Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Dissociativerecombination is a process where a positive molecular ion recombines with an electron, and as a result, the neutral molecule dissociates. This reaction is important for extraterrestrial and atmospheric chemistry. On Earth , dissociativerecombination is practically non existent, as free electrons would react with any molecule even neutral molecules they encounter. Even in the best laboratory conditions, dissociativerecombination is hard to observe. In astrophysics , dissociativerecombination is one of the main paths via which molecules are broken down, and other molecules are formed. The existence of dissociativerecombination is possible due to the vacuum of the interstellar medium . A typical example of dissociativerecombination in astrophysics is math CH 3 e rightarrow CH 2 H math See also Ionization DEFAULTSORT DissociativeRecombination Category Astrophysics Chem stub Astronomy stub fr Recombinaison dissociative nl Dissociatieve recombinatie ... more details
Dablink See dissociation psychology dissociation for the dissociative state in psychology . For the Australian band, see The Dissociatives . Refimprove date January 2010 Dissociatives are a class of hallucinogen which reduce or block signals to the conscious mind from other parts of the brain. ref cite journal last1 Tamminga first1 C. A. last2 Tanimoto first2 K. last3 Kuo first3 S. last4 Chase first4 T. N. last5 Contreras first5 P. C. last6 Rice first6 K. C. last7 Jackson first7 A. E. last8 O Donohue first8 T. L. title PCP induced alterations in cerebral glucose utilization in rat brain Blockade by metaphit, a PCP receptor acylating agent journal Synapse volume 1 issue 5 pages 497 504 year 1987 pmid 2850626 doi 10.1002 syn.890010514 ref Although many kinds of drugs are capable of such action, dissociatives are unique in that they do so in such a way that they produce hallucinogenic effects, which may include sensory deprivation , dissociation psychology dissociation , hallucination s, and dream like states or trance s. ref cite journal last1 Snyder first1 Solomon H. title Phencyclidine journal Nature volume 285 issue 5764 pages 355 6 year 1980 pmid 7189825 doi 10.1038 285355a0 ref Some ... Dissociative Anesthesia journal California Medicine pmid 18730444 volume 113 issue 5 pages 73 pmc 1501800 ... features of dissociative anesthesia were described as catalepsy, amnesia and analgesia. ref name Pender1970 According to Pender 1972 , the state has been designated as dissociative anesthesia since ... month October year 1972 title Dissociative Anesthesia journal California Medicine pmid 18730832 volume 117 issue 4 pages 46 7 pmc 1518731 ref Bonta 2004 described dissociative anaesthesia as ... a peculiar ..., dissociative anaesthesia and near death experience three events meeting at the NMDA receptor journal ... such as LSD and mescaline are the dissociative effects, including depersonalization , the feeling ... Drug use Hallucinogens Depressants Category Dissociative drugs de Dissoziativa es Droga disociativa ... more details
wiktionary recombinationRecombination may refer to Genetic recombination , the process by which genetic material is broken and joined to other genetic material Recombination physics , in semiconductors, the elimination of mobile charge carriers electrons and holes Crossover genetic algorithm , also called recombination Plasma recombination , the formation of neutral atoms from the capture of free electrons by the cations in a plasma Recombination cosmology , the time at which protons and electrons formed neutral hydrogen in the timeline of the Big Bang Recombination chemistry , the opposite of dissociation, or disambig ar ca Recombinaci cs Rekombinace fr Recombinaison he hu Rekombin ci egy rtelm s t lap ja pl Rekombinacja ru sr sv Rekombination zh ... more details
ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D004213 Dissociative disorders can be defined .... People with dissociative disorders use dissociation psychology dissociation , a defense mechanism, pathologically and involuntarily. Dissociative disorders are thought to primarily be caused by psychological trauma . The five dissociative disorders listed in the DSM IV are as follows ref ... of self while retaining awareness that this is only a feeling and not a reality. Dissociative amnesia ... Dissociative fugue formerly Psychogenic Fugue physical desertion of familiar surroundings and experience ... of a new identity. Dissociative identity disorder formerly Multiple Personality Disorder the alternation ..., of important information. Dissociative disorder not otherwise specified which can be used for forms of pathological dissociation not covered by any of the specified dissociative disorders. The ICD 10 classifies conversion disorder as a dissociative disorder ref cite book title International Statistical ... Ross et al. title Prevalence, Reliability and Validity of Dissociative Disorders in an Inpatient ... doi abs 10.1300 J229v03n01 02 ref , the lifetime prevalence of dissociative disorders varies from 10 in the general population to 46 in psychiatric inpatients, based on testing using the Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV Dissociative Disorders ... for Subjective Dissociative Experiences, Child Dissociative Checklist CDC , Child Behavior Checklist ... name Steiner There are problems with classification, diagnosis and therapeutic strategies of dissociative ... and adolescents Dissociative disorders are widely believed to have roots in traumatic childhood experience ... Dissociative symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis and treatment journal Child and Adolescent ...., Plattner, B., Koopman, C. title Dissociative symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis and treatment ... to the possibility dissociative disorders. ref name Waters Clinicians and researchers also ... more details
