The Doctrine of Concomitance is a Eucharist Eucharistic theology theological doctrine held by some Christians which describes the nature of Jesus Christ s presence in the bread and wine of the sacrament of Communion Christian Eucharist ref http www.catholicculture.org culture library dictionary index.cfm?id 32692 ref Doctrine The doctrine states that since Christ is indivisible, no one part of Christ s substance can be divided. ref http www.catholicculture.org culture library dictionary index.cfm?id 32692 ref Thus, Christ s body can not be separated from his blood which means that Christ s full presence is in each element fully. Use The Doctrine of Concomitance has been used to justify communion under one kind of species, saying that the Christ is fully present in each species alone. ref http www.clclutheran.org atlanta bibleclass bookofconcord article22.html ref Further application allows those who are allergic to gluten, are alcoholics, or otherwise wish to abstain from alcohol consumption to receive one species alone with the assurance of the fullness of the sacrament. Historically, this application contributed to the 1415 ruling by Council of Constance that the laity should be given only the bread at communion. References reflist Category Christian theology Category Christian belief and doctrine ... more details
Image The Doctrine of Awakening Cover.jpg thumb 210px The Doctrine of Awakening The Attainment of Self Mastery According to the Earliest Buddhist Texts is a book by philosopher and racial theorist Julius Evola . First published in Italian language Italian as La dottrina del risveglio in 1943. It was translated into English language English in 1948 by Nanavira Thera H.E. Musson , and republished in 1997 ISBN 0 89281 553 1 . Table of Contents Translator s Foreword Preface Introduction Part I Principles 1. Varieties of Ascesis 2. The Aryan ness of the Doctrine of Awakening 3. The Historical Context of the Doctrine of Awakening 4. Destruction of the Demon of Dialectics 5. The Flame and Samsara Samsaric Consciousness 6. Conditioned Genesis 7. Determination of the Vocations Part II Practice 8. The Qualities of the Combatant and the Departure 9. Defense and Consolidation 10. Rightness 11. Sidereal Awareness The Wounds Close 12. The Four Jhana The Irradiant Contemplations 13. The States Free from Form and the Extinction 14. Discrimination Between the Powers 15. Phenomenology philosophy Phenomenology of the Great Liberation 16. Signs of the Nonpareil 17. The Void If the Mind Does Not Break 18. Up to Zen 19. The Ariya Are Still Gathered on the Vulture s Peak Index External links http ccbs.ntu.edu.tw FULLTEXT JR EPT richard.htm Review of The Doctrine of Awakening by Richard Smoley in Parabola magazine Parabola magazine . http www.innertraditions.com isbn 0 89281 553 1 Publisher s blurb for The Doctrine of Awakening by Inner Traditions http www.stephenbatchelor.org index.php en existence enlightenment and suicide Discussion on The Doctrine of Awakening s translator Captain Nanavira Thera Harold Musson footer Works by Julius Evola DEFAULTSORT Doctrine Of Awakening Category Works by Julius Evola Category 1943 books Category Buddhism studies books Category Article Feedback 5 reli book stub ... more details
Multiple issues context October 2009 orphan March 2007 unreferenced March 2007 The doctrine of indivisibility or indivisibility doctrine was a legal doctrine in United States copyright law , which held that a copyright was a single, indivisible right that its owner could only Assignment law assign as a whole. The doctrine was founded upon the policy concern that a defendant alleged to have infringed a single work might find himself facing claims from multiple plaintiff s, all claiming copyright in that same work. Despite the indivisibility doctrine, a copyright holder could still effectively assign certain rights. The assignees of those rights were held to be mere licensees. The result of the doctrine could yield a harsh result for an exclusive licensee in a work. If a third party Copyright infringement infringed the work, the copyright holder had no motivation to file suit the work was no longer marketable. So courts allowed exclusive licensees to compulsively join the copyright holder as a plaintiff in such suits. Non exclusive licensees could not forcefully join copyright holders, on the theory that in those cases, the work was still marketable and the copyright holder therefore had an interest in protecting his rights. In the case Dark Passage Goodis v. United Artists Television, Inc. , 425 Federal Reporter F.2d 397, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit held that the doctrine of indivisibility could not operate to wholly deprive an author of his copyright when a mere licensee secured a copyright in a collective work but the author never secured a separate copyright on his own. The doctrine of indivisibility was expressly eliminated in the Copyright Act of 1976 . Assignees of rights in a copyrighted work now have standing to directly file suit against infringers. Category United States copyright law Category Legal doctrines and principles US law stub ... more details
