Unreferenced date December 2009 In mathematics , a closed n manifold N embedding embedded in an n 1 manifold M is boundary parallel or parallel , or peripheral if there is an isotopy of N onto a Boundary topology boundary connected space component of M . An example Consider the Annulus mathematics annulus math I times S 1 math . Let denote the projection map math pi I times S 1 rightarrow S 1, qquad x,z mapsto z. math If a circle S is embedded into the annulus so that Restriction Restrictions and extensions restricted to S is a bijection , then S is boundary parallel. The Converse logic converse is not true. If, on the other hand, a circle S is embedded into the annulus so that restricted to S is not Surjection surjective , then S is not boundary parallel. Again, the converse is not true. Image Annulus.circle.pi 1 injective.png thumb left An example wherein &pi is not bijective on S , but S is &part parallel anyway. Image Annulus.circle.bijective projection.png thumb left An example wherein &pi is bijective on S . Image Annulus.circle.nulhomotopic.png thumb left An example wherein &pi is not surjective on S . Clear DEFAULTSORT Boundary Parallel Category Geometric topology ... more details
Boundary critique BC is the concept in critical systems thinking , according to Ulrich 2002 that states that both the meaning and the validity of professional proposition s always depend on boundary judgments as to what facts observation and norms valuation standards are to be considered relevant or not. ref Werner Ulrich 2002 . Boundary Critique . in The Informed Student Guide to Management Science , ed. by H.G. Daellenbach and Robert L. Flood , London Thomson Learning, 2002, p. 41f. ref Boundary critique is a general systems thinking principle similar to concepts as multiple perspective s, and interconnectedness . Boundary critique according to Cabrera 2006 is in a way identical to distinction making as both processes cause one to demarcate between what is in and what is out of a particular construct. Boundary critique may also allude to how one must be explicit e.g., critical of these boundary decisions. Distinction making, on the other hand, is autonomic one constantly makes distinctions all of the time. ref Derek Cabrera 2006 . http journals.isss.org index.php proceedings50th article viewFile 403 161 Boundary Critique A Minimal Concept Theory of Systems Thinking . ISSS research paper. ref Boundary critique is based on Churchman s 1970 ref C. West Churchman 1970 . Operations research as a profession. Management Science , 17, B37 53. ref argument, that what is to be included ... Caton, Amisha Amin and Amna Choudry 2005 . http www.compsy.org.uk Boundary critique8904b.doc Boundary ... to be relevant to overall project improvement given a narrowly defined boundary, may not be seen ... of boundary critique, according to Ulrich 2000 ref Werner Ulrich 2000 . Reflective Practice ... boundary relating to the question What are my boundary judgements? . Dialogical boundary relating to the question Can we agree on our boundary judgements? . Controversial boundary relating to the question Don t you claim too much? . References reflist DEFAULTSORT Boundary Critique Category Systems theory ... more details
For Boundary Street in Washington, D.C. Florida Avenue Washington, D.C. refimprove date February 2007 Infobox street name Boundary Street native name image 3 HK Boundary Street Taxi Motorola RAZR2 V9.JPG caption Boundary Street near Prince Edward, Hong Kong former names postal code addresses length width location Kowloon , Hong Kong client owner current tenants sector category coordinates commissioning date construction start date completion date inauguration date demolition date main contractor cost Chinese c ci IPA yue k i h n k i j gaai3 haan6 gaai1 y jy h sy hn jy p Ji xi n Ji Image Boundary st hongkong.JPG thumb right 250px Boundary Street near Kowloon Tong Boundary Street is a three ... . History Historically, the street marked the boundary between the southern part of Kowloon, cede ... Hong Kong Fun in 18 District Sham Shui Po District . www.gohk.gov.hk ref After the lease, the boundary was renamed from Boundary Line to Old Frontier Line . The boundary was made visible by a long ... is the historical mark on the boundary, the road did not come to exist until 1934, more than 30 years after the lease of boundary north. The road was built to accelerate the development of Kowloon Tong and identify the difference in calculation of rates tax rates between the boundary north and south ... Territories , but as part of the Kowloon urban area on both sides of Boundary Street . Administratively its portion west of the East Rail Line forms part of the boundary between Yau Tsim Mong District and Sham Shui Po District . On 1 July 1997, sovereignty of the territories on both sides of Boundary ... References reflist External links commons category Boundary Street http maps.google.com maps?f d&hl ...&spn 0.016276,0.029182&z 15&om 1 Google Maps of Boundary Street HKkowloonroads coord 22 19 35.709 ... Kip Mei Category Kowloon Tong Category Ho Man Tin Category Borders of Hong Kong fr Boundary Street ko it Boundary Street ja zh yue zh ... more details
A glacial boundary is a line on a map representing the farthest advance of a glacier that has retreated. It generally refers to the extent of continental, rather than alpine, glaciers. In the northern hemisphere, glaciers advanced from the north during the Pleistocene epoch. The glacial boundary thus represents the farthest southern extent of the glaciers at that time. In North America, the boundary from the most recent ice sheet passes through the states of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, Montana, and Washington. It also crosses the U.S. Canadian border in several locations. See Timeline of glaciation . See the U.S. http www.nationalatlas.gov National Atlas for a http www.nationalatlas.gov articles geology features glaciallimit.html map of the boundary in North America. Category Cartography Category Glaciology ... more details
Boundary is a ghost town located in Stevens County, Washington Stevens County , Washington state Washington , United States . The town was located near the Canadian border and near the Columbia River. Boundary s peak years were during the 1890s. The population was around 900. The town started off as a railroad camp. When the railroad finally spanned the wild Pend Oreille with a bridge, the railroad workers quickly moved on leaving the town of Boundary deserted. The town contained the Boundary Hotel, post office, and general store. A town called New Boundary came into being south of the original townsite and the old town eventually vanished. ref cite author N.L. Barlee title Gold Creeks and Ghost Towns of Northeastern Washington. Hancock House Publishers. date 2004 ISBN 0 88839 452 7 ref References Reflist coord 48 59 54 N 121 36 20 W type city region US WA source GNIS enwiki display title Category Ghost towns in Washington state Category Geography of Stevens County, Washington ... more details
The Boundary Country is a historical designation for a district in southern British Columbia lying, as its name suggests, along the Canada United States border boundary between Canada and the United States . It lies to the east of the southern Okanagan Valley and to the west of the West Kootenay . It is often ... of the Kettle River Columbia River Kettle , West Kettle River West Kettle , and Granby River s and of Boundary ... ref http www.britishcolumbia.com regions towns ?townID 4051 Boundary Country page, britishcolumbia.com ref The term Boundary District as well as the term Boundary Country can both refer to the local ... in the western Boundary Country and South Okanagan ref Geography The Boundary Country comprises the lower ... and heart of the Boundary. The Kettle crosses the border at the town of Midway, British Columbia Midway , near the confluence of the Kettle and Boundary Creek, which flows out of the galena rich Boundary ... of Christina Lake, British Columbia Christina Lake . The other principal community of the Boundary ... Kettle Valley, Boundary Falls, Anaconda, Phoenix and Eholt still appear on the map. History The Boundary ... also consider the Boundary Country, as well as all lands claimed by the Sinixt, to be part of their own ... organization Federally, the Boundary Country is now part of the British Columbia Southern Interior ... 1871 1952 and afterwards had been in the Okanagan Boundary 1952 1966 and the Okanagan Kootenay 1966 1968 ridings. The Boundary Country is currently part of the West Kootenay Boundary provincial electoral district. Previously it had been in the Okanagan Boundary 1991 1996 ridings, Boundary Similkameen ... . The Boundary Country is currently part of the Kootenay Boundary Regional District . historical RDs not yet figured out Municipalities The incorporated municipalities in the Boundary Country are the cities ... the status of Canada s Smallest City . References reflist Category Boundary Country Category Southern Interior of British Columbia Category Regional District of Kootenay Boundary Historical geographic ... more details
Geobox Range name Boundary Ranges other name Alaska Boundary Range image Juneau Icefield.jpg image size 275 image caption View of the Juneau Icefield . country Canada country1 United States region British Columbia region1 Alaska region2 Yukon parent Coast Mountains area 87101 geology geology1 geology2 orogeny highest Mount Ratz highest location British Columbia highest elevation 3090 highest lat d 57 highest lat m 23 highest lat s 35.2 highest lat NS N highest long d 132 highest long m 18 highest long s 11.2 highest long EW W map Northwest relief.2 BoundaryRanges.png map caption Location map of Boundary Ranges marine shoreline boundary not shown map size 275 The Boundary Ranges , also known in the singular and as the Alaska Boundary Range , are the largest and most northerly subrange of the Coast Mountains . They begin at the Nass River , near the southern end of the Alaska Panhandle in the Canadian ... . The Boundary Ranges include several large icefields, including the Juneau Icefield , between the Alaska ... lies between the lower Stikine River and the Whiting River . Some of the highest mountains in the Boundary ... of Mount Ratz and its neighbours, most of the Boundary Ranges are considerably lower than the Pacific Ranges of the southern Coast Mountains . The larger icefields of the Boundary Ranges are at a much ... division. The granite granitic intrusion s that form the Boundary Ranges are remnants of a Late Cretaceous volcanic arc system called the Coast Range Arc . Sub ranges Boundary Range NB not the same as the Ranges ... Seward Mountains Snowslide Range Spectrum Range Stikine Icecap See also List of Boundary Peaks of the Alaska British Columbia Yukon border External links http www.bivouac.com ArxPg.asp?ArxId 1641 Boundary ... , Province of British Columbia, 1976 gnis 1893715 BCGNIS 12650 Boundary Ranges Boundary Ranges Coast Mountains Category Mountain ranges of British Columbia Category Coast Mountains Category Boundary Ranges Category Physiographic sections de Boundary Ranges fr Boundary Ranges ... more details
File Locmap Haro Boundary2.png thumb 300px right Boundary Pass, along with Haro Strait , connects the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the Strait of Georgia along the international boundary between the United States and Canada . This map follows the United States Geological Survey USGS definitions. Major islands are named. Boundary Pass is a strait that runs for about convert 23 km mi along the boundary between the U.S. state of Washington U.S. state Washington and the Canada Canadian province of British Columbia . It connects Haro Strait to the south with the Strait of Georgia to the north. The United States Geological Survey USGS defines its northern boundary as a line extending from East Point on Saturna Island to Alden Point on Patos Island . Its southeastern boundary is a line from Alden Point on Patos Island to Point Hammond on Waldron Island then from Sandy Point on Waldron Island to Charles Point on Stuart Island Washington Stuart Island . Its southwestern boundary is a line connecting Turn Point on Stuart Island to Point Fairfax on Moresby Island Gulf Islands Moresby Island . Its western boundary is a line running from Pelorus Point on Moresby Island to Wallace Point on North Pender Island then to Tilly Point on South Pender Island then from Teece Point on South Pender Island to Taylor Point on Saturna Island. ref gnis 1509727 Boundary Pass ref References reflist coord 48 44 24 N 123 4 35 W display title Category Borders of Washington state Category Gulf Islands Category Landforms of San Juan County, Washington Category Straits of British Columbia Category Straits of Washington state Category Borders of British Columbia Category Canada United States border Category International straits BritishColumbiaCoast geo stub SanJuanWA geo stub ... more details
Trust boundary is a term in computer science and computer security security used to describe a boundary where program data or execution changes its level of trust . The term refers to any distinct boundary within which a system trusts all sub systems including data . ref name handbook An example of an execution trust boundary would be where an application attains an increased Privilege computing privilege level such as Superuser root . ref name Takanen A data trust boundary is a point where data comes from an untrusted source. For example, user input or a Internet socket network socket ref name neystadt A trust boundary violation refers to a Vulnerability computing vulnerability where computer software trusts data that has not been validated before crossing a boundary. ref name owasp References Reflist refs ref name owasp cite web title Trust Boundary Violation publisher OWASP url https www.owasp.org index.php Trust Boundary Violation ref ref name Takanen cite book title Fuzzing for software security testing and quality assurance author Ari Takanen, Jared DeMott, Charles Miller publisher Artech House pages 287 year 2008 isbn 1596932147 page 60 ref ref name neystadt cite web author John Neystadt title Automated Penetration Testing with White Box Fuzzing url http msdn.microsoft.com en us library cc162782.aspx publisher Microsoft date 2008 02 accessdate 2009 05 14 ref ref name handbook cite book title Handbook of Information and Communication Security author Peter Stavroulakis, Mark Stamp publisher Springer Science Business Media Springer year 2010 pages 800 page 13 ref computer security stub Category Computer security ... more details
Infobox mountain name Boundary Cone photo Boundary Cone from Mohave Valley 1.jpg photo caption Close up of Boundary Cone from Mohave Valley , on the Colorado River map Arizona map alt Located on southern border of the Czech Republic s eastern tip map caption Location of Boundary Cone in Arizona map size 200 location Mohave County, Arizona Mohave County , Arizona , U.S elevation ft 3430 elevation ref ngvd29 ref name pb cite peakbagger pid 16247 name Boundary Cone, Arizona accessdate 2012 04 22 ref lat d 34.9838920 long d 114.4160705 coordinates ref ref name gnis cite gnis id 1878 name Boundary Cone accessdate 2012 04 22 ref region US AZ range Black Mountains Arizona Black Mountains type Volcanic plug volcanic neck ref Roadside Geology of Arizona, Halka Chronic, c. 1983, p. 85. ref easiest route from Oatman, Arizona Boundary Cone is a geologic promontory located in the western foothills of the Black Mountains Arizona Black Mountains in Mohave County, Arizona . ref name gnis The peak is to the east northeast of the Mohave Valley , north of the town of Needles, California Needles, CA , and south of Bullhead City, Arizona Bullhead City, AZ . The peak is about convert 4 mi 0 southwest of the mountain community of Oatman, Arizona and convert 12 mi 0 east of the Colorado River . History Several Indian tribe s attach religious and cultural significance to Boundary Cone as well as much of the surrounding ... State Historic Preservation Office concurred that Boundary Cone is eligible for inclusion on the National ... Notice regarding Boundary Cone , October 8, 2008. This article incorporates public domain text from this official United States government document. ref Boundary Cone was a prominent landmark for early ... perrow 2 File Fort Mojave Res.JPG Fort Mojave Indian Reservation , with Boundary Cone in distance File Mohave Valley 1.jpg Mohave Valley , with Boundary Cone at right gallery References Reflist Benchmark ... Co. 322 pages. pp. 229 232 Interstate 40 Colorado River to Kingman , pp. 83 86. Commons category Boundary ... more details
A boundary object is a concept in sociology to describe information used in different ways by different communities. They are plastic, interpreted differently across communities but with enough immutable content to maintain integrity. The concept was introduced by Susan Leigh Star and James R. Griesemer in a 1989 publication p.393 ref name Star1989 cite journal first1 Susan last1 Star authorlink1 Susan Star first2 James last2 Griesemer year 1989 title Institutional Ecology, Translations and Boundary ... Studies of Science volume 19 issue 3 pages 387 420 doi 10.1177 030631289019003001 ref cquote Boundary ... and management of boundary objects is key in developing and maintaining coherence across intersecting social worlds. This paper has since been widely cited and the concept of a boundary object ... views of boundary objects Boundary objects are said to allow coordination without consensus as they can ... Wenger describes boundary objects as entities that can link communities together as they allow ... ref Charlotte Lee has extended the concept of the boundary object to consider periods of unstandardized and destabilized organization where objects are transient and changing, which she coins as boundary ... Chaos and Routine Boundary Negotiating Artifacts in Collaboration journal ECSCW pages 387 406 doi 10.1007 s10606 007 9044 5 ref ref name lee2007 cite journal author Lee, C.P. year 2007 title Boundary Negotiating Artifacts Unbinding the Routine of Boundary Objects and Embracing Chaos in Collaborative ... Sharing Across Professional Boundaries Political Interplay between Boundary Objects and Brokers ... j.ijinfomgt.2010.02.002 ref criticise the notion of boundary objects that is usually found in the literature .... They argue that boundary objects need to be seen in context of the motivations of the people that choose the object as well as their communicative role. References reflist DEFAULTSORT Boundary Object Category Sociology of science de Boundary object ... more details
A boundary rider is a term used in the Australian Football League as well as other field sports to denote a Sportscaster commentator who works from the sidelines of the field or boundary . It is a recent extension of the far earlier, Australian use of the term boundary rider i.e., one who rides round the fences of a Station Australian agriculture station hence boundary , checks their status, and repairs them when broken. The role of the boundary rider is to have access to the players and coaching medical staff on the interchange bench enabling them to provide more detailed commentary on current game plan as well as any injury concerns for the competing teams. They often also have the responsibility of interviewing players and coaching medical staff during breaks in the games quarter half three quarter time as well as post conclusion of the match. Notable boundary riders Christi Malthouse , Network Ten 2002 Peter Larkins , Triple M 1997 , Nine Network 2001 Robert Dipierdomenico Neil Kerley , Seven Network 1990s Unreferenced date January 2007 Australian rules football terminology Category Australian rules football terminology Category Slang afl stub ... more details
for the anatomy anatomical structure Boundary layer of uterus Image Boundarylayer.png 320px thumb right Boundary layer visualization, showing transition from laminar to turbulent condition In physics and fluid mechanics , a boundary layer is the layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface where the effects of viscosity are significant. In the Earth s atmosphere , the planetary boundary ... to or from the surface. On an aircraft wing the boundary layer is the part of the flow close to the wing ... . Laminar boundary layers can be loosely classified according to their structure and the circumstances ... of a Stokes boundary layer , while the Blasius boundary layer refers to the well known Similitude ... inertia , an Ekman layer forms. In the theory of heat transfer, a thermal boundary layer occurs. A surface can have multiple types of boundary layer simultaneously. Aerodynamics File Laminar boundary layer scheme.svg thumb 320px Laminar boundary layer velocity profile The Aerodynamics aerodynamic boundary ... flow by dividing the flow field into two areas one inside the boundary layer, dominated by viscosity and creating the majority of drag physics drag experienced by the boundary body and one outside the boundary layer, where viscosity can be neglected without significant effects on the solution. This allows ... within the boundary layer, again allowing the equations to be simplified in the flow field outside the boundary layer. The pressure distribution throughout the boundary layer in the direction normal to the surface such as an airfoil remains constant throughout the boundary layer, and is the same as on the surface itself. The thickness of the velocity boundary layer is normally defined as the distance ... that the boundary layer represents a deficit in mass flow compared to inviscid flow with slip at the wall .... The flow velocity will then increase rapidly within the boundary layer, governed by the boundary layer equations, below. The thermal boundary layer thickness is similarly the distance from the body ... more details
Boundary testing or boundary value analysis , is where test case s are generated using the extremes of the input domain , e.g. maximum, minimum, just inside outside boundaries, typical values, and error values. It is similar to Equivalence Partitioning but focuses on corner cases . ref http www.aptest.com glossary.html bvatesting Software Testing and Quality Assurance Glossary Bot generated title ref ref http www.youtube.com watch?v wNMM8Bc0G3A Video Tutorial on YouTube ref References references Category Software testing ... more details
about the bay on the Washington British Columbia border the brewery named after the bay Boundary Bay Brewing Company Image Peace Arch rail border crossing 3610.jpg thumb right Looking west across Boundary Bay, from Peace Arch Park toward Point Roberts the peninsula on the horizon Boundary Bay is situated on the Pacific coast of North America on the Canada United States border border between the Canada Canadian province of British Columbia and the United States U.S. state of Washington U.S. state Washington . To the north and west, Boundary Bay is bounded by the municipality of Delta, British Columbia Delta . Point Roberts, Washington, lies to the southwest. The communities of Beach Grove and Boundary Bay both situated within Delta are to the west, while rural East Delta is to the north. Along the eastern shore are Crescent Beach and Ocean Park in the Surrey, British Columbia City of Surrey further south east, White Rock, British Columbia White Rock and the Semiahmoo First Nation s reserve in BC and Blaine, Washington Blaine in Washington State. The eastern section of Boundary Bay, straddling the Canada United States border US Canada border and adjacent to White Rock and Blaine is known as Semiahmoo Bay Blaine s Drayton Harbor opens into it. The northern tip of Boundary Bay is known as Mud Bay. The main rivers flowing into the bay are the Nicomekl River Nicomekl and Serpentine Rivers falling into Mud Bay, the Campbell River falling into Semiahmoo Bay, and California Creek and Dakota ... A heron wading in Boundary Bay near the mouth of the Campbell River just south of White Rock It is an important ... threats to wildlife. The Boundary Bay Airport , on its north flank, is used by small aircraft and has been the setting for various film shoots. See also Boundary Bay Airport Tsawwassen Point Roberts ... A Nature Guide to Boundary Bay Author s Site. http www.blevinsphoto.com boundarybay.htm A Nature Guide to Boundary Bay Photographer s Site. coord 49 N 123 W display title Category ... more details
For the falls in Hamilton, Ontario see Boundary Falls Hamilton, Ontario Boundary Falls Boundary Falls are located within the Gibraltar Range National Park , on the Gwydir Highway between Glenn Innes and Grafton, New South Wales Grafton in New South Wales , Australia . ref cite web title Gibraltar Range National Park publisher Department of Environment and Climate Change url http www.environment.nsw.gov.au NationalParks parkCamping.aspx?id N0012 format HTML accessdate 2008 08 19 ref References reflist coord 29.533325 152.248825 region AU NSW Category Waterfalls of New South Wales NewSouthWales geo stub Waterfall stub fa ka tg ... more details
unreferenced description date August 2010 Lives on the Boundary , by noted education scholar Mike Rose educator Mike Rose , is a work of non fiction that explores the challenges and successes associated with literacy at the margins of America s education system. Much of the work is autobiographical and explores Rose s own challenges both learning and teaching reading and writing. Legacy First published in 1989, Lives on the Boundary has gone on to become one of the most significant books in the field of education. In addition to being a bestselling book, Lives on the Boundary is the recipient of the National Council of Teachers of English http www.ncte.org about awards council ec 111941.htm David H. Russell Award for Distinguished Research in the Teaching of English . Category 1989 books Category Education books ... more details
A grain boundary is the interface between two Crystallite grains , or crystallites, in a polycrystalline ... thumb 275px left Schematic representations of a tilt boundary top and a twist boundary between two idealised grains. The most simple boundary is that of a tilt boundary where the rotation axis is parallel to the boundary plane. This boundary can be conceived as forming from a single, contiguous crystallite ... resulting in a growing wall of dislocations a low angle boundary. The grain can now be considered .... An alternative is a twist boundary where the mis orientation occurs around an axis that is perpendicular to the boundary plane. This type of boundary incorporates two sets of dislocation screw dislocations ... in the boundary remain isolated and distinct the boundary can be considered to be low angle ... nature of the boundary will begin to break down. At this point the boundary can be considered ... structure meant the hypothesis had to be discarded. It is now accepted that a boundary consists ... to the total number of sites. Thus a boundary with high might be expected to have a higher energy ..., are 1. Some other low boundaries have special properties especially when the boundary ... may be accommodated by local atomic relaxation or the inclusion of dislocations into the boundary. Describing a boundary A boundary can be described by the orientation of the boundary to the two grains and the 3 D rotation required to bring the grains into coincidence. Thus a boundary has 5 macroscopic ... a boundary only as the orientation relationship of the neighbouring grains. Generally, the convenience of ignoring the boundary plane orientation, which is very difficult to determine, outweighs the reduced ... of boundary misorientations in a completely randomly oriented set of grains for cubic symmetry materials ... involved limits the misorientation of the boundary. A completely random polycrystal, with no texture, thus has a characteristic distribution of boundary misorientations see figure . However ... more details
Image Hogan Island map.png thumb Map of Hogan Group showing Boundary Islet Boundary Islet is an islet of under 2 hectares in the Hogan Island Hogan Group of island s and islets. It is located at latitude 39 12 S, approximately 56 kilometres east of the Wilsons Promontory southernmost part of mainland Victoria Australia Victoria . The boundary between Victoria and Tasmania is a parallel similarly at latitude 39 12 on it is thus Tasmania s only land boundary, and at 85 metres long it is the shortest land border between any Australian state or territory. ref cite web url http opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com 2012 04 24 one island two countries title One Island, Two Countries date April 24, 2012 publisher The New York Times author Frank Jacobs ref The position of the island was surveyed in 1801 by Captain James Black, who erred in placing the islet further north than it is. It was later found that the border at 39 12 S actually passed through the islet. Boundary Islet was once known as North East Islet. References Reflist External links http www.ga.gov.au education geoscience basics dimensions state territory borders.html Boundaries between Australian States Victoria and Tasmania coord 39 11 55 S 147 1 17 E display title Category Islands of Victoria Australia Category Islands of Tasmania Category Bass Strait Category Borders of Tasmania Category Borders of Victoria Australia ... more details
Boundary friction occurs when a surface is at least partially wet, but not so lubricated that there is no direct friction between two surfaces ref http www.answers.com topic boundary friction Boundary Friction ref . The Effect When two consistent, unlubricated surfaces slide against each other, there is a specific, predictable amount of friction that occurs. This amount increases as velocity does, but only up to a certain point. That increase generally follows what is known as a Stribeck curve , after Richard Stribeck . On the other hand, if the two surfaces are completely lubricated, there is no direct friction or rubbing at all. In real life, though, there is often a situation where the surfaces are not completely dry, but also not so lubricated that they don t touch. This boundary friction produces various effects, like an increase in lubrication through the generation of shearing force s, or an oscillation effect during motion, as the friction increases and decreases ref http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 1947RSPSA.189...88B Kinetic Boundary Friction ref . For example, one can experience vibration when trying to break on a partially damp road, or a cold glass that is slowly condensing moisture can be lifted until it spontaneously slides across the surface it s resting on. References reflist physics stub engineering stub category physics category engineering ... more details
In functional analysis , a branch of mathematics, the Shilov boundary is the smallest closed set closed subset of the structure space of a commutative Banach algebra where an analog of the maximum modulus principle holds. It is named after its discoverer, Georgii Evgen evich Shilov . Precise definition and existence Let math mathcal A math be a commutative Banach algebra and let math Delta mathcal A math be its structure space equipped with the relative topology relative weak topology weak topology of the continuous dual space dual math mathcal A math . A closed in this topology subset math F math of math Delta mathcal A math is called a boundary of math mathcal A math if math max f in Delta mathcal A x f max f in F x f math for all math x in mathcal A math . The set math S bigcap F F text is a boundary of mathcal A math is called the Shilov boundary . It has been proved by Shilov ref Theorem 4.15.4 in Einar Hille , Ralph S. Phillips http www.ams.org online bks coll31 coll31 chIV.pdf Functional analysis and semigroups . AMS, Providence 1957. ref that math S math is a boundary of math mathcal A math . Thus one may also say that Shilov boundary is the unique set math S subset Delta mathcal A math which satisfies math S math is a boundary of math mathcal A math , and whenever math F math is a boundary of math mathcal A math , then math S subset F math . Examples Let math mathbb D z in mathbb C z 1 math be the open unit disc in the complex plane and let math mathcal A mathcal H mathbb D cap mathcal C bar mathbb D math be the disc algebra , i.e. the functions holomorphic in math mathbb D math and continuous function continuous in the closure topology closure of math mathbb D math with supremum norm and usual algebraic operations. Then math Delta mathcal A bar mathbb D math and math S z 1 math . References Springer id B b110310 title Bergman Shilov boundary Notes Reflist See also James boundary Category banach algebras de Schilow Rand pl Brzeg Szy owa ... more details
In science studies , boundary work comprises instances in which boundaries, demarcations, or other divisions between fields of knowledge are created, advocated, attacked, or reinforced. Academic scholarship on boundary work has emphasized that such delineations often have high stakes involved for the participants, and carries with it the implication that such boundaries are flexible and social construction socially constructed . The original use of the term boundary work for these sorts of issues has been attributed to Thomas F. Gieryn , a sociology sociologist , who initially used it to discuss the problem of demarcation , the philosophical difficulty of coming up with a rigorous delineation between what is science and what is non science . He defined boundary work as the attribution of selected characteristics to an institution i.e., to its practitioners, methods, stock of knowledge, values and work organization for purposes of constructing a social boundary that distinguishes some intellectual activities as outside that boundary . Philosophy of science Philosophers and sociology of science sociologists of science , notably Karl Popper and Robert K. Merton , long struggled to come up with a criterion which would distinguish science as unique from other knowledge generating activities, but never were able to come up with one that was stable, transhistorical, or worked reliably. Gieryn s 1983 paper on boundary work and demarcation emphasized that the very discussions of demarcation ... for wikt autonomy autonomy . Gieryn s paper looked specifically at instances of boundary work in 19th ... as well. Many other works by sociologists and historians have since looked at boundary work in many ... and intersocial interactions. Studies in boundary work have also focused on how individual ... they satisfy the needs of multiple social groups boundary object s . Examples An example of such boundary ... cite journal last Gieryn first Thomas F. title Boundary work and the demarcation of science from ... more details
Removed Unreferenced date October 2006 added citations needed Image Boundary stone Maesglase.jpg thumb right 240px A slate boundary stone on Maesglase A boundary marker , border marker , boundary stone or border stone is a robust physical marker that identifies the start of a land Border boundary or the change in a boundary, especially a change in direction of a boundary. ref name straight border There are several other types of named border markers, known as pillars , obelisks and corners . ref name straight border Border markers can also be markers, through which, a border line runs in a straight line, to determine that border. ref name straight border cite conference title AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Longitude 129 degrees east, and why it is not the longest, straight line in the world publisher Eyepiece Official Organ of The Institution of Surveyors, Australia, W.A. Division accessdate January 15, 2012 author Porter, John, Surveyor General of South Australia year 1990 month April conference National Perspectives 32nd Australian Surveyors Congress Technical Papers 31st March 6th April ... marked borders on the ground. ref name straight border Boundary markers have often been used to mark ... fence s or wall s are impractical or unnecessary. Citation needed date January 2012 Boundary markers ... point. Many are inscribed with relevant information such as the abbreviation of the boundary holder and often a date. ref name straight border Boundary markers may be used to mark property boundaries ... borders international boundary markers are placed and can be maintained by mutual agreement ... borders meet and change direction ref name straight border . Examples of historic boundary markers ... sign is one of a series of numbered markers placed along a road or boundary at regular intervals, typically ... Australia NZ UK Bai Sema lang th which delimit sacred areas Commons Category Boundary stones ... Swiss border boundary markers. gallery DEFAULTSORT Boundary Marker Category Borders Category Geography ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 In a statistical classification statistical classification problem with two classes, a decision boundary or decision surface is a hypersurface that partitions the underlying vector space into two sets, one for each class. The classifier will classify all the points on one side of the decision boundary as belonging to one class and all those on the other side as belonging to the other class. If the decision surface is a hyperplane , then the classification problem is linear, and the classes are linearly separable . Decision boundaries are not always clear cut. That is, the transition from one class in the feature space to another is not discontinuous, but gradual. This effect is common in fuzzy logic based classification algorithms, where membership in one class or another is ambiguous. In ANNs and SVMs In the case of backpropagation based artificial neural network s or perceptron s, the type of decision boundary that the network can learn is determined by the number of hidden layers the network has. If it has no hidden layers, then it can only learn linear problems. If it has one hidden layer, then it can learn problems with convex decision boundaries and some concave decision boundaries . The network can learn more complex problems if it has two or more hidden layers. In particular, support vector machine s find a hyperplane that separates the feature space into two classes with the maximum margin hyperplane maximum margin . If the problem is not originally linearly separable, the kernel trick is used to turn it into a linearly separable one, by increasing the number of dimensions. Thus a general hypersurface in a small dimension space is turned into a hyperplane in a space with much larger dimensions. Neural networks try to learn the decision boundary which minimizes the empirical error, while support vector machines try to learn the decision boundary which gives the best generalization. DEFAULTSORT Decision Boundary C ... more details
infobox UK place country England static image Image Boundary.jpg 240px static image caption The Boundary sign latitude 52.77 longitude 1.49 official name Boundary map type Derbyshire population shire district South Derbyshire shire county Derbyshire region East Midlands constituency westminster South Derbyshire UK Parliament constituency South Derbyshire post town Ashby de la Zouche postcode district LE65 postcode area LE65 dial code os grid reference SK3419 Boundary is a civil parish and hamlet in South Derbyshire . It is near Smisby and near the Leicestershire border and the town of Ashby de la Zouch . Early history Formerly extra parochial, it became a parish, The inhabitants attend the churches at Blackfordby , Leicestershire, and Smisby . The population in 1881 was 102, principally labourers and their families. ref http www.andrewspages.dial.pipex.com dby kelly boundary.htm Kelly s Directory of the Counties of Derby, Notts, Leicester and Rutland London May, 1891 p.53 ref Today Boundary is a long extended village, with a Public House at each end. The earliest reference to the Greyhound Inn was in the 1857 trade directory when the landlady was Elizabeth Cooper. At the other end of the village towards Ashby was the Red Lion. It got its licence in 1870 and in Septeember 1871 was bought by Brunt & Bucknall of Woodville, together with the 4 cottages adjoining, from Edward and Hannah Moore. The first landlord was John Thornley and he was still there in 1899. The Red Lion was finally demolished in the early 1960s by Frank Jones of Woodville, The Greyhound was also bought by Brunt & Bucknall, but the date of acquisition is not known. This establishment is still serving all though it has recently been refurbished. References Reflist 2 External links Commons category inline Boundary, Derbyshire Category Villages in Derbyshire pl Boundary Derbyshire ... more details
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