dablink Dissociative reaction redirects here. For the disorder formerly known as dissociative reaction, see dissociative identity disorder . Dissociative substitution describes a pathway by which compounds interchange ligand s. The term is typically applied to Coordination chemistry coordination and Organometallic chemistry organometallic complexes, but resembles the SN1 reaction Sn1 mechanism in organic chemistry . This pathway can be well described by the the cis effect cis effect , or the labilization of CO ligands in the cis position. The opposite pathway is associative substitution , being analogous to SN2 reaction Sn2 pathway . Intermediate pathways exist between the pure dissociative and pure associative pathways, these are called interchange mechanism s. ref Fred Basolo Basolo , F. Pearson, R. G. Mechanisms of Inorganic Reactions. John Wiley New York 1967. ISBN 047105545X ref ref R. G. Wilkins Kinetics and Mechanism of Reactions of Transition Metal Complexes, 2nd Edition, VCH, Weinheim, 1991. ISBN 1 56081 125 0 ref Dissociative pathways are characterized by a rate determining step that involves release of a ligand from the coordination sphere of the metal undergoing substitution. The concentration of the substituting nucleophile has no influence on this rate. An intermediate of reduced coordination number can be detected. Complexes that undergo dissociative substitution are often coordinative unsaturation coordinatively saturated and often have octahedral molecular geometry ... that the disorder of the reacting system increases in the rate determining step. Dissociative interchange ..., which is more common than pure dissociative pathways. If the reaction rate is insensitive to the nature of the attacking nucleophile, the process is called dissociative interchange, abbreviated ... that has more or less dissociative character. ref Lothar Helm, Andr E. Merbach Inorganic and Bioinorganic ... are deceptive, appearing to be associative but proceeding by a pathway that is dissociative in character ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2008 Plasma recombination is a process by which ion s of a Plasma physics plasma capture the free energetic electron s to form new neutral atom s. Recombination usually take place in the whole volume of a plasma volume recombination , although in some cases it is confined to some special region of it. Each kind of reaction is called a recombining mode and their individual rates are strongly affected by the properties of the plasma such as its energy heat , density of each species, pressure and temperature of the surrounding environment. Especially volume recombination is a very unlikely process at pressures below 1× 10 sup 4 sup Pa because of the conservation of energy and momentum. A third body is needed to satisfy the conservation laws. If the volume of the plasma is confined by a body the walls play the role of the third body. So recombination mostly occurs at the walls. Hydrogen recombination modes are of vital importance in the development of divertor regions for tokamak reactors. In fact they will provide a good way for extracting the energy produced in the core of the plasma. At the present time, it is believed that the most likely plasma losses observed in the recombining region are due to two different modes electron ion recombination EIR and molecular activated recombination MAR . physics stub Category Plasma physics Recombination, plasma ... more details
Orphan date April 2012 Ectopic recombination is the Genetic recombinationrecombination between sequences like Leucine leu2 sequences present at different genomic locations. ref Meiotic Gene conversion Gene Conversion and Crossing Over Between Dispersed Homologous Sequences Occurs Frequently in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Genetics 115 233 246 February, 1987 .Michael Lichten, Rhona H. Borts and James E. Haber ref Reference reflist Category Cellular processes Category Molecular genetics genetics stub ... more details