The Brezhnev Doctrine lang ru , lang uk was a Soviet Union foreign policy , first and most clearly outlined by S. Kovalev in a September 26, 1968 Pravda article, entitled Sovereignty and the International Obligations of Socialist Countries. Leonid Ilych Brezhnev Leonid Brezhnev reiterated it in a speech at the Fifth Congress of the Polish United Workers Party on November 13, 1968, which stated When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the development of some socialist country towards capitalism , it becomes not only a problem of the country concerned, but a common problem and concern of all socialist countries. This doctrine was announced to retroactively justify the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 that ended the Prague Spring , along with earlier Soviet military interventions, such as the Hungarian revolution of 1956 invasion of Hungary in 1956 . These interventions were meant to put an end to democratic liberalization efforts ... bloc. Implicit in this doctrine was that the leadership of the Soviet Union reserved, for itself, the right to define socialism and capitalism . Following the announcement of the Brezhnev Doctrine, numerous ... and to further ensure inter state cooperation. The principles of the doctrine were so broad that the Soviets ... war in Afghanistan Afghanistan in 1979 . The Brezhnev Doctrine stayed in effect until it was finally ..., Prague and Warsaw Overcoming the Brezhnev Doctrine. Cold War History 1, no. 2 2001 103 118. ref ... named Sinatra Doctrine in 1989. See also Wikisourcepar2 Brezhnev Doctrine Text of Brezhnev s speech Truman Doctrine Johnson Doctrine Domino theory Cold War Gladio Ulbricht Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Soviet occupations Sinatra Doctrine References reflist Bibliography Ouimet, Matthew The Rise and Fall of the Brezhnev Doctrine in Soviet Foreign Policy. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill ... fr Doctrine Brejnev fy Brezjnev doktrine ko hr Bre njevljeva doktrina it Dottrina ... more details
dablink Principle of law redirects here. For other uses, see law principle . A legal doctrine is a framework, set of rules, procedural steps, or test, often established through precedent in the common law , through which judgments can be determined in a given legal case. A doctrine comes about when a judge makes a ruling where a process is outlined and applied, and allows for it to be equally applied to like cases. When enough judges make use of the process soon enough it becomes established as the de facto method of deciding like situations. See also Constitutionalism Constitutional economics Rule according to higher law External links Emerson H. Tiller and Frank B. Cross, http www.law.northwestern.edu lawreview v100 n1 517 LR100n1Tiller Cross.pdf What is Legal Doctrine? , Northwestern University Law Review , Vol. 100 1, 2006. DEFAULTSORT Legal Doctrine Category Legal doctrines and principles Law stub bg it Dottrina ru ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced December 2009 lead too short December 2009 Prime Minister of Israel Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin enunciated what came to be known as the Begin doctrine On no account shall we permit an enemy to develop weapons of mass destruction WMD against the people of Israel . This doctrine has been used by Israeli politicians to justify a possible attack on Iran s project to develop a nuclear facility. Begin formed the doctrine to justify the Israeli attack on the Iraq i nuclear reactor Osirak in Operation Opera in 1981. Category Foreign policy doctrines Category 1981 in Israel Category 1981 in international relations Israel stub ... more details
The Powell Doctrine is a journalist created term, named after General Colin Powell in the run up to the 1990 1991 Gulf War . It is based in large part on the Weinberger Doctrine , devised by Caspar Weinberger , former United States Secretary of Defense Secretary of Defense and Powell s former boss. The Powell Doctrine states that a list of questions all have to be answered affirmatively before military action is taken by the United States Is a vital national security interest threatened? Do we have a clear attainable objective? Have the risks and costs been fully and frankly analyzed? Have all other non violent policy means been fully exhausted? Is there a plausible exit strategy to avoid endless entanglement? Have the consequences of our action been fully considered? Is the action supported by the American people? Do we have genuine broad international support? ref http www.pbs.org newshour extra teachers lessonplans iraq powelldoctrine.html The Powell Doctrine Background, Application and Critical Analysis , Doug DuBrin, NewsHour Extra ref As Powell said in