This article discusses the patent doctrine. For the trademark doctrine regarding translation of foreign words, see Doctrine of foreign equivalents . Refimprove date June 2007 The doctrine of equivalents ... F.2d 691, 692 2d Cir. 1948 . The goal of the doctrine of equivalents is to provide patent owners ... the doctrine of equivalents is perhaps the most famous. The equivalentsdoctrine takes a more ... operates . Ireland Ireland appears to subscribe to a doctrine of equivalents. In Farbwerke Hoechst ... a finding and injunction against him. Japan Japan s doctrine of equivalents was first formalized in 1998 , when Japan s Supreme Court held that equivalents are determined by considering 1 whether the difference ... in Kirin Amgen . United States In the United States , the doctrine of equivalents analysis is applied ... Co. v. Linde Air Products Co. , 1950 . In the United States, the doctrine of equivalents is limited ... equivalentsdoctrine that is codified in 35 U.S.C. 112 6, which extends to structural equivalents. However, while the doctrine of equivalents for 6 extends to technological equivalents developed .... Cir. 1997 ref Harmonization attempts Attempts have been made to harmonize the doctrine of equivalents ... Perspective on the Doctrine of Equivalents April 20, 2004 . Boston University School of Law Working ... Papers http wikileaks.org leak crs RL31156.pdf Patent Law The Festo Case and the Doctrine of Equivalents , United States Congressional Research Service, July 25, 2002 DEFAULTSORT Doctrine Of Equivalents .... The doctrine has been criticized as unduly vague, to the extent that it injects uncertainty and unpredictability to a patent system. Standards for determining equivalents France In France , the doctrine of equivalents can be invoked if the accused device contains means having the same function ... of the art, and 5 whether estoppel exists. United Kingdom The United Kingdom has never employed a doctrine of equivalents approach. This was most recently asserted by Lord Hoffmann in Kirin Amgen v ... more details
This article discusses the trademark doctrine regarding translation of foreign words. For the patent doctrine regarding equivalent means to practice an invention, see Doctrine of equivalents . File US PatentTrademarkOffice Seal.svg right 150px Official seal of the USPTO The doctrine of foreign equivalents ... the doctrine of foreign equivalents is whether, to those American buyers familiar with the foreign ... that it is the same test stating u nder the doctrine of foreign equivalents, foreign words from common ... Maison Fondee en 1772 Palm Bay , the Federal Circuit held that the doctrine of foreign equivalents ... sol3 papers.cfm?abstract id 1734567 The Doctrine of Foreign Equivalents at Death s Door , 12 ... refused to apply the doctrine of foreign equivalents, because the transliterations of vi and ta had ... A Critical Examination of Conflicting Decisions Applying the Doctrine of Foreign Equivalents , 96 ... Krimnus, http papers.ssrn.com sol3 papers.cfm?abstract id 1734567 The Doctrine of Foreign Equivalents ... marks. The doctrine is intended to protect consumers within the United States from confusion ... of likelihood of confusion . The Federal Circuit has recently clarified the applicability of the doctrine of foreign equivalents in likelihood of confusion cases, stating that When it is unlikely that an American buyer will translate the foreign mark and will take it as it is, then the doctrine of foreign equivalents will not be applied . ref name Palm Bay Palm Bay Imports, Inc. v. Veuve Clicquot Ponsardin Maison Fondee en 1772 , 396 F.3d 1369, 1377 Fed. Cir. 2005 ref The court noted that the doctrine of foreign equivalents is not an absolute rule and should be viewed merely as a guideline . ref name Palm Bay Instead t he doctrine should be applied only when it is likely that the ordinary American ... This narrow definition of ordinary American purchaser effectively guaranteed that the doctrine would ... Fed. Cir. 2009 . ref However, because the Spirits court limited its ruling to the doctrine s application ... more details
photographs that he called Equivalent or Equivalents all feature clouds in the sky. The majority of them ... force behind the clouds. Background The multiple series Stieglitz called Equivalents combined ..., but with Equivalents he succeeded in bringing his skills to a new level. On the technical side ... decade. In 1925 he began referring to these photographs as Equivalents , a name he used for all such photographs ... as Equivalents , and these prints are still known by both names today. Stieglitz certainly knew what he had achieved in these pictures. Writing about his Equivalents to Hart Crane , he declared I know ... 12 19 ref Artistic importance The Equivalents are generally recognized as the first intentionally ... Kramer said that Equivalents undoubtedly owe something to the American modernist painting Dove ... Still , it is in Stieglitz s Equivalents rather than in painting itself that we find the strongest ... Getty Museum year 1995 page 132 ref She further says The Equivalents are photographs of shapes that have ... New York Times art critic Andy Grundberg said The Equivalents remain photography s most radical demonstration ... in photography was seeing many of the Equivalents probably for the first time in 1933, when they met ... of the Equivalents photographs. Many of the prints do not have individual titles, and dozens of photographs ..., but in 1929 Stieglitz renamed them Equivalents . These are not the same prints as those belonging ... were originally part of the Songs of the Sky series, but in 1929 Stieglitz renamed them Equivalents ... series, but in 1929 Stieglitz renamed them Equivalents . 1925 Forty five prints Key Set 1093 ... George Eastman House Alfred Stieglitz Equivalents http kairios.com Articles Stieglitz 20Buber ... more details
For the PHP object relational mapping framework Doctrine PHP Refimprove date May 2008 Wiktionary Doctrine ... . ref http www.wordiq.com definition Doctrine ref Often doctrine specifically connotes a Wikt corpus corpus of religious dogma as it is promulgated by a church, but not necessarily doctrine is also ... of past decisions, such as the doctrine of self defense , or the principle of fair use , or the more narrowly applicable first sale doctrine . In some organizations, doctrine is simply defined as that which ... doctrine s include Christian Trinity and Virgin Birth Christian doctrine Virgin birth Christian Original ... Grace Hinduism The Doctrine of epoch or Yuga Jainism The Doctrine of Postulation or Sy dv da Buddhist Doctrine One department of the Roman Curia is called the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith . ref http www.britannica.com EBchecked topic 167462 Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith ... fare. The typical example is Military doctrine tactical doctrine in which a standard set of maneuvers ... doctrine s include Blitzkrieg of World War II Guerre de course Hit and run tactics Alfred Mahan Mahanian of late 19th up to mid 20th century Manhunt military Manhunting doctrine , or assured individual destruction Reagan Doctrine of the Cold War Shock and Awe Soviet deep battle of World War II Trench warfare of World War I Almost every military organization has its own doctrine, sometimes ... operations Capstone Doctrine ref http pbpu.unlb.org pbps Library Capstone Doctrine ENG.pdf Capstone Doctrine ref which speaks to integrated civilian and military operations. Political A policy ... 6381&langcode en&ns 1 ref Legal usage A legal doctrine is a body of inter related rules usually of common ... the doctrine of frustration of purpose now has many tests and rules applicable with regards to each ... refer to the doctrine of justification. It can be seen that a branch of law contains various doctrines ... of the doctrine of frustration which is part of contract contract law . Doctrines can grow into a branch ... more details
Unreferenced date May 2009 Cash and cash equivalents are the most liquid asset s found within the asset portion of a company s balance sheet . Cash equivalents are assets that are readily convertible into cash, such as money market holdings, short term government bonds or Treasury bills , marketable securities and commercial paper . Cash equivalents are distinguished from other investments through their short term existence they mature within 3 months whereas short term investments are 12 months or less, and long term investments are any investments that mature in excess of 12 months. Another important condition a cash equivalent needs to satisfy is that the investment should have insignificant risk of change in value thus, common stock cannot be considered a cash equivalent, but preferred stock acquired shortly before its redemption date can be. Payments Cash and cash equivalents , when used in the contexts of payments and payments transactions refer to currency, coins, money orders, paper checks, and stored value products such as gift certificates and gift cards. Category Management accounting Category Money finance stub accounting stub ... more details
Refimprove date October 2006 Some titles of nobility outside Europe may be considered as equivalents of Duke . Like other major Western noble titles, Duke is sometimes used to render translate certain titles in non western languages. Duke is used even though those titles are generally etymologically and often historically unrelated and thus hard to compare. However, they are considered roughly equivalent, especially in hierarchic aristocracies such as feudal Japan, useful as an indication of relative rank. China In the most general of terms, the Chinese Kung was the hereditary title of nobility of the first rank, usually translated into Duke. ref Legge, James 1875 . The Chinese Classics The life and works of Mencius . Tr bner & co. p. 292. ref Under the Manchu ruling race of the last imperial dynasty , there were ducal titles in both types of titled nobility within the imperial family extended, but limited such systematic tituature is unknown in Europe there were fourteen ranks, arranged in the following descending order Ho Sh Ch in Wang , Prince of the Blood of the first rank, usually conferred on the sons of Emperors by an Empress To Lo Ch n Wang , originally Ho Sh To Lo Pei L prince of the gift , Prince of the Blood of the second rank, and enjoying the style of His Imperial Highness, with a name or locality hao attached to the title and the right to a posthumous name shi after death, usually conferred on the sons of Emperors by Imperial Consorts To Lo Pei L Prince of the Blood of the third rank and enjoying the style of His Highness Ku Shan Pei Tzu Prince of the Banner , Prince of the Blood of the fourth rank, with the style of His Highness F ng n Ch n Kuo Kung defender duke Prince of the Blood of the fifth rank with the style of His Highness F ng n Fu Kuo Kung bulwark duke Prince of the Blood of sixth rank, with the style of His Highness only those six highest ... Reflist DEFAULTSORT Equivalents Of Duke Outside Europe Category Dukedoms Category Dukes Category ... more details
The phrase merger doctrine or doctrine of merger may refer to one of several legal doctrines Merger doctrine antitrust law Merger doctrine civil procedure Merger doctrine copyright law The merger doctrine in criminal law of lesser included offense s Merger doctrine family law Merger doctrine property law Merger doctrine trust law disambig Category Legal doctrines and principles ... more details
Doctrine Publication Operations alongside maritime and air power equivalents and joint warfare ...Military doctrine is the concise expression of how military forces contribute to Military campaign campaign ... engagement s. It is a guide to action, not hard and fast rules. Doctrine provides a common frame ... common ways of accomplishing military tasks. Doctrine links theory, history, experimentation, and practice. Its objective is to foster initiative and creative thinking. Doctrine provides the military ... lexicon for use by military planners and leaders. Defining doctrine NATO s definition of doctrine ... Military doctrine is a formal expression of military knowledge and thought, that the army accepts ... Air University staff study in 1948 defined military doctrine functionally as those concepts, principles ..., 13 July 1948, quoted in Futrell, Robert Frank. Ideas, Concepts, Doctrine Basic Thinking in the United ... definition of doctrine as the central idea of an army . ref Gary Sheffield, Doctrine & Command in the British Army, A Historical Overview, Army Doctrine Publication Land Operations, DGD&D, British Army , May 2005, p.165 ref The Soviet Dictionary of Basic Military Terms defined military doctrine ... and the use of the armed forces in them... Military doctrine has two aspects social political and military technical. ref Moscow Voenizdat, 1965, quoted in William Odom , Soviet Military Doctrine, Foreign .... NATO s capstone doctrine Development of doctrine Before the development of separate doctrinal publications ... under various names were subsequently published. Formal British Military Doctrine was first published in 1988 and in 1996 became British Defence Doctrine applicable throughout the armed forces. France The development of military doctrine in France came about in the aftermath of the nation ... commandant, Ferdinand Foch , began developing a consistent doctrine for handling armies, corps, and divisions ... of War , expressed this doctrine. Prussia and German Empire Prussian doctrine was published as Regulations ... more details
see also Predestination Calvinism Doctrine of Election , the doctrine that the salvation of a man depends on the election of God for that end, of which there are two chief phases one is election to be Christ s, or unconditional election or Doctrine of Free Will , and the other that it is election in Christ, or conditional election. In its proper theology theological sense, the Doctrine of Election is monergism monergistic as opposed to synergism synergistic . Nuttall Christian theology stub Category Christian theology ... more details
Orphan date September 2011 The doctrine of parity was used to justify agricultural price controls in the United States beginning in the 1920s. It was the belief that farming should be as profitable as it was between 1909 and 1914, an era of high food prices and farm prosperity. The doctrine sought to restore the terms of trade enjoyed by farmers in those years. It was highly controversial, since critics argued it ignored changes in agricultural productivity and set an artificial standard. ref cite journal last Boulding first K.E. title Economic Analysis and Agricultural Policy journal Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science year 1947 month August volume 13 series 3 pages 439 440 jstor 137769 ref ref cite book title The Defining Moment The Great Depression and the American Economy in the Twentieth Century year 1998 publisher University of Chicago Press author Libecap, Gary D. authorlink The Great Depression and the Regulating State Federal Government Regulation of Agriculture, 1884 1970 editor Michael Bordo, Claudia Goldin, and Eugene White url http www.nber.org chapters c6893.pdf?new window 1 page 185 chapter 6 ref The doctrine developed in the 1920s as food prices declined after the First World War. The first attempt at instituting the parity doctrine was the McNary Haugen Bill , vetoed by President Calvin Coolidge in 1928. Farming prices decreased further during the Great Depression , leading to parity seeking New Deal era legislation, such as the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 . ref Libecap, pg. 190 ref Political pressure to enforce parity declined after the 1940s and 50s as commodity prices rose. However, New Deal programs remained in place, and agricultural ... be real price equivalents of those in the 1905 1914 period. The bill passed Congress in 1928, but was vetoed ... No. 485 year 1984 month Dec. pages 18 url http www.ers.usda.gov publications aib485 ref Criticism The doctrine ... Bean and Bollinger, pg. 253 254 ref Critics countered that the parity doctrine was based on political ... more details
Infobox Software logo Image Doctrine logo white.png name Doctrine latest release version 2.2.1 latest ... url http www.doctrine project.org The Doctrine Project or Doctrine is a set of PHP libraries primarily ... Layer it is built on top of. One of Doctrine s key features is the option to write database queries in a proprietary object oriented SQL dialect called Doctrine Query Language DQL . Usage demonstration Entities in Doctrine 2 are lightweight PHP Objects that contain persistable properties ... the database by Doctrine s data mapping capabilities via the Entity Manager source lang php user new ... saved. source Doctrine 1.x follows the active record pattern for working with data, where a Class ... password doe user save echo The user with id user id has been saved. source Features Image doctrine layers.jpg thumb 250px Media doctrine layers.jpg Overview of Doctrine One feature of Doctrine is the low level of configuration that is needed to start a project. Doctrine can generate object classes ... in many other frameworks. Another key feature of Doctrine is the ability to optionally write database queries in an OO Object oriented programming object oriented SQL dialect called DQL Doctrine ... QueryBuilder tt class tt Doctrine Query tt in Doctrine 1.x allows one to construct queries through ... duplication. Writing queries explicitly however is not always necessary, as Doctrine performs Join ... writing queries. Other notable features of Doctrine are support for hooks methods which can validate ... files of a framework. History Doctrine was started by Konsta Vesterinen , also known as zYne . The project ... the Google Summer of Code project. Doctrine 1.0.0 was released on September 1, 2008. ref http www.doctrine project.org blog doctrine 1 0 released Doctrine 1.0.0 released ref The first stable version of Doctrine 2.0 was released on December 22, 2010, after 2.5 years of dedicated development starting in early 2008. ref http www.doctrine project.org blog doctrine2 released ref Influences Doctrine ... more details
The Johnson Doctrine , enunciated by U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson after the United States intervention in the Dominican Republic in 1965, declared that domestic revolution in the Western Hemisphere would no longer be a local matter when the object is the establishment of a Communist dictatorship . It is an extension of the Eisenhower Doctrine Eisenhower and Kennedy Doctrine s. See also Monroe Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine References Unreferenced date September 2008 Further reading Meiert ns, Heiko 2010 The Doctrines of US Security Policy An Evaluation under International Law , Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521766487. US poli stub Template group list Cold War Foreign relations of the United States expanded DPC Category Foreign policy doctrines of the United States Category Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson Category 1965 in the United States Category 1965 in international relations cs Johnsonova doktr na fr Doctrine Johnson it Dottrina Johnson hu Johnson doktr na pt Doutrina Johnson ru sk Johnsonova doktr na fi Johnson oppi uk zh ... more details
unreferenced date December 2011 Claflin doctrine is a United States law U.S. law doctrine which states that the trust cannot be modified or terminated, even if all beneficiaries agree, if to do so would be contrary to a material purpose of the settlor . Material purposes include Spendthrift trust spendthrift , support, and discretionary trust s. Category United States law ... more details
Hatnote For the rule of evidence in law, see doctrine of chances . italic title File Abraham de Moivre Doctrine of Chance 1718.gif thumb right Front page of the 1st edition of the Doctrine of Chances . The Doctrine of Chances was the first textbook on probability theory , written by 18th century French mathematician Abraham de Moivre and first published in 1718. ref name schneider citation title Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics 1640 1940 editor first I. editor last Grattan Guinness first Ivor last Schneider editor link Ivor Grattan Guinness contribution Abraham De Moivre, The Doctrine of Chances 1718, 1738, 1756 year 2005 isbn 0 444 50871 6 page 105 120 publisher Elsevier location Amsterdam . ref De Moivre wrote in English because he resided in England at the time, having fled France to escape the persecution of Huguenots . The book s title came to be synonymous with probability theory , and accordingly the phrase was used in Thomas Bayes famous posthumous paper An Essay towards solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances , wherein a version of Bayes theorem was first introduced. Editions The full title of the first edition was The doctrine of chances or, a method for calculating the probabilities of events in play it was published in 1718, by W. Pearson, and ran for 175 pages. Published in 1738 by Woodfall and running for 258 pages, the second edition of de Moivre s book ... References reflist Additional reading citation first Anders last Hald contribution De Moivre and the Doctrine ... edition of The Doctrine of Chances. http books.google.com books?id 3EPac6QpbuMC Full text of The Doctrine ... The Doctrine of Chance at MathPages Category Mathematics books Doctrine of Chances, The Category 1718 books Doctrine of Chances, The Category 1738 books Doctrine of Chances 2nd edition , The Category Statistics books Doctrine of Chances, The Category 1718 in science es The Doctrine of Chances nl The Doctrine of Chances ... more details
The Calvo Doctrine is a foreign policy doctrine which holds that jurisdiction in international investment disputes lies with the country in which the investment is located. The Calvo Doctrine thus proposed to prohibit diplomatic protection or armed intervention before local resources were exhausted. An investor, under this doctrine, has no recourse but to use the local court s, rather than those of their home country. As a policy prescription, the Calvo Doctrine is an expression of legal nationalism. The principle, named after Carlos Calvo historian Carlos Calvo , an Argentina Argentine jurist , has been applied throughout Latin America and other areas of the world. The doctrine arose from Calvos s ideas, expressed in his Derecho internacional te rico y pr ctico de Europa y Am rica Paris , 1868 greatly expanded in subsequent editions, which were published in French language French . Calvo justified his doctrine as necessary to prevent the abuse of the jurisdiction of weak nations by more powerful nations. It has since been incorporated as a part of several Latin American constitution s, as well as many other treaty treaties , statute s, and contract s. The doctrine is used chiefly in concession contract concession contracts , the clause attempting to give local courts final jurisdiction and to obviate any appeal to diplomatic intervention. The Drago Doctrine is a narrower application of Calvo s wider principle. See also diplomatic protection International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes ICSID References http www.bartleby.com 65 ca Calvo Ca.html Entry on Carlos Calvo Dead link date January 2012 from the Columbia Encyclopedia 6th Ed. http www.tradeport.org library c.html Tradeport Glossary of Trade & Shipping Terms Dead link date January 2012 http cyberspacei.com jesusi peace nobel institute of international law.htm Category Foreign policy doctrines de Calvo Doktrin es Doctrina Calvo fr Doctrine Calvo ka lt Kalvo doktrina ru ... more details
Development of doctrine is a term used by John Henry Newman and other theologians influenced by him to describe the way Catholic Church Catholic teaching has become more detailed and explicit over the centuries, while later statements of doctrine remain consistent with earlier statements. Newman s book The term was introduced in Newman s 1845 book An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine . Newman used the idea of development of doctrine to defend Catholic teaching from attacks by some Church of England Anglicans and other Protestant s, who saw certain elements in Catholic teaching as corruptions or innovations. He relied on an extensive study of early Church Fathers in tracing the elaboration or development of doctrine which he argued was in some way implicitly present in the Divine Revelation in Sacred Scripture and Tradition which was present from the beginnings of the Church. He argued that various Catholic doctrines not accepted by Protestants such as devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary , or Purgatory had a developmental history analogous to doctrines that were accepted by Protestants such as the Trinity or the divinity and humanity of Christ . Such developments were, in his view, the natural and beneficial consequences of reason working on the original revealed truth to draw out consequences that were not obvious at first. As distinct from evolution of dogmas There is a more radical understanding of development of doctrine that is known as evolution of dogmas . This view, mixed in with philosophical currents such as vitalism , immanentism and historicism , was at the heart of the Modernism Roman Catholicism modernist controversy during the papacy of Pius X , and was condemned in the encyclical Pascendi . Although modernist intellectualism intellectuals such as George ..., their goal was not so much to understand the ancient roots of Church doctrine but to make it evolve ... Doctrine . 1845, revised 1878 Category Catholic theology and doctrine RC stub eo Eseo pli la ... more details
The Doctrine of Concomitance is a Eucharist Eucharistic theology theological doctrine held by some Christians which describes the nature of Jesus Christ s presence in the bread and wine of the sacrament of Communion Christian Eucharist ref http www.catholicculture.org culture library dictionary index.cfm?id 32692 ref Doctrine The doctrine states that since Christ is indivisible, no one part of Christ s substance can be divided. ref http www.catholicculture.org culture library dictionary index.cfm?id 32692 ref Thus, Christ s body can not be separated from his blood which means that Christ s full presence is in each element fully. Use The Doctrine of Concomitance has been used to justify communion under one kind of species, saying that the Christ is fully present in each species alone. ref http www.clclutheran.org atlanta bibleclass bookofconcord article22.html ref Further application allows those who are allergic to gluten, are alcoholics, or otherwise wish to abstain from alcohol consumption to receive one species alone with the assurance of the fullness of the sacrament. Historically, this application contributed to the 1415 ruling by Council of Constance that the laity should be given only the bread at communion. References reflist Category Christian theology Category Christian belief and doctrine ... more details
Image The Doctrine of Awakening Cover.jpg thumb 210px The Doctrine of Awakening The Attainment of Self Mastery According to the Earliest Buddhist Texts is a book by philosopher and racial theorist Julius Evola . First published in Italian language Italian as La dottrina del risveglio in 1943. It was translated into English language English in 1948 by Nanavira Thera H.E. Musson , and republished in 1997 ISBN 0 89281 553 1 . Table of Contents Translator s Foreword Preface Introduction Part I Principles 1. Varieties of Ascesis 2. The Aryan ness of the Doctrine of Awakening 3. The Historical Context of the Doctrine of Awakening 4. Destruction of the Demon of Dialectics 5. The Flame and Samsara Samsaric Consciousness 6. Conditioned Genesis 7. Determination of the Vocations Part II Practice 8. The Qualities of the Combatant and the Departure 9. Defense and Consolidation 10. Rightness 11. Sidereal Awareness The Wounds Close 12. The Four Jhana The Irradiant Contemplations 13. The States Free from Form and the Extinction 14. Discrimination Between the Powers 15. Phenomenology philosophy Phenomenology of the Great Liberation 16. Signs of the Nonpareil 17. The Void If the Mind Does Not Break 18. Up to Zen 19. The Ariya Are Still Gathered on the Vulture s Peak Index External links http ccbs.ntu.edu.tw FULLTEXT JR EPT richard.htm Review of The Doctrine of Awakening by Richard Smoley in Parabola magazine Parabola magazine . http www.innertraditions.com isbn 0 89281 553 1 Publisher s blurb for The Doctrine of Awakening by Inner Traditions http www.stephenbatchelor.org index.php en existence enlightenment and suicide Discussion on The Doctrine of Awakening s translator Captain Nanavira Thera Harold Musson footer Works by Julius Evola DEFAULTSORT Doctrine Of Awakening Category Works by Julius Evola Category 1943 books Category Buddhism studies books Category Article Feedback 5 reli book stub ... more details
Italicstitle The Doctrine of Addai is a controversial book about Saint Addai . The story of how Abgar V of Edessa King Abgar and Jesus had corresponded was first recounted in the 4th century by the church historian Eusebius of Caesarea in his Church History Eusebius Ecclesiastical History i.13 and iii.1 and it was retold in elaborated form by Ephrem the Syrian . In the origin of the legend, Eusebius had been shown documents purporting to contain the official correspondence that passed between Abgar and Jesus, and he was well enough convinced by their authenticity to quote them extensively in his ecclesiastical history. By the time the legend had returned to Syria , the purported site of the miraculous image, it had been embroidered into a tissue of miraculous happenings Bauer 1971, ch. i the Doctrine of Addai is full of miracles. Some people consider it to be filled with anti semitism in the story of Protonice consort of Claudius, searching for the Cross, and Golgotha and the Holy Sepuchre, all of them in possession of the Jews. See also Holy Qurbana of Addai and Mari Early centers of Christianity External links http www.newadvent.org cathen 01042c.htm Catholic Encyclopedia Legend of Abgar http www.apostle1.com doctrine addai syriac orthodox1.htm Doctrine of Addai text, in English http www.newadvent.org cathen 05088a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia Doctrine of Addai http www.ccel.org p pearse morefathers addai 2 text.htm THE DOCTRINE OF ADDAI, THE APOSTLE, BY GEORGE PHILLIPS, D.D., PRESIDENT OF QUEENS COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. London TR BNER & CO., LUDGATE HILL. 1876 http syrcom.cua.edu Hugoye Vol6No2 HV6N2Griffith.html The Doctrina Addai as a Paradigm of Christian Thought in Edessa in the Fifth Century, by Sidney H. Griffith, Institute of Christian Oriental Research, Catholic University ... Bauer bauer01.htm FN1 On line text Category Syriac literature Addai, Doctrine of Category Christian ... stub fr Doctrine d Adda it Dottrina di Addai ... more details
Multiple issues context October 2009 orphan March 2007 unreferenced March 2007 The doctrine of indivisibility or indivisibility doctrine was a legal doctrine in United States copyright law , which held that a copyright was a single, indivisible right that its owner could only Assignment law assign as a whole. The doctrine was founded upon the policy concern that a defendant alleged to have infringed a single work might find himself facing claims from multiple plaintiff s, all claiming copyright in that same work. Despite the indivisibility doctrine, a copyright holder could still effectively assign certain rights. The assignees of those rights were held to be mere licensees. The result of the doctrine could yield a harsh result for an exclusive licensee in a work. If a third party Copyright infringement infringed the work, the copyright holder had no motivation to file suit the work was no longer marketable. So courts allowed exclusive licensees to compulsively join the copyright holder as a plaintiff in such suits. Non exclusive licensees could not forcefully join copyright holders, on the theory that in those cases, the work was still marketable and the copyright holder therefore had an interest in protecting his rights. In the case Dark Passage Goodis v. United Artists Television, Inc. , 425 Federal Reporter F.2d 397, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit held that the doctrine of indivisibility could not operate to wholly deprive an author of his copyright when a mere licensee secured a copyright in a collective work but the author never secured a separate copyright on his own. The doctrine of indivisibility was expressly eliminated in the Copyright Act of 1976 . Assignees of rights in a copyrighted work now have standing to directly file suit against infringers. Category United States copyright law Category Legal doctrines and principles US law stub ... more details
The Brezhnev Doctrine lang ru , lang uk was a Soviet Union foreign policy , first and most clearly outlined by S. Kovalev in a September 26, 1968 Pravda article, entitled Sovereignty and the International Obligations of Socialist Countries. Leonid Ilych Brezhnev Leonid Brezhnev reiterated it in a speech at the Fifth Congress of the Polish United Workers Party on November 13, 1968, which stated When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the development of some socialist country towards capitalism , it becomes not only a problem of the country concerned, but a common problem and concern of all socialist countries. This doctrine was announced to retroactively justify the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 that ended the Prague Spring , along with earlier Soviet military interventions, such as the Hungarian revolution of 1956 invasion of Hungary in 1956 . These interventions were meant to put an end to democratic liberalization efforts ... bloc. Implicit in this doctrine was that the leadership of the Soviet Union reserved, for itself, the right to define socialism and capitalism . Following the announcement of the Brezhnev Doctrine, numerous ... and to further ensure inter state cooperation. The principles of the doctrine were so broad that the Soviets ... war in Afghanistan Afghanistan in 1979 . The Brezhnev Doctrine stayed in effect until it was finally ..., Prague and Warsaw Overcoming the Brezhnev Doctrine. Cold War History 1, no. 2 2001 103 118. ref ... named Sinatra Doctrine in 1989. See also Wikisourcepar2 Brezhnev Doctrine Text of Brezhnev s speech Truman Doctrine Johnson Doctrine Domino theory Cold War Gladio Ulbricht Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Soviet occupations Sinatra Doctrine References reflist Bibliography Ouimet, Matthew The Rise and Fall of the Brezhnev Doctrine in Soviet Foreign Policy. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill ... fr Doctrine Brejnev fy Brezjnev doktrine ko hr Bre njevljeva doktrina it Dottrina ... more details
dablink Principle of law redirects here. For other uses, see law principle . A legal doctrine is a framework, set of rules, procedural steps, or test, often established through precedent in the common law , through which judgments can be determined in a given legal case. A doctrine comes about when a judge makes a ruling where a process is outlined and applied, and allows for it to be equally applied to like cases. When enough judges make use of the process soon enough it becomes established as the de facto method of deciding like situations. See also Constitutionalism Constitutional economics Rule according to higher law External links Emerson H. Tiller and Frank B. Cross, http www.law.northwestern.edu lawreview v100 n1 517 LR100n1Tiller Cross.pdf What is Legal Doctrine? , Northwestern University Law Review , Vol. 100 1, 2006. DEFAULTSORT Legal Doctrine Category Legal doctrines and principles Law stub bg it Dottrina ru ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced December 2009 lead too short December 2009 Prime Minister of Israel Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin enunciated what came to be known as the Begin doctrine On no account shall we permit an enemy to develop weapons of mass destruction WMD against the people of Israel . This doctrine has been used by Israeli politicians to justify a possible attack on Iran s project to develop a nuclear facility. Begin formed the doctrine to justify the Israeli attack on the Iraq i nuclear reactor Osirak in Operation Opera in 1981. Category Foreign policy doctrines Category 1981 in Israel Category 1981 in international relations Israel stub ... more details
The Powell Doctrine is a journalist created term, named after General Colin Powell in the run up to the 1990 1991 Gulf War . It is based in large part on the Weinberger Doctrine , devised by Caspar Weinberger , former United States Secretary of Defense Secretary of Defense and Powell s former boss. The Powell Doctrine states that a list of questions all have to be answered affirmatively before military action is taken by the United States Is a vital national security interest threatened? Do we have a clear attainable objective? Have the risks and costs been fully and frankly analyzed? Have all other non violent policy means been fully exhausted? Is there a plausible exit strategy to avoid endless entanglement? Have the consequences of our action been fully considered? Is the action supported by the American people? Do we have genuine broad international support? ref http www.pbs.org newshour extra teachers lessonplans iraq powelldoctrine.html The Powell Doctrine Background, Application and Critical Analysis , Doug DuBrin, NewsHour Extra ref As Powell said in an April 1, 2009 interview on The Rachel Maddow Show TV series The Rachel Maddow Show , the Doctrine denotes the exhausting of all political, economic, and diplomatic means, which, only if those means prove to be futile, should a nation resort to military force. Powell has expanded upon the Doctrine, asserting that when a nation is engaging in war, every resource and tool should be used to achieve decisive force against the enemy, minimizing US casualties and ending the conflict quickly by forcing the weaker force to capitulate. This is well in line with Western military strategy dating at least from Carl von Clausewitz s On War . Citation needed date May 2010 The Doctrine has been used to compare the Vietnam War , the Gulf ... ref See also Bush Doctrine Pottery barn rule Reagan Doctrine Just War Weinberger Doctrine References ... fr Doctrine Powell pl Doktryna Powella ru ... more details
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