Genetic recombination is a process by which a molecule of nucleic acid usually DNA , but can also be RNA is broken and then joined to a different one. Recombination can occur between Homology biology similar molecules of DNA, as in homologous recombination , or dissimilar molecules, as in non homologous end joining . Recombination is a common method of DNA repair in both bacteria and eukaryotes . In eukaryotes, recombination also occurs in meiosis , where it facilitates chromosomal crossover . The crossover ... immune system , a type of genetic recombination called V D J recombination helps immune cells ... recombination is thought to have many advantages, as it is a major engine of genetic variation ... manner. In genetic engineering , recombination can also refer to artificial and deliberate recombination of disparate pieces of DNA, often from different organisms, creating what is called recombinant DNA . A prime example of such a use of genetic recombination is gene targeting , which ... on genetic recombination are also applied in protein engineering to develop new proteins of biological interest. Genetic recombination is catalysis catalyzed by many different enzyme s, called recombinase ... recombination, whereas the DMC1 gene DMC1 protein is specific to meiotic recombination. Chromosomal ... of crossing over 1916 Chromosomal crossover refers to recombination between the paired chromosome ... 8153 3218 3 ref Because recombination can occur with small probability at any location along chromosome, the recombination frequency frequency of recombination between two locations depends on their distance ... recombination are said to be linked. One gene in a linked pair can sometimes be used as a marker to deduce ... causing gene. ref Cite web title Access Excellence work Crossing over Genetic Recombination publisher ... often been recorded in fungal crosses. ref Stacey, K. A. 1994. Recombination. In Kendrew John, Lawrence ... Nonhomologous recombination main Non homologous end joining Recombination can occur between DNA sequences ... more details
Recombination hotspots are regions in a genome that exhibit elevated rates of recombination, relative to a neutral expectation. The peak recombination rate within hotspots can be hundreds or thousands of times that of the surrounding region. ref Jeffreys, A.J., Kauppi, L., & Neumann, R., Intensely punctate meiotic recombination in the class II region of the major histocompatibility complex. , Nature Genetics 29, 217 222 2001 ref The PRDM9 protein is suspected to be a cause of hotspots in mammals. All hotspots so far characterized share similar morphology and are approximately 1.5 to 2.0 base pair Length measurements kb in width, which suggests a common causal process. Furthermore, recent studies have used patterns in linkage disequilibrium to identify over 25,000 hotspots in the human genome , ref Myers S., Bottolo L., Freeman C., McVean G. and Donnelly P., A Fine Scale Map of Recombination Rates and Hotspots Across the Human Genome , Science, Vol. 310. no. 5746, pp. 321 324 2005 ref suggesting that hotspots are a ubiquitous feature of the genome. See also Evolution Further reading http www.ox.ac.uk media news stories 2005 050211.html Researchers find surprising difference between human and chimp genomes Despite 99 DNA similarity between humans and our nearest relative, chimpanzees, the locations of DNA swapping between chromosomes, known as recombination hotspots, are almost entirely different. The surprising finding is reported in a paper published in 2005 in Science by Oxford University statisticians and US and Dutch geneticists. http biology.plosjournals.org perlserv?request get document&doi 10.1371 journal.pbio.0020190 What s so hot about recombination hotspots? A primer on recombination hotspots by Jody Hey in PLoS Biology References Reflist Category Molecular genetics Genetics stub de Hotspot Genetik ... more details
Physical cosmology In cosmology , recombination refers to the epoch astronomy epoch at which charged ... hydrogen atom s. ref group nb Note that the term recombination is a misnomer, considering that it represents ... in the universe, which leads to recombination sometimes being called photon decoupling , although recombination ... observe today as cosmic microwave background radiation . Recombination occurred when the universe was roughly 300,000 years old, or at a redshift of z val 1100 . Derivation of recombination epoch It is possible to find a rough estimate of the redshift of the recombination epoch, starting by considering that during the era preceding recombination, the photons were primarily coupled to matter ... . math ref Ryden 2003 , p. 158. ref Solving this equation for a 50 percent ionization yields a recombination ... or 0.3 eV. ref Longair 2006 , p. 279. ref A different statement of this is that recombination ... relied on the assumptions of thermodynamic equilibrium and recombination directly to the ground state of hydrogen, each of which simplifies the calculation but also modifies the result. Recombination to an excited state of hydrogen means that recombination proceeds more slowly than that predicted ... of recombination yields a value closer to z val 1100 . ref Galli et al. 2008 , p.1. ref Impact Prior to recombination, photons were not able to freely travel through the universe ... causes a loss of information, and there is therefore a photon barrier at a redshift near that of recombination .... ref Longair 2006 , p. 280. ref Once recombination had occurred, however, the mean free path of photons greatly increased due to the lower number of free electrons. Shortly after recombination, the photon ..., recombination is closely associated with the last scattering surface, which is the name for the last ... for the baryon to photon ratio and matter density, recombination and photon decoupling need not have ... cite journal author Galli, S. Bean, R. Melchiorri, A. Silk, J. title Delayed recombination and cosmic ... more details
Image HR in meiosis.svg thumb 275px alt Depiction of chromosome 1 after undergoing homologous recombination in meiosis Figure 1. During meiosis , homologous recombination can produce new combinations of genes ... 1 human chromosome 1 . Homologous recombination is a type of genetic recombination in which nucleotide ... as double strand breaks. Homologous recombination also produces new combinations of DNA sequences ... location New York year 2002 page 845 chapter Chapter 5 DNA Replication, Repair, and Recombination chapterurl ... 48122761 57023651 69932405 ref Homologous recombination is also used in horizontal gene transfer ... homologous recombination varies widely among different organisms and cell types, most forms involve ... molecules. Depending on how the two junctions are cut by enzyme s, the type of homologous recombination that occurs in meiosis results in either chromosomal crossover or non crossover. Homologous recombination ... the damaged DNA molecule as it existed before the double strand break. Homologous recombination ... recombination in protist s a diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms has been interpreted ... homologous recombination are topics of active research. Homologous recombination is also ... recombination, and gene mapping last1 Lobo first1 I last2 Shaw first2 K journal Nature Education volume 1 issue 1 year 2008 url http www.nature.com scitable topicpage thomas hunt morgan genetic recombination ... later called recombination could also occur in somatic cell s like white blood cell s and skin cell ... of genetic recombination, which is more similar to sexual reproduction. This work established E. coli ... 2010 ref Building on studies in Fungus fungi , in 1964 Robin Holliday proposed a model for recombination ... a double strand chromosome break by homologous recombination revisiting Robin Holliday s model ... a model now known as the Homologous recombination DSBR pathway DSBR pathway , which accounted for observations ... 0092 8674 83 90331 8 title The double strand break repair model for recombination journal Cell volume ... more details
Infobox disease Name Dissociative disorder not otherwise specified ICD10 ICD10 F 44 9 f 40 ICD9 ICD9 300.15 MeshID Dissociative disorder not otherwise specified DDNOS is a mental health diagnosis for pathological dissociation that matches the DSM IV criteria for a dissociative disorder , but does not fit the full criteria for any of the specifically identified subtypes, which include depersonalization disorder , dissociative amnesia , dissociative fugue , and dissociative identity disorder . ref name dsm cite book last American Psychiatric Association title DSM IV TR year 2000 publisher American Psychiatric Press isbn 0 89042 025 4 pages 543 edition 4th, revised ref The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems ICD 10 refers to the diagnosis as dissociative disorder unspecified . ref cite book title International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision url http apps.who.int classifications icd10 browse 2010 en F44.9 F44.9 ref Examples of DDNOS include Ganser s syndrome , disorders similar to dissociative identity disorder , chronic dissociative states as a result of being exposed to coercive persuasion , and derealization unaccompanied by depersonalization . ref cite journal last Coons first P title Dissociative disorder not otherwise specified year 1992 url http www.empty memories.nl dis 9293 Coons 92.pdf p. 188 ref DDNOS is the most common dissociative disorder and is diagnosed in 40 of dissociative disorder cases. ref name O Neil694 cite book last O Neil et al. title Dissociation and the dissociative disorders DSM V and beyond year 2008 publisher Routledge location London isbn 978 0 415 95785 ... disorders . ref cite journal last Brand, et al. title A naturalistic study of dissociative identity disorder and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified patients treated by community clinicians ... Association proposed revision of DSM 5 entry psychology stub Category Dissociative disorders ... more details
The Dissociative Experiences Scale DES is a psychological self assessment questionnaire that measures dissociation neuropsychology dissociative symptoms. It contains twenty eight questions and returns an overall score as well as four sub scale results. ref name pmid3783140 cite journal author Bernstein EM, Putnam FW title Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale journal J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. volume 174 issue 12 pages 727 35 year 1986 pmid 3783140 doi 10.1097 00005053 198612000 00004 ref DES is intended to be a screening test, since only 17 of patients with scores over 30 will be diagnosed with having Dissociative Identity Disorder . ref Cite web title Dissociative Experiences Scale accessdate 2009 03 26 url http www.rossinst.com dissociative experiences scale.html ref Patients with lower scores above normal may have other post traumatic conditions. The DES II contains the same questions but with a different response scale. ref Cite web title The University of Adelaide Library Psychiatric Rating Scales and Diagnostic Aids accessdate 2009 03 26 url http www.adelaide.edu.au library guide med menthealth scales.html D ref External links http www.seinstitute.com pdf files a des.pdf A sample adolescent DES test from http www.seinstitute.com Southeast Institute , Chapel Hill, NC http counsellingresource.com quizzes des index.html Online DES http www.isst d.org International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation References Reflist Category Psychological testing de Dissociative Experience Scale ... more details
copyedit for tone date April 2012 Alters are the distinctly different identities that a person with dissociative identity disorder dissociative identity disorder DID formerly known as multiple personality disorder develops. Each identity is completely unique in how it views and interacts with the outside world. These alternate identities, or personalities, called alters , inhabit a person s behavior and mind, leaving them with no recollection of their actions during the time the alter was active. ref name porterfield cite book last Porterfield first Kay Marie title The Gale Encyclopedia of Science publisher Gale location Detroit pages 2665 2668 edition 3rd editor Lee Lerner, K Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth chapter Multiple Personality Disorder ref Formations of alters Stems of the disorder main Dissociative identity disorder Causes In their most general form, Dissociation psychology dissociative qualities are reasonably wikt ubiquitous ubiquitous in the general population. Their presence is usually observed in lapses in attention or daydreaming, both of which are considered to be healthy psychological functions. Frequent Fantasy psychology fantasizing , however, has been connected to more severe psychological disorders in the future of the fantasizer. ref name giesbrecht cite journal last Giesbrecht first Timo title Cognitive Processes in Dissociation An Analysis of Core Theoretical Functions journal Psychological Bulletin year 2008 volume 134 issue 5 pages 617 47 accessdate 9 April 2012 ref A study comparing 26 participants who frequently fantasized with 26 subjects who were less .... ref name giesbrecht p.618 ref Dissociative symptoms are also more common among individuals with other ..., Bonnie accessdate 9 April 2012 chapter Dissociative Identity Disorder date 2001 ref Frequency in women ... are more prone to hysteria , which closely relates to dissociative episodes. ref name seeman cite ... Identity disorders Category Dissociative disorders ... more details
Orphan date April 2012 refimprove date February 2011 Recombination detection program RDP is a computer program used to analyse nucleotide sequence data and identify evidence of genetic recombination. Besides applying a large number of different recombination detection methods it also implements various phylogenetic tree construction methods and recombination hotspot tests. See also Computational phylogenetics External links http darwin.uvigo.es rdp rdp.html Homepage for the program Categories DEFAULTSORT Recombination Detection Program Category Molecular biology Category Science software biology stub genetics stub science software stub ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2009 The regional genes V, D, J , used to generate T cell receptor T cell receptors and Antibody Immunoglobulin molecules , are flanked by Recombination Signal Sequences RSSs that are recognized by a group of enzymes known collectively as the VDJ recombinase. RSSs are composed of seven conserved nucleotides a heptamer that reside next to the gene encoding sequence followed by a spacer containing either 12 or 23 unconserved nucleotides followed by a conserved nonamer 9 base pairs . The RSSs are present on the Directionality molecular biology 3 side downstream of a V region and the Directionality molecular biology 5 side upstream of the J region. These are the sides that will be involved in the joining. Only a pair of dissimilar spacer RSSs are efficiently genetic recombination recombined i.e. one with a spacer of 12 nucleotides will be recombined with one that has a spacer containing 23 nucleotides . This is known as the 12 23 rule of recombination or the one turn two turn rule . See also VDJ recombination Category Immune system immunology stub ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2007 Generation Recombination noise , or g r noise , is a type of electrical signal noise caused statistically by the fluctuation of the generation and Carrier generation and recombinationrecombination of electrons in semiconductor based photon detectors. See also Noise Noise audio residual low level hiss or hum Noise electronic related to electronic circuitry. Noise figure the ratio of the output noise power to attributable thermal noise. Signal noise in science, fluctuations in the signal being received. Thermal noise sets a fundamental lower limit to what can be measured. Weighting filter ITU R 468 noise weighting A weighting List of noise topics science stub Category Noise ... more details
unreferenced date March 2010 Non radiative recombination is a process in phosphor s and semiconductor s, whereby charge carrier s carrier generation and recombination recombine without releasing photon s. A phonon is released instead. Non radiative recombination in optoelectronics and phosphors is an unwanted process, lowering the light generation efficiency and increasing heat losses. Shockley Read Hall SRH process The electron in transition between electronic band structure bands passes through a new energy state created within the band gap by an impurity in the crystal lattice . The impurity state can absorb differences in momentum between the carriers, and so this process is the dominant generation and recombination process in silicon and other indirect bandgap materials. It can also dominate in direct bandgap materials under conditions of very low charge carrier density carrier densities very low level injection . The energy is exchanged in the form of lattice vibration, or a phonon exchanging thermal energy with the material. Various impurities and dislocation s create energy level s within the band gap corresponding to neither donor nor acceptor levels, forming deep level trap s. Non radiative recombination occurs primarily at such sites. Category Charge carriers ... more details
see also Recombinase mediated cassette exchange In genetics , FLP FRT recombination is a site specific recombination site directed recombination technology used to manipulate an organism s DNA under controlled conditions in vivo . It is analogous to Cre Lox recombination . It involves the recombination of sequences between short Flippase Recognition Target FRT sites by the Flippase recombination enzyme FLP or Flp derived from the 2 m plasmid of the baker s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . The 34bp long FRT site sequence is 5 GAAGTTCCTATTCtctagaaaGTATAGGAACTTC 3 . Flippase flp binds to the 13 bp 5 GAAGTTCCTATTC 3 and to the reverse complement of 5 GTATAGGAACTTC 3 5 GAAGTTCCTATAC 3 . The FRT site is cleaved just before 5 tctagaaa 3 , the 8bp asymmetric core region , on the top strand and behind this sequence on the bottom strand. ref cite journal author Zhu XD, Sadowski PD title Cleavage dependent Ligation by the FLP Recombinase journal Journal of Biological Chemistry volume 270 pages 23044 54 year 1995 pmid 7559444 issue 39 doi 10.1074 jbc.270.39.23044 ref Several variant FRT sites exist. Recombination can occur between two identical FRT sites but generally not between non identical FRT sites ref cite journal author Schlake T, Bode J title Use of mutated FLP recognition target FRT sites for the exchange of expression cassettes at defined chromosomal loci journal Biochemistry volume 33 issue 43 pages 12746 12751 year 1994 pmid 7947678 doi 10.1021 bi00209a003 ref Many available constructs include the sequence 5 GAAGTTCCTATTCC 3 immediately upstream the FRT site resulting in 5 GAAGTTCCTATTCCGAAGTTCCTATTCtctagaaaGTATAGGAACTTC 3 but this sequence is dispensable for recombination. Because the recombination activity can be targeted to only one target organ, or a low level of recombination activity can be used to consistently alter the DNA of only a subset of cells, FLP FRT can ... can also be studied over time, by using an inducible promoter to trigger the recombination activity ... more details
Refimprove date March 2010 Cre Lox recombination is a site specific recombinase technology widely used ... enzyme, Cre recombinase that Site specific recombination recombines a pair of short target sequences ... lox system is very similar in action and in usage to the FLP FRT recombination system. History The Cre Lox recombination is a special type of Site specific recombinase technology site specific recombination ... specific recombination system in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Mol Cell Biol 7 2087 2096 ref ref Sauer, B. and Henderson, N. 1988 Site specific DNA recombination in mammalian cells by the Cre ... of Dr. Jamey Marth showed that Cre Lox recombination could be used to delete loxP flanked .... ref Orban, P.C., Chui, D., and Marth, J.D. 1992 Tissue and site specific recombination in transgenic ... switch recombination at individual switch regions evidenced through Cre loxP mediated ... of Drs. Marth and Rajewsky showed in 1994 that Cre lox recombination could be used for conditional gene ... the Max Delbr ck medal to Dr. Klaus Rajewsky for his role in developing Cre Lox recombination. Cre Lox recombination involves the targeting of a specific sequence of DNA and splicing it with the help ... embryonic lethality, Cre Lox recombination is commonly used to circumvent this problem. In addition, Cre Lox recombination provides the best experimental control that presently exists in transgenic animal ... The Cre lox system is used as a genetic tool to control site specific Genetic recombinationrecombination events in genomic DNA. This system has allowed researchers to manipulate a variety of genetically ... catalyse the recombination of DNA between specific sites in a DNA molecule. These sites, known ... where recombination can occur. When cells that have loxP sites in their genome express Cre, a recombination .... The result of recombination depends on the orientation of the loxP sites. For two lox sites on the same ... it is possible for Chromosomal translocation translocation events to be catalysed by Cre induced recombination ... more details
In the solid state physics of semiconductor s, carrier generation and recombination are processes by which mobile charge carrier semiconductor charge carrier s electron s and electron hole s are created and eliminated. Carrier generation and recombination processes are fundamental to the operation of many optoelectronic semiconductor device s, such as photodiode s, LED s and laser diode s. They are also critical to a full analysis of p n junction devices such as bipolar junction transistor s and p n junction diode s. The electron hole pair is the fundamental unit of generation and recombination, corresponding to an electron transitioning between the valence band and the conduction band. Band structure Like other solids, semiconductor materials have electronic band structure determined by the crystal properties of the material. The actual energy distribution among the electrons is described by the Fermi energy and the temperature of the electrons. At absolute zero temperature, all of the electrons ... band, producing two mobile carriers while recombination describes processes by which a conduction ... band. In a material at thermal equilibrium generation and recombination are balanced, so that the net ... . Generation and recombination processes Carrier generation and recombination result from interaction ... and recombination File diffusion center.gif thumb 350px right The following image shows change ... differences in momentum between the carriers, and so this process is the dominant generation and recombination ... deep level trap s. Photon exchange During radiative recombination , a form of spontaneous emission ... recombination is significant only in direct bandgap materials. When photons are present in the material ... stimulate a recombination event, resulting in a generated photon with similar properties to the one ... diode s. Auger recombination The energy is given to a third carrier, which is excited to a higher ... in the unstable high energy state. The Auger recombination can be calculated from the equation ... more details
protein Name recombination activating gene 1 caption image width HGNCid 9831 Symbol RAG1 AltSymbols EntrezGene 5896 OMIM 179615 RefSeq NM 000448 UniProt P15918 PDB ECnumber Chromosome 11 Arm p Band 13 LocusSupplementaryData protein Name recombination activating gene 2 caption image width HGNCid 9832 Symbol RAG2 AltSymbols EntrezGene 5897 OMIM 179616 RefSeq NM 000536 UniProt P55895 PDB ECnumber Chromosome 11 Arm p Band 13 LocusSupplementaryData Pfam box Symbol RAG Name Recombination activating protein 2 image width caption Pfam PF03089 InterPro IPR004321 SMART PROSITE SCOP TCDB CDD OPM family OPM protein PDB Pfam box Symbol RAG Name Recombination activating protein 1 image width caption Pfam PF12940 InterPro IPR004321 SMART PROSITE SCOP TCDB CDD OPM family OPM protein PDB The recombination activating genes RAGs encode enzymes that play an important role in the rearrangement and recombination of the genes of immunoglobulin and T cell receptor molecules during the process of VDJ recombination . There are two recombination activating gene products known as RAG 1 and RAG 2, whose cellular ..., in a process called VDJ recombination . RAG 1 and RAG 2 are proteins at the ends of VDJ genes ... and a flanking recombination signal sequence RSS . They do this in two steps. They initially introduce ... initiate V D J recombination, which is essential for the maturation of pre B and pre T cells. Activated ... DNA so called class switch recombination AKA isotype switching and somatic hypermutation AKA ... 0 7216 0008 5 cite journal author Sadofsky MJ title Recombination activating gene proteins more regulation ... together identification and characterization of structural domains in the V D J recombination protein ... D J Recombination Signal Sequences Were Derived from Transib Transposons journal PLoS Biol. volume ... explanation of recombination activating gene for the general reader. Immune system DEFAULTSORT Recombination Activating Gene Category Immune system Category Lymphocytes es Gen activador de recombinaci n ... more details
Non allelic homologous recombination NAHR is a form of homologous recombination that occurs between two lengths of DNA that have high sequence homology biology homology , but are not allele s. ref name Hurles ref name pmid17637735 cite journal author Beckmann JS, Estivill X, Antonarakis SE title Copy number variants and genetic traits closer to the resolution of phenotypic to genotypic variability journal Nat. Rev. Genet. volume 8 issue 8 pages 639 46 year 2007 month August pmid 17637735 doi 10.1038 nrg2149 url ref It usually occurs between sequences of DNA that have been previously Segmental duplication duplicated through evolution, and therefore have low copy repeats LCRs . When non allelic homologous recombination occurs between different LCRs, Deletion genetics deletions or further Gene duplication duplications of the DNA can occur. This can give rise to rare genetic disorder s, caused by the loss or increased copy number of genes within the deleted or duplicated region. It can also contribute to the copy number variation seen in some gene clusters. ref name pmid20333217 cite journal author Karn RC, Laukaitis CM title The mechanism of expansion and the volatility it created in three pheromone gene clusters in the mouse Mus musculus genome journal Genome Biol Evol volume 1 issue pages 494 503 year 2009 pmid 20333217 pmc 2839280 doi 10.1093 gbe evp049 url ref As LCRs are often found in hotspots in the human genome, some chromosomal regions are particularly prone to NAHR. ref name Hurles Citation last Hurles first Matthew, et al contribution Recombination Hotspots in Nonallelic Homologous Recombination title Genomic Disorders The Genomic Basis of Disease pages 341 355 publisher ... end joining and non allelic homologous recombination in atypical NF1 microdeletions journal Hum ... ref See also Genetic recombination Non homologous end joining References Reflist genetics stub DEFAULTSORT Non allelic homologous recombination Category Genetics ... more details
recombination , also known as conservative site specific recombination , is a type of genetic recombination ... specific recombination systems just a recombinase recombinase enzyme and the recombination sites ... sites are also needed. Site specific recombination systems are highly specific, fast and efficient ... in Genetics isbn 978 0 12 017655 7 ref Recombination sites are typically between 30 and 200 nucleotide ... binds, and which flank a central crossover sequence at which the recombination takes place. The pairs of sites between which the recombination occurs are usually identical, but there are exceptions ... Recombination journal Annual Reviews in Biochemistry volume 58 issue 1 pages 913 41 doi 10.1146 annurev.bi.58.070189.004405 pmid 2528323 ref Mechanism Recombination between two DNA sites begins by the recognition ... energy rich Cofactor biochemistry cofactors such as adenosine triphosphate ATP . The recombination ... sites and vice versa. This causes the recombination sites to be reconstituted in the recombination ..., such as Cre recombinase Cre or FLP FRT Recombination FLP , cleave one DNA strand at a time at points ... view of tyrosine recombinase site specific recombination pages 93 117 publisher ASM Press ref ... mediated site specific recombination in vitro DNA cleavage and protein DNA linkage at the recombination ... Resolvase mediated recombination intermediates contain a serine residue covalently linked to DNA journal ... . ref name Stark1989 cite journal last1 Stark first1 M.W. year 1989 title Site specific recombination ... and inversions occur if the recombination takes place between two sites that are found on the same molecule intramolecular recombination , and if the sites are in the same direct repeat or in an opposite orientation inverted repeat , respectively. Insertions on the other hand take place if the recombination occurs on sites that are situated on two different DNA molecules intermolecular recombination ... Cre from the P1 phage , FLP FRT Recombination FLP from yeast S. cerevisiae and integrase from lambda ... more details
V D J recombination , also known as somatic recombination , is a mechanism of genetic recombination in the early ... system . V D J recombination takes place in the primary lymphoid tissue the bone marrow for B cells , and Thymus for T cells .V D J recombination nearly randomly combines V ariable, D iverse, and J oining ... with B lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia implications for the mechanisms of VDJ recombination ... D J recombination of immunoglobulin heavy chains Heavy chain In the developing B cell , the first recombination event to occur is between one D and one J gene segment of the heavy chain locus. Any DNA between these two genes is deleted. This D J recombination is followed by the joining of one V gene ..., the first step of recombination for the light chains involves the joining of the V and J chains to give ... undergo essentially the same sequence of ordered recombination events as that described for immunoglobulins. D to J recombination occurs first in the chain of the TCR. This process can involve either ... of the D sub sub 2 gene segment to one of seven J sub sub 2 segments. DJ recombination is followed ... of T cell s. Mechanism Recombination signal sequences The regional genes V, D, J are flanked by Recombination Signal Sequences RSSs that are recognized by a group of enzymes known collectively ... as the 12 23 rule of recombination or one turn two turn rule . VDJ recombinase VDJ recombinase ... in many cell types. The initial steps of VDJ recombination are carried out by critical lymphocyte specific enzymes, called recombination activating gene 1 and 2 RAG1 and RAG2 . These enzymes associate ... cite journal author V.V. Kapitonov and J. Jurka year 2005 title RAG1 core and V D J recombination signal ... end joining and V D J recombination journal Cell volume 108 pages 781 794 pmid 11955432 .... This great diversity allows VDJ recombination to generate antibodies even to microbes that neither ... V D J Recombination. Series Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Vol. 650 Ferrier ... more details
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