchives.yorku.ca 3 Regimes of DifferentialAccumulation Mergers, Stagflation and the Logic of Globalization. Nitzan 2001, p. 233 ref Stagflation in differentialaccumulation theory Differentialaccumulation theory sees stagflation oscillate inversely with periods where mergers ... significantly to differentialaccumulation at the disaggregate level, that is, of dominant capital .... Similarity to supply shock theories of stagflation Differentialaccumulation theory shares some ... on the price of oil through the restriction of supply. This is similar to differentialaccumulation ..., on an actual reduction in supply. Deflation and the crisis of accumulationDifferentialaccumulation ... but a crisis of differentialaccumulation. Inflation was helpful for not only providing differential ... 3 Regimes of DifferentialAccumulation Mergers, Stagflation and the Logic of Globalization .... The pace of accumulation therefore depends on two factors a the institutional arrangements affecting ... , how should its accumulation be measured? Surely, the mere augmentation of money values tells ... more details
wiktionary accumulationAccumulation may refer to Accumulation None , a 2002 lo fi album Capital accumulation , the gathering of objects of value Glacier ice accumulation , an element in the glacier mass balance formula See also Accumulator disambiguation disambig nn Akkumulasjon ... more details
Socialism sidebar expanded Key topics Socialist accumulation in particular, primitive Socialist accumulation was a concept put forth in the early Soviet Union as a counterpart of the concept of primitive accumulation of capital that took place in previous capitalist economy capitalist economies . The concept was proposed as a means to industrialize the Russian economy of the era through state capitalism , because the Russian economy was too underdeveloped to implement socialism at the time. The major proponent of the concept was Yevgeni Preobrazhensky , in his 1926 work The New Economics , based on his 1924 lecture in the Communist Academy , The Fundamental Law of Socialist Accumulation . The concept was proposed during the period of New Economic Policy NEP . Its main principle is that the state sector of the mixed economy of the transitional period has to appropriate the peasant s surplus product to accumulate resources necessary for the growth of the industry . To this end, the major mechanisms were the Foreign trade of the Soviet Union Development of the state monopoly on foreign trade foreign trade monopoly held the state and price control in favor of industry in effect, price scissors ref http www.marxists.org archive preobrazhensky 1921 fromnep biog.html Editor s biographical note to the 1962 translation of From N.E.P. to Socialism ref ref http www.marxists.org archive preobrazhensky 1921 fromnep pub intro.html Publisher s introduction to the 1962 translation of From N.E.P. to Socialism ref This theory was criticized politically and associated with Leon Trotsky and the Left Opposition , but in fact was put into practice by Joseph Stalin in the 1930s, as when Stalin said, in his speech to The Captains of Industry , that the USSR had to accomplish in a decade what England .... Real wages for both regular workers and managers plummeted, despite the growing wage differential ... in the dissolution of most of the gulag system. See also Capital accumulation Capitalism State ... more details
Wiktionary Differential may refer to Mathematics Differential mathematics comprises multiple related meanings of the word, both in calculus and differential geometry, such as an infinitesimal change in the value of a function Differential algebra Differential calculus Differential of a function , represents a change in the linearization of a function Differential infinitesimal e.g. dx , dy , dt etc. are interpreted as infinitesimals Differential topology , in multivariable calculus, the differential ... map between the tangent spaces, called pushforward differentialDifferential geometry , exterior differential, or exterior derivative , is a generalization to differential form s of the notion of differential of a function on a differentiable manifold Cochain complex Differential coboundary , in homological algebra and algebraic topology, one of the maps of a cochain complex Differential cryptanalysis ... of the corresponding ciphertexts Natural sciences and engineering Differential mechanical ... at different speeds Limited slip differential Electronic differential , an electric motor controller ... Differential signaling , in electronics, applies to a method of transmitting electronic signals over a pair of wires to Social sciences Semantic differential Semantic and structural differential s in psychology Quality spread differential , in finance Compensating differential , in labor economics Medicine Differential diagnosis , the characterization of the underlying cause of pathological states based on specific tests Complete blood count Differential WBC count ,the enumeration of each type of white blood cells either manually or using automated analyzers Other Differential hardening , in metallurgy Differential rotation , in astronomy Differential centrifugation , in cell biology Differential scanning calorimetry , in materials science Differential signalling , in communications Differential GPS , in technology See also lookfrom intitle Different disambiguation disambig az ... more details
Accumulation can refer to a cumulative or compound increase in a variable, or to capital accumulation . Marxian economics In Karl Marx s critique of political economy, the law of accumulation refers to the way in which the accumulation of capital necessarily develops in the capitalist mode of production . The growth of capital proceeds via an increase in the organic composition of capital and goes together with the proletarianization of the population. More and more of the labor force consists of people dependent on a wage or salary for a living. ref cite web url http www.marxists.org archive marx works 1867 c1 ch25.htm title Das Kapital, ch.25 author Marx, Karl ref Marxian economists usually distinguish between the absolute and relative immiseration of the working class. In absolute immiseration, the living standards of the working class decline absolutely. In relative immiseration, the wealth of the capitalists grows faster than the real wages of the working class. In Henryk Grossman s theory, capital accumulation leads to a gradual decline of the rate of profit, culminating in a collapse of the capitalist system. See also commons cat Wealth logistic curve fractal References reflist DEFAULTSORT Law Of Accumulation Category Marxist theory Econ stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date November 2006 The Right of Accumulation is an investment term for mutual fund transactions, that allows an investor to get lower sales charges on multiple transactions, instead of requiring a single transaction to be over a given amount. DEFAULTSORT Rights Of Accumulation Category Investment Finance stub ... more details
for the gathering of objects of value Accumulation of capital The Accumulation of Capital full title The Accumulation of Capital A Contribution to an Economic Explanation of Imperialism , Die Akkumulation des Kapitals Ein Beitrag zur konomischen Erkl rung des Imperialismus is the principal book length work of Rosa Luxemburg first published in 1913. It is in three sections as described below ref cite book title The Accumulation of Capital id LCN 64 16176 last Luxemburg first Rosa publisher Monthly Review Press date 1951 ref The Problem of Reproduction The Historical Exposition of the Problem Round I Jean Charles L onard de Sismondi Sismondi Thomas Robert Malthus Malthus vs. Jean Baptiste Say Say David Ricardo Ricardo , John Ramsay McCulloch MacCulloch Round II The Controversy between Johann Karl Rodbertus Rodbertus and Julius von Kirchmann von Kirchmann Round III Struve Bulgakov Mikhail Tugan Baranovsky Tugan Baranovski vs. Vorontsov Kikolayon The Historical Conditions of Accumulation See also The Wealth of Nations Capital, Volume II Capital , Volume II Capital accumulation References reflist External links http www.marxists.org archive luxemburg 1913 accumulation capital index.htm Full Text DEFAULTSORT Accumulation of Capital, The Category 1913 books Category Books about capitalism Category Economics books poli book stub fr L Accumulation du capital ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 The accumulation function a t is a function defined in terms of time t expressing the ratio of the value at time t future value and the initial investment present value . It is used in interest theory . Thus a 0 1 and the value at time t is given by math A t k cdot a t math . where the initial investment is k . Examples simple interest math a t 1 t cdot i math compound interest math a t 1 i t math simple discount math a t 1 d cdot t math compound discount math a t 1 d t math In the case of a positive rate of return , as in the case of interest, the accumulation function is an increasing function . Variable rate of return The Rate of return Logarithmic or continuously compounded return logarithmic or continuously compounded return , sometimes called Compound interest Force of interest force of interest , is a function of time defined as follows math delta t frac a t a t , math which is the rate of change with time of the natural logarithm of the accumulation function. Conversely math a t e int 0 t delta u , du math reducing to math a t e t delta math for constant math delta math . The effective annual percentage rate at any time is math r t e delta t 1 math See also Time value of money DEFAULTSORT Accumulation Function Category Mathematical finance ro Func ie de acumulare ... more details
On a glacier , the accumulation zone is the area above the firn line, where snowfall accumulates and exceeds the losses from ablation , melting , evaporation , and Sublimation chemistry sublimation . The annual Glacier equilibrium line separates the accumulation and ablation zone annually. The accumulation zone is also defined as the part of a glacier s surface, usually at higher elevations, on which there is net accumulation of snow, which subsequently turns into firn and then glacier ice. Part of the glacier where snow builds up and turns to ice moves outward from there. See also Glaciers Ablation zone External links Cite web title What Is A Glacier? date 10 July 2002 url http www.fs.fed.us r10 tongass forest facts resources geology icefields.htm glacier archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20110605142410 http www.fs.fed.us r10 tongass forest facts resources geology icefields.htm glacier archivedate 5 June 2011 deadurl no Cite web title Glossary Geological Points of Interest in the Stehekin Valley, Lake Chelan National Recreation Area, North Cascades National Park Service Complex year 2006 url http www.nps.gov archive noca svgeologyg.htm archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20070817125309 http www.nps.gov archive noca svgeologyg.htm archivedate 17 August 2007 deadurl yes Category Glaciology Glaciology stub no Akkumulasjonsomr de ... more details
Accumulation by dispossession is a concept presented by the Marxism Marxist geographer David Harvey geographer David Harvey , which defines the neoliberal capitalist policies in many western nations, from the 1970s and to the present day, as resulting in a centralization of wealth and power in the hands of a few by dispossessing the public of their wealth or land. These neoliberal policies are guided mainly by four practices privatization , financialization , management and manipulation of crises, and state redistributions. Practices Privatization Privatization and commodification of public assets have been among the most criticised and disputed aspects of neoliberalism . Summed up, they could be characterized by the process of transferring property from public ownership to private ownership. According to Marxist theory , this serves the interests of the Bourgeoisie capitalist class , or bourgeoisie , as it moves power from the nation s governments to private parties. At the same time, privatization generates a means for profit for the capitalist class after a transaction they can then sell or rent to the public what used to be commonly owned. Financialization The wave of financialization ... as stock to private companies is what Harvey calls accumulation by dispossession. State redistributions ... or primitive accumulation , and ties these to examples from the real world. The neoliberal modernity ... against accumulation by dispossession Abahlali baseMjondolo in South Africa The Bhumi Uchhed Pratirodh ... Cape Anti Eviction Campaign in South Africa See also Socialist accumulation Capital accumulation Primitive accumulation of capital Common Lands References David Harvey geographer David Harvey , The New ... 12 Reading Marx s Capital Class 12, Chapters 26 33, The Secret of Primitive Accumulation video lecture ... of Imperialism in the 20th century. http otago.academia.edu SpringerSimon Papers 319555 Violent accumulation ... Cambodia Violent accumulation a postanarchist critique of property, dispossession, and the state ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Accumulation None Type Compilation album Artist Smog band Smog Cover Smog accumulation none.jpg Released November 5, 2002 Recorded 1989 2002 Genre Lo fi music Lo fi Length 41 58 Label Drag City record label Drag City Producer Bill Callahan musician Bill Callahan Last album Rain on Lens br 2001 This album Accumulation None br 2002 Next album Supper album Supper br 2003 Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1Score Rating 4 5 ref Allmusic class album id r611377 pure url yes ref noprose yes Accumulation None is a compilation of rarities by American singer songwriter Smog band Smog , released on November 4, 2002 in Europe by Domino Records UK Domino Records and a day later in North America on Drag City record label Drag City . The compilation was released under his then alias, Smog, and features the new song White Ribbon . Track listing Astronaut 1 35 From My Shell split single with Suckdog A Hit 3 07 From A Hit single on Drag City record label Drag City Spanish Moss 2 12 B side of the Hausmusik 7 single Came Blue Chosen One Smog song Chosen One John Peel Session 4 36 B Side of the Cold Blooded Old Times single Floating 1 15 From the Floating Smog EP Floating EP on Drag City Real Live Dress 5 24 From the Australian only EP The Manta Rays of Time Came Blue 3 38 A side of the Hausmusik 7 single Little Girl Shoes 5 18 B side of the Ex Con 7 single Cold Blooded Old Times Acoustic 3 45 B Side of the Cold Blooded Old Times single White Ribbon 4 04 New song I Break Horses John Peel Session 6 14 B side of the Cold Blooded Old Times single Hole in the Heart 0 44 From the Floating EP References reflist Bill Callahan Category 2002 compilation albums Category Smog compilation albums Category Domino Records compilation albums Category Drag City compilation albums 2000s compilation album stub ... more details
Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation NBIA may refer to Pantothenate kinase associated neurodegeneration Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation 1 NBIA1 or pantothenate kinase associated neurodegeneration PKAN , a degenerative disease of the brain Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation 2B NBIA2B , a degenerative disease of the brain Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation 3 NBIA3 , a degenerative disease of the brain Neuroscience stub Category Neuroscience ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2007 In mathematics , the term differential has several meanings. Basic notions In calculus , the differential of a function differential represents a change in the linearization of a function mathematics function . In traditional approaches to calculus, the differential infinitesimal .... The Total derivative differential is another name for the Jacobian matrix of partial derivative s of a function ... as a linear map . More generally, the Pushforward differentialdifferential or Pushforward differential ... operations it defines. The differential is also used to define the dual concept of pullback differential geometry pullback . Stochastic calculus provides a notion of stochastic differential and an associated calculus for stochastic process es. The integrator in a Stieltjes integral is represented as the differential of a function. Formally, the differential appearing under the integral behaves exactly as a differential thus, the integration by substitution and integration by parts formulae for Stieltjes integral correspond, respectively, to the chain rule and product rule for the differential. Differential geometry The notion of a differential motivates several concepts in differential geometry and differential topology . Differential form s provide a framework which accommodates multiplication and differentiation of differentials. The exterior derivative is a notion of differentiation of differential forms which generalizes the Total derivative differential of a function which is a differential 1 form . Pullback differential geometry Pullback is, in particular, a geometric name for the chain rule for composing a map between manifolds with a differential form on the target manifold ... important notions. Abelian differential s usually refer to differential one forms on an algebraic curve or Riemann surface . Quadratic differential s which behave like squares of abelian differentials are also important in the theory of Riemann surfaces. Kahler differential s provide ... more details
In mathematics, the differential coefficient of a function f x is what is now called its derivative df x dx , the not necessarily constant multiplicative factor or coefficient of the differential infinitesimal differential dx in the differential df x . A coefficient is usually a Constant mathematics constant quantity, but the differential coefficient of f is a constant function only if f is a linear function . When f is not lineive Differen , hence, the modern term, derivative. Early editions of Silvanus P. Thompson s Calculus Made Easy use the older term. Martin Gardner lets the first use of differential coefficient stand, along with Thompson s criticism of the term as a needlessly obscure phrase that should not intimidate students, and substitutes derivative for the remainder of the book. Category Mathematical analysis Category Differential calculus Category Functions and mappings simple Differential coefficient ... more details
In the theory of differential form s, a differential ideal I is an algebraic ideal in the ring of smooth differential forms on a smooth manifold , in other words a graded algebra graded ideal in the sense of ring theory , that is further closed under exterior differentiation d . In other words, for any form &alpha in I , the exterior derivative d &alpha is also in I . In the theory of differential algebra , a differential ideal I in a differential ring R is an ideal which is mapped to itself by each differential operator. Exterior differential systems and partial differential equations An exterior differential system on a manifold M is a differential ideal math I subset Omega M math . One can express any partial differential equation system as an exterior differential system with independence condition. Say that we have k th order partial differential equation systems for maps math f mathbb R m rightarrow mathbb R n math , given by math F r x, u, frac partial I u partial x I 0, quad 1 le I le k math . The solution of this partial differential equation system is the submanifold math Sigma math of the jet mathematics jet space consisting of integral manifolds of the pullback of the jet bundle contact system to math Sigma math . This idea allows one to analyze the properties of partial differential equations with methods of differential geometry. For instance, we can apply Cartan s method on partial differential equation systems by writing down the exterior differential system associated with it. Perfect differential ideals a differential ideal math I , math which has the property ... Griffiths and Lucas Hsu, http www.math.duke.edu preprints 94 12.dvi Toward a geometry of differential ... H. W. Raudenbush, Jr. Ideal Theory and Algebraic Differential Equations , Transactions of the American ... sici?sici 0002 9947 28193404 2936 3A2 3C361 3AITAADE 3E2.0.CO 3B2 7 Category Differential forms Category Differential algebra Category Differential systems differential geometry stub ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2007 Context date October 2009 Accumulation distribution index is a technical analysis indicator intended to relate price and volume in the stock market . Formula math CLV close low high close over high low math This ranges from 1 when the close is the low of the day, to 1 when it s the high. For instance if the close is 3 4 the way up the range then CLV is 0.5. The accumulation distribution index adds up volume multiplied by the CLV factor, i.e. math accdist accdist prev volume times CLV math The starting point for the acc dist total, i.e. the zero point, is arbitrary, only the shape of the resulting indicator is used, not the actual level of the total. The name accumulation distribution comes from the idea that during accumulation buyers are in control and the price will be bid up through the day, or will make a recovery if sold down, in either case more often finishing near the day s high than the low. The opposite applies during distribution. The accumulation distribution index is similar to on balance volume , but acc dist is based on the close within the day s range, instead of the close to close up or down that the latter uses. Chaikin oscillator A Chaikin oscillator is formed by subtracting a 10 day moving average finance Exponential moving average exponential moving average from a 3 day exponential moving average of the accumulation distribution index. Being an indicator of an indicator, it can give various sell or buy signals, depending on the context and other indicators. Similar indicators Other Price Volume indicators Money Flow On balance Volume Price and Volume Trend See also Dimensional analysis explains why volume and price are multiplied not divided in such indicators technical analysis Category Technical indicators pl Accumulation Distribution ru ... more details
Image BallDifferential.svg thumb 300px right An exploded diagram of a ball differential A ball differential is a type of Differential mechanics differential typically used on radio controlled car s. It differs from a geared differential by using several small ball bearings rotating between two plates, instead of bevel gear s. History The first ball differential was patented by Cecil Schumacher, a British motorsport engineer, designed a ball differential for radio controlled model cars. Radio controlled cars were still a new application for the ball differential and Cecil Schumacher is the modern day inventor of the concept. Such was the popularity of the ball differential, originally applied ... use the same basic design Schumacher created in the 1980s. The main part of the differential ... is an adjusting collar, which allows for adjustments in the amount of slip allowed by the differential. ref cite web url http www.rctek.com general differential ball description.html title Model Car Differentials The Ball Differential accessdate 2007 08 19 work ref A thrust bearing or thrust race , on the opposite side of the gear, is used to stop the differential from loosening the retaining screw holding the output cups, used to attach the differential to the axle, onto the differential ... direction, because any rotating ball will have opposite sides moving in opposite directions . Differential .... The retaining screw is designed so the differential can be easily adjusted by tightening or loosening the screw, consequently changing force. This makes the differential more adjustable than geared ... Products http www.offroad cult.org Special Kugeldifferential Diff.htm The Ball Differential , detailed information, German language CGI graphics and animation that show the ball differential s inner workings http www.rctek.com general differential ball description.html , a similar exploded diagram and general information on other types of differentials DEFAULTSORT Ball Differential Category Radio ... more details
accumulation also previous accumulation , original accumulation of Capital economics capital concerns ... accumulation depicted a peaceful process. David Harvey social theorist and geographer David Harvey ... accumulation. As a core pillar of his argument, like for most classical political economists, was to let ... under the supervision of the state was needed in order for the original accumulation to occur ... accumulation entailed taking land, say, Enclosure enclosing it, and expelling a resident ... of capital accumulation . ref David Harvey social theorist and geographer David Harvey 2005 , ch. 4 Accumulation by Disposition , pp.149, 145 6 ref Naming and translations The concept was initially called in different ways, and the expression of an accumulation which is at the origin of capitalism, began to appear with Adam Smith . ref Smith 1776, 2.3 Book Two, Of the Nature, Accumulation, and Employment of Stock. , Introduction quote ... the accumulation of stock must, in the nature ... of Nations spoke of a previous accumulation Citation needed date November 2010 Karl Marx , in the German ... 1767 work, is considered by some scholars as the greatest classical theorist of primitive accumulation ... had to study history to locate an original accumulation that facilitated capitalist relations. Adam Smith had called this previous accumulation an accumulation which did not result from capitalist production ... about the origins of capitalism. Marx wrote This primitive accumulation plays in Political Economy ... s case history Marxism Karl Marx s discussion of primitive accumulation in part eight of Das Kapital ... urspr ngliche Akkumulation , literally original accumulation or primeval accumulation . Its purpose ... there could be money with which to make more, i.e. Financial capital capital , an original accumulation ... of capitalist production. These idyllic proceedings are the chief moments of primitive accumulation ... accumulation and colonialism At the same time as local obstacles to investment in manufactures are being ... more details
Credit Accumulation and Transfer Scheme CATS is used by many university universities in the United Kingdom to monitor, record and reward passage through a modular degree course and to facilitate movement between courses and institutions. ref cite web url http www.seec office.org.uk credit.htm title SEEC Credit System publisher Seec office.org.uk date accessdate 2010 05 03 ref Typically a university course of 10 to 20 2 hour sessions would, on successful completion, be worth between 10 and 20 CATS points, at one of Levels 1 to 3. ref http www.conted.ox.ac.uk studentsupport cats.asp dead link date May 2010 ref 360 points need to be accumulated 240 points at level 2 or above and 120 points at level 3 to qualify for award of an honours degree . A foundation degree is broadly equivalent to 240 points, and a pass ordinary degree to 300 points. A postgraduate Master s degree is equivalent to 180 points at Level M. It is possible to equate CATS with the Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework and the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System ECTS . Two CATS points are equivalent to one ECTS point. References reflist UK edu stub Category Academic transfer Category Education in the United Kingdom ... more details
In mathematics , differential rings , differential fields , and differential algebras are ring mathematics ... the Product rule Leibniz product rule . A natural example of a differential field is the field of rational ... with respect to t . Differential ring A differential ring is a ring R equipped with one ... . Differential field A differential field is a field K , together with a derivation. The theory of differential ... v partial u partial v . math If K is a differential field then the field of constants math k u in K partial u 0 . math Differential algebra A differential algebra over a field K is a K algebra A wherein ..., in a differential field of characteristic zero the rationals are always a subfield of the constant field. Any field pure can be interpreted as a constant differential field. The field Q t has a unique structure as a differential field, determined by setting t 1 the field axioms along with the axioms ..., by commutativity of multiplication and the Leibniz law one has that u sup 2 sup u u u u 2 u u . The differential field Q t fails to have a solution to the differential equation math partial u u math but expands to a larger differential field including the function e sup t sup which does have a solution to this equation. A differential field with solutions to all systems of differential equations ... algebraic or geometric objects. All differential fields of bounded cardinality embed into a large differentially closed field. Differential fields are the objects of study in differential Galois theory ... are tightly related, with the concept of derivation as the major unifying theme. Ring of pseudo differential operators Differential rings and differential algebras are often studied by means of the ring of pseudo differential operator s on them. This is the ring math R xi 1 left sum n infty r n xi ... 1 choose n 1 n math and math r xi 1 sum n 0 infty xi 1 n partial n r . math See also Differential Galois theory K hler differential Differentially closed field A D module is an algebraic structure ... more details
Image DiffSignaling.png thumb upright 1.3 right Elimination of noise by using a differential pair of conductors A differential pair is a pair of conductors used for differential signaling . Differential pairs are usually found on a printed circuit board , in cables twisted pair cables, ribbon cable s , and in connectors. The term can also refer to a pair of transistors used as the input stage of a differential amplifier . Uses The technique minimises crosstalk electronics and electromagnetic interference , both noise emission and noise acceptance, and can achieve a constant and or known characteristic impedance , allowing impedance matching techniques important in a high speed signal transmission line or high quality balanced line and balanced circuit audio signal path. Differential pairs include twisted pair cables, shielded cable shielded and unshielded microstrip and stripline differential pair routing techniques on printed circuit board s The latter can be considered as a PCB implementation of the well known twisted pair cable, a common implementation of the differential pair. Differential pairs are generally used to carry differential or semi differential signals, such as high speed digital serial interfaces including LVDS , SATA , Hypertransport , Ethernet , Serial Digital Interface , etc. or else high quality and or high frequency analog signals e.g. video signal s, professional audio signals, etc. Data rates of some interfaces implemented with differential pairs Serial ATA 1.2 Gbit s Hypertransport 1.6 Gbit s Infiniband 2.5 Gbit s PCI Express 2.5 Gbit s Serial ATA II 2.4 Gbit s XZUI 3.125 Gbit s Serial ATA III 4.8 Gbit s PCI Express II 5.0 Gbit s 10 GbE 10 Gbit s References reflist See also Differential TTL Low voltage differential signaling LVDS Signal integrity ... AP0135 20Interactive 20and 20Differential 20Pair 20Routing.PDF Interactive and Differential Pair ... Differential Impedance Calculator http www.ultracad.com articles formula.pdf PCB Impedance Control ... more details
In game theory , differential games are a group of problems related to the modeling and analysis of conflict in the context of a dynamical system. The problem usually consists of two actors, a pursuer and an evader, with conflicting goals. The dynamics of the pursuer and the evader are modeled by systems of differential equations. Differential games are related closely with optimal control problems. In an optimal control problem there is single control math u t math and a single criterion to be optimized differential game theory generalizes this to two controls math u t ,v t math and two criteria, one for each player. Each player attempts to control the state of the system so as to achieve his goal the system responds to the inputs of both players. The first to study differential games was Rufus Isaacs game theorist Rufus Isaacs 1951, published 1965 ref Rufus Isaacs, Differential Games , Dover, 1999. ISBN 0486406822 http books.google.com books?id XIxmMyIQgm0C Google Books ref and one of the first games analyzed was the Homicidal chauffeur problem homicidal chauffeur game . Differential games have been applied to economics. Recent developments include adding stochasticity to differential games and the derivation of the stochastic feedback Nash equilibrium SFNE . A recent example is the stochastic differential game of capitalism by Leong and Huang 2010 ref Leong, C.K. and W. Huang, A Stochastic Differential Game of Capitalism , Journal of Mathematical Economics, 46 4 , 2010, pp. 552 561 ref . Applications For a survey of pursuit evasion differential games see Pachter. ref http med.ee.nd.edu MED10 pdf 477.pdf Meir Pachter Simple motion pursuit evasion differential games ... Long first3 Ngo Van last2 Jorgensen first2 Steffen last1 Dockner first1 Engelbert title Differential ... year 2001 Citation last1 Petrosyan first1 Leon title Differential Games of Pursuit Series on Optimization ... faculty.gvsu.edu aboufade web szurley.htm An overview of differential games DEFAULTSORT Differential ... more details
Wikify date September 2011 In mathematics, a differential poset is a Partially ordered set poset with operators D and U behaving like the operators x and d dx on polynomials. In particular, DU UD 1. Differential posets were introduced by harvtxt Stanley 1988 . Young s lattice is an example of a differential poset. References citation last Stanley first Richard P. author link Richard P. Stanley issue 4 journal Journal of the American Mathematical Society pages 919 961 title Differential posets volume 1 year 1988 doi 10.2307 1990995 jstor 1990995 publisher American Mathematical Society Category Representation theory ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 Differential TTL is a type of binary electronics electrical Signalling telecommunication signaling based on the Transistor transistor logic TTL transistor transistor logic standard. Normal TTL signals are single ended , which means that each signal consists of a voltage on one wire, referenced to a system Ground electricity ground . The low voltage level is zero to 0.8 volts, and the high voltage level is 2 volts to 5 volts. A differential TTL signal consists of two such wires, also referenced to a system ground. The logic level on one wire is always the complement of the other. The principle is similar to that of low voltage differential signaling LVDS , but with different voltage levels, and even more similar to the RS 422 standard. Differential TTL is used in preference to single ended TTL for long distance signaling. In a long cable, stray electromagnetic field s in the environment, or stray electric current currents in the system ground, can induce unwanted voltages that cause errors at the receiver. With a differential pair of wires, roughly the same unwanted voltage is induced in each wire. The receiver subtracts the voltages on the two wires, so that the unwanted voltage disappears, and only the voltage created by the driver remains. A second advantage of differential TTL, when correctly terminated, is that the differential pair of wires forms a current loop. The driver sources a current from the power supply into one wire. This current passes along the wire to the receiver, through the termination resistor and back up the other wire, then back through the driver and down to ground. No net current is exchanged between the driver and receiver, which means that none of the signal current has to return through the ground connection if there is one ... connection, which might upset other circuits attached to it. Differential TTL is the most common type of high voltage differential signaling HVDS . Applications Differential TTL signaling ... more details
In mathematics , a quadratic differential on a Riemann surface is a section of the symmetric square of the holomorphic cotangent bundle . If the section is holomorphic, then the quadratic differential is said to be holomorphic. The vector space of holomorphic quadratic differentials on a Riemann surface has a natural interpretation as the cotangent space to the Riemann moduli space or Teichmueller space . Local form Each quadratic differential on a domain math U math in the complex plane may be written as math f z dz otimes dz math where math z math is the complex variable and math f math is a complex valued function on math U math . Such a local quadratic differential is holomorphic if and only if math f math is holomorphic . Given a chart math mu math for a general Riemann surface math R math and a quadratic differential math q math on math R math , the pull back math mu 1 q math defines a quadratic differential on a domain in the complex plane. Relation to abelian differentials If math omega math is an abelian differential on a Riemann surface, then math omega otimes omega math is a quadratic differential. Singular Euclidean structure A holomorphic quadratic differential math q math determines a Riemannian metric math q math on the complement of its zeroes. If math q math is defined on a domain in the complex plane and math q f z dz otimes dz math , then the associated Riemannian metric is math f z dx 2 dy 2 math where math z x i y math . Since math f math is holomorphic, the curvature of this metric is zero. Thus, a holomorphic quadratic differential defines a flat metric on the complement of the set of math z math such that math f z 0 math . References Kurt Strebel, Quadratic differentials . Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete 3 , 5. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1984. xii 184 pp. ISBN 3 540 13035 7 Y. Imayoshi and M. Taniguchi, M. An introduction to Teichm ller spaces . Translated and revised from the Japanese version by the authors. Springer Verlag, Tokyo ... more details
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