an April 1, 2009 interview on The Rachel Maddow Show TV series The Rachel Maddow Show , the Doctrine denotes the exhausting of all political, economic, and diplomatic means, which, only if those means prove to be futile, should a nation resort to military force. Powell has expanded upon the Doctrine, asserting that when a nation is engaging in war, every resource and tool should be used to achieve decisive force against the enemy, minimizing US casualties and ending the conflict quickly by forcing the weaker force to capitulate. This is well in line with Western military strategy dating at least from Carl von Clausewitz s On War . Citation needed date May 2010 The Doctrine has been used to compare the Vietnam War , the Gulf ... ref See also Bush Doctrine Pottery barn rule Reagan Doctrine Just War Weinberger Doctrine References ... fr Doctrine Powell pl Doktryna Powella ru ... more details
The Drago Doctrine was announced in 1902 by the Argentina Argentine Minister of Foreign Affairs Luis Mar a Drago . Extending the Monroe Doctrine , it set forth the policy that no foreign power, including the United States , could use force against an Americas American nation to collect debt . It was supplanted in 1904 by the Roosevelt Corollary . It grew from the ideas expressed by Carlos Calvo historian Carlos Calvo in Derecho internacional te rico y pr ctico de Europa y Am rica , commonly known as the Calvo Doctrine . The Calvo Doctrine proposed to prohibit diplomatic intervention before local resources were exhausted. The Drago Doctrine itself was a response to the actions of Britain, Germany, and Italy, who had blockaded and shelled ports in response to Venezuela s massive debt, acquired under president Cipriano Castro . A modified version by Horace Porter was adopted at the Hague in 1907, adding that arbitration and litigation should always be used first. ref cite web url http www.bartleby.com 65 ca Calvo Ca.html title Columbia Encyclopedia article on the Calvo Doctrine publisher bartleby.com accessdate 9 April 2011 ref ref cite web url http www.bartleby.com 65 dr Drago Lu.html title Columbia Encyclopedia article on Luis Mar a Drago publisher bartleby.com accessdate 9 April 2011 ref ref cite web url http www.encyclopedia.com html D Drago L1u.asp title Encyclopedia.com article on Luis Mar a Drago publisher Encyclopedia.com accessdate 9 April 2011 ref References reflist Category Foreign policy doctrines Category 1902 in law Category Political history of Argentina Category History of Argentina 1880 1916 Category 1902 in international relations Category Politics of Venezuela Category 1902 in Venezuela Category 1902 in South America poli stub Argentina hist stub cs Dragova doktr na es Doctrina Drago fr Doctrine Drago pt Doutrina Drago ru sr tr Drago Doktrini ... more details
The Fairness Doctrine was a policy of the United States Federal Communications Commission FCC , introduced ... and balanced. The FCC decided to eliminate the Doctrine in 1987, and in August 2011 the FCC formally removed the language that implemented the Doctrine. ref name Finally cite web last Boliek first Brooks title FCC finally kills off fairness doctrine url http www.politico.com news stories 0811 61851.html work POLITICO date August 22, 2011 ref The Fairness Doctrine had two basic elements It required .... The doctrine did not require equal time for opposing views but required that contrasting viewpoints be presented. ref cite news last Rendall first Steve coauthors title The Fairness Doctrine How ... The main agenda for the doctrine was to ensure that viewers were exposed to a diversity of viewpoints ... right to enforce the Fairness Doctrine where channels were limited. But the courts did not rule that the FCC ... a need for the Doctrine. However, the proliferation of cable television, multiple channels within .... The Fairness Doctrine should not be confused with the Equal time rule Equal Time rule. The Fairness Doctrine deals with discussion of controversial issues, while the Equal Time rule deals only with political ... Doctrine. It established two forms of regulation on broadcasters to provide adequate coverage of public ... Communications Commission, the broadcast industry, and the fairness doctrine 1981 1987 , New ... time to issue oriented citizens. Broadcasters could therefore trigger Fairness Doctrine complaints without editorializing. The commission required neither of the Fairness Doctrine s obligations before ... ref ref Report on Editorializing by Broadcast Licensees, 13 F.C.C. 1246 1949 ref The doctrine remained ... of the doctrine were incorporated into FCC regulations. ref Donald P. Mullally, The Fairness Doctrine Benefits and Costs , The Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 4 Winter, 1969 1970 , p. 577 ref Application of the Doctrine by the FCC In 1974, the Federal Communications Commission stated ... more details
Military doctrine is the concise expression of how military forces contribute to Military campaign campaign ... engagement s. It is a guide to action, not hard and fast rules. Doctrine provides a common frame ... common ways of accomplishing military tasks. Doctrine links theory, history, experimentation, and practice. Its objective is to foster initiative and creative thinking. Doctrine provides the military ... lexicon for use by military planners and leaders. Defining doctrine NATO s definition of doctrine ... Military doctrine is a formal expression of military knowledge and thought, that the army accepts ... Air University staff study in 1948 defined military doctrine functionally as those concepts, principles ..., 13 July 1948, quoted in Futrell, Robert Frank. Ideas, Concepts, Doctrine Basic Thinking in the United ... definition of doctrine as the central idea of an army . ref Gary Sheffield, Doctrine & Command in the British Army, A Historical Overview, Army Doctrine Publication Land Operations, DGD&D, British Army , May 2005, p.165 ref The Soviet Dictionary of Basic Military Terms defined military doctrine ... and the use of the armed forces in them... Military doctrine has two aspects social political and military technical. ref Moscow Voenizdat, 1965, quoted in William Odom , Soviet Military Doctrine, Foreign .... NATO s capstone doctrine Development of doctrine Before the development of separate doctrinal publications ... under various names were subsequently published. Formal British Military Doctrine was first published in 1988 and in 1996 became British Defence Doctrine applicable throughout the armed forces. France The development of military doctrine in France came about in the aftermath of the nation ... commandant, Ferdinand Foch , began developing a consistent doctrine for handling armies, corps, and divisions ... of War , expressed this doctrine. Prussia and German Empire Prussian doctrine was published as Regulations ... of the 17th June, 1870 . The doctrine was revised in 1887 and published in English in 1893 as The Order ... more details
Princely States topics The Doctrine of Lapse was an annexation policy purportedly devised by James Andrew Broun Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie Lord Dalhousie , who was the Governor General for the East India Company in India between 1848 and 1856. According to the Doctrine, any principality princely state or territory under the direct influence paramountcy of the British East India Company the dominant imperialism imperial power in the Indian subcontinent subcontinent , as a vassal state under the British Subsidiary System, would automatically be annexed if the ruler was either manifestly incompetent or died without a direct heir . ref name keay John Keay Keay, John . India A History . Grove Press Books, distributed by Publishers Group West. United States 2000 ISBN 0 8021 3797 0, p. 433. ref The latter supplanted the long established right of an Indian sovereign without an heir to choose a successor. In addition, the British decided whether potential rulers were competent enough. The doctrine and its application were widely regarded by Indians as illegitimate. At the time of its adoption, the Company had absolute, imperial administrative jurisdiction over many regions spread over the subcontinent. The company took over the princely states of Satara 1848 , Jaipur and Sambalpur 1849 , Nagpur and Jhansi 1854 and Awadh Oudh 1856 and Udaipur using this doctrine. The Company added about four million pounds sterling to its annual revenue by use of this doctrine. ref name wolpert Wolpert ... India Company, renounced the doctrine. ref Wolpert 1989 , p. 240. ref The princely state of Kittur was taken over by the East India Company in 1824 by imposing a Doctrine Of Lapse . So it is debatable ... by putting it to paper and ink. Dalhousie s annexations and the doctrine of lapse had caused suspicion ... British India Category Indian Rebellion of 1857 de Doctrine of Lapse it Dottrina della decadenza ml sv Doctrine of lapse ... more details
The Petrine Doctrine is based upon Roman Catholic Church Catholic tradition, which proclaims the legitimacy and supremacy of the Pope over all other bishop s of the Catholic Church. This Doctrine is founded upon the book of Gospel of Matthew Matthew in the Bible . Matthew 16 18 19 states 18 And I say unto thee, That thou art Saint Peter Peter , and upon this rock I will build my church and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it. 19 And I will give unto thee the Keys of Heaven keys of the kingdom of Heaven and whatsoever thou shalt Binding and loosing bind on earth shall be bound in Heaven and whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth shall be loosed in Heaven . These verses tell of Jesus s proclamation that Peter, and thus his successors, shall be the head of the Church as the sole custodians of the Christian faith. First Vatican Council Vatican Council I defined the primacy of the bishop of Rome over the whole Catholic Church as an essential institution of the Church that can never ... over Christendom . According to Roman Catholic doctrine, St. Peter was the first Bishop of Rome ..., 1989. pp. 208 209. ref Individuals and documents supporting the Petrine Doctrine Irenaeus Irenaeus ... asserted the Doctrine of Apostolic Succession to counter the claims of heretics, especially the Gnostics ... find true teaching in several leading episcopal sees, not just at Rome. The doctrine he asserted ... Illustrating Papal Authority A.D. 96 454. London S.P.C.K., 1952. p. 198. ref The doctrine ... between himself and Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor King Henry IV of Germany, known as the Investiture ... Church from 1050 to 1250. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1989. p. 129. ref This doctrine supported the idea .... Those present employ titles such as the most holy and beloved of God and ecumenical archbishop and patriarch ... never been rejoined, calling into question both the legitimacy of the popes and the Petrine Doctrine ... and the Popes. Baltimore Helicon Press, 1960. DEFAULTSORT Petrine Doctrine Category Catholic doctrines ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2009 The Fukuda Doctrine was asserted by Japan ese Prime Minister Takeo Fukuda . In 1977, while on a tour of the ASEAN member states, the prime minister made a speech in Manila in which he articulated Japan s foreign policy that later became known as the Fukuda Doctrine. Prime Minister Fukuda pledged that Japan, a country committed to peace, would never become a military power and that Japan would build up relationship of mutual confidence and trust with Southeast Asia n countries in wide ranging fields, and that Japan would cooperate positively with ASEAN and its member countries in their own efforts, as an equal partner. The Fukuda Doctrine serves as the foundation of Japan s current and future diplomacy toward the rest of Asia. Category Foreign relations of Postwar Japan Category Foreign policy doctrines Category 1977 in Japan Category 1977 in international relations Japan gov stub ja zh ... more details
MB Doctrine is the foreign policy doctrine of South Korea n President of South Korea president ref cite news last Jin first Dae woong url http www.koreaherald.co.kr NEWKHSITE data html dir 2007 12 21 200712210049.asp title Lee Myung bak the bulldozer politician publisher The Korea Herald date 21 December 2007 ref Lee Myung bak . The policy advocates North Korea South Korea relations engagement with North Korea and strong South Korea United States relations . ref cite news last Jin first Dae woong url http www.koreaherald.co.kr NEWKHSITE data html dir 2007 12 21 200712210050.asp title Veteran diplomats, academics formulate the MB doctrine publisher The Korea Herald date 21 December 2007 ref References references See also South Korea United States relations North Korea South Korea relations Category Foreign policy doctrines Category Foreign relations of South Korea Category Politics of South Korea Korea stub ... more details
The Clinton Doctrine is not a clear statement in the way that many other United States Presidential doctrines were. However, in a February 26, 1999, speech, President Bill Clinton said the following, which was generally considered to summarize the Clinton Doctrine ref cite web author Michael T. Klare url http www.thenation.com doc 19990419 klare title The Clinton Doctrine date 1999 04 19 accessdate 2008 09 16 publisher The Nation Dead link date September 2010 bot H3llBot ref It s easy ... to say that we really have no interests in who lives in this or that valley in Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia , or who owns a strip of brushland in the Horn of Africa , or some piece of parched earth by the Jordan River . But the true measure of our interests lies not in how small or distant these places are, or in whether we have trouble pronouncing their names. The question we must ask is, what are the consequences to our security of letting conflicts fester and spread. We cannot, indeed, we should not, do everything or be everywhere. But where our values and our interests are at stake, and where we can make a difference, we must be prepared to do so. Clinton later made statements that augmented the doctrine of Interventionism politics interventionism Genocide is in and of itself a national interest where we should act and we can say to the people of the world, whether you live in Africa , or Central Europe , or any other place, if somebody comes after innocent civilians and tries to kill them en masse because of their race, their ethnic background or their religion, and it s within our power to stop it, we will stop it. The Clinton Doctrine was used to justify the American involvement in the Yugoslav Wars . President Clinton was criticized for not intervening to stop the Rwandan Genocide of 1994. Other observers viewed Operation Gothic Serpent in Somalia as a mistake. See also Obama Doctrine 2009 Bush Doctrine 2001 2009 . Reagan Doctrine 1981 1989 . Carter Doctrine 1977 1981 . References ... more details
dablink For the 18th century book on probability theory, see The Doctrine of Chances . Evidence law In law , the doctrine of chances is a rules of evidence rule of evidence law evidence that allows evidence to show that it is unlikely a defendant would be repeatedly, innocently involved in similar, suspicious circumstances. Normally, under Federal Rules of Evidence Federal Rule of Evidence 404, evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. Using the doctrine of chances allows a prosecutor to admit evidence of prior accidents that can persuade a jury that prior incidents are so similar that it is very improbable that the case at bar is actually accidental. The doctrine of chances was first developed by English courts in the case George Joseph Smith Rex v. Smith , 11 Cr. App. R. 229, 84 L.J.K.B. 2153 1915 , better known as the brides in the bath murder . In this case the defendant was accused of murdering his wife by drowning her in a bath. The defendant claimed that his wife had fainted in the bath. The prosecutor sought to include evidence in the trial that the defendant s two previous wives had both died in the same way. The evidence was allowed. References United States v. Tyndale, 56 M.J. 209, 213 C.A.A.F. 2001 , http www.armfor.uscourts.gov opinions 2002Term 00 0113.htm Federal Rule of Evidence 404, http www.law.cornell.edu rules fre rules.htm Rule404 law term stub Category Evidence law Category Legal doctrines and principles ... more details
Refimprove date November 2006 The Rumsfeld Doctrine , named after former United States Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld , is a neologism created by journalists Citation needed date September 2008 concerned with the perceived transformation of the military of the United States . It would be considered Rumsfeld s own take on RMA Revolution in Military Affairs . It seeks to increase force readiness and decrease the amount of supply required to maintain forces, by reducing the number in a theater. This is done mainly by using LAVs LAV Light Armoured Vehicles to scout for enemies who are then destroyed via airstrike s. The basic tenets of this military strategy are High technology combat systems Reliance on air forces Small, nimble ground forces. Afghanistan and the Iraq wars are considered the two closest implementations of this doctrine. Opposition Opponents argue that the doctrine entails a heavy reliance on air strikes to replace a lack of ground forces. Beginning with Saddam Hussein , there were at least 50 air strikes aimed at decapitating the Iraqi leadership. Not a single one was successful. However, there were extensive civilian casualties. ref http www.hrw.org reports 2003 usa1203 ref Opponents also claim that without ground troops to secure the border, top Baath Party Ba athist regime members fled the country with vast Iraqi funds and foreign Iraqi insurgency insurgents moved into the country. There were not enough troops to defend the Iraqi border from foreign backed ... Doctrine as one of just enough troops to lose . ref name Friedman cite news title Iraq Politics or Policy ... surge in Iraq , the influence of the Rumsfeld Doctrine seems to be declining. See also Powell Doctrine ... www.businessweek.com magazine content 04 17 b3880048.htm Bruce Nussbaum Criticism of Rumsfeld Doctrine ... WSJ on 2520Rumsfeld 2520Doctrine.doc 22Rumsfeld Doctrine 22&hl en Greg Jaffe Take on the Rumsfeld Doctrine Foreign relations of the United States expanded DPC Category Foreign policy doctrines of the United ... more details
The Casta eda Doctrine is a term used as reference to Mexico s foreign policy during the presidency of Vicente Fox . Its name derives from Jorge G. Casta eda , proponent of the policy. President Fox appointed Casta eda to be his Secretary of Foreign Affairs Mexico Secretary of Foreign Affairs at the beginning of his term. Casta eda immediately broke with the old style foreign policy, known as the Estrada Doctrine . The new foreign policy called for an openness and an acceptance of criticism from the international community, and the increase of Mexican involvement in foreign affairs. ref http web.archive.org web 20091027011156 http mx.geocities.com cencoalt 110901 doctrina.htm La nueva diplomacia mexicana se defini con base en el cambio pol tico inaugurado el 2 de julio del 2000 y en las transformaciones del mundo. Por tanto, M xico ser activo en defensa de la democracia que le cost muchos a os consolidar por la v a de la alternancia. ref However, after a series of foreign policy blunders, among which include Mexico s temporary rift with Cuba and criticism from many Latin American countries such as Argentina and Venezuela for adopting a pro US stance with this doctrine, the Casta eda has been effectively, if not officially, discontinued under the Calder n administration. Citation needed date May 2010 References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Castaneda Doctrine Category Politics of Mexico Category Vicente Fox pt Doutrina Casta eda ... more details
In American jurisprudence , the overbreadth doctrine is primarily concerned with facial challenge s to laws under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution First Amendment . American courts have recognized several exceptions to the speech protected by the First Amendment for example, obscenity , fighting words , and libel or defamation , and states therefore have some latitude to regulate unprotected speech. A statute doing so is overly broad hence, overbreadth if, in proscribing unprotected speech, it also proscribes protected speech. Because an overly broad law may deter constitutionally protected speech, the overbreadth doctrine allows a party to whom the law may constitutionally be applied to challenge the statute on the ground that it violates the First Amendment rights of others. See, e.g., Board of Trustees of State Univ. of Board of Trustees, State Univ. of N. Y. v. Fox N.Y. v. Fox, 492 U.S. 469, 483 1989 , and R. A. V. v. City of St. Paul R. A. V. v. City of St. Paul, 505 U.S. 377 1992 . Overbreadth is closely related to Void for vagueness vagueness if a prohibition is expressed in a way that is too unclear for a person to reasonably know whether or not their conduct falls within the law, then to avoid the risk of legal consequences they often stay far away from anything that could possibly fit the uncertain wording of the law. The law s effects are thereby ..., 130 S.Ct. 1577, 1592 Alito, J., dissenting . The overbreadth doctrine is to strike a balance between competing social costs. U.S. v. Williams, 553 U.S. 285, 292. Specifically, the doctrine seeks ... . Lewis Sargentich first analyzed and named the doctrine in his famous note in the Harvard Law Review , The First Amendment Overbreadth Doctrine 83 Harv. L. Rev. 844 . Then, citing Sargentich s note, the Supreme Court in Broadrick v. Oklahoma explicitly recognized the doctrine in 1973. External links ... Doctrine Category United States Free Speech Clause case law ko ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Intellectual property In trademark law , the functionality doctrine prevents manufacturer s from protecting specific features of a product by means of trademark law. This separates trademarks from patent s &mdash trademarks serve to protect a business firm s reputation and Goodwill business goodwill , whereas patents serve to protect processes, machine s, and material invention s. If a feature gives a producer a competitive advantage which is not related entirely to its function as a brand identifier, then it cannot be trademarked. The rationale behind this doctrine is that product markets would not be truly competitive if newcomers could not make product with a feature that consumers demand. See also Idea expression divide Trade dress US law stub Category Trademark law Category Legal doctrines and principles ... more details
The Doctrine of the Mean zh c p zh ng y ng , is both a concept and one of the books of Confucian teachings. The composition of the text is attributed to Zisi or Kong Ji the only grandson of Confucius, and it came from a chapter in the Classic of Rites . The term is originally derived from a verse of the Analects which reads cquote2 The Master Confucius said, The virtue embodied in the doctrine of the Mean is of the highest order. But it has long been rare among people Doctrine of the Mean 6 26 Burton Watson tr. However, the Analects never expands on what this term means. The Doctrine of the Mean as a text was adopted into the later Confucian Canon of the Neo Confucian movement as compiled by Zhu Xi , and delves into great detail the meaning of this term, as well as how to apply it to one s life. Alternate translations Alternate translations of the term include the Constant Mean James, Legge the Middle Way Simon, Leys the Middle Use Arthur Waley the Unswerving Unwobbling Pivot or Pivot ... Robert Foster Interpretation The Doctrine of the Mean is a text rich with symbolism and guidance ..., as long as they do not exceed their natural order Internet Sacred Text Archive, 2008 . The Doctrine ... year 2008 isbn 1593392923 ref . The guiding principle is that one should never act in excess. The Doctrine ... prior to the twentieth century the Doctrine of the Mean was integrated into the education system ... and understanding of the Four Classics, included in this is the Doctrine of the Mean. The imperial ... system. Using the Doctrine of the Mean has become a useful source for Neo Confucians due to the similarities ... linked to traditional Confucian thought. See also Aristotle s Nicomachean Ethics Doctrine of the Mean ... zhongyong.html excerpts of the Doctrine of the Mean at Chinaknowledge http www.nothingistic.org library ... Chan wikisource The Doctrine of the Mean wikisourcelang zh Confucian texts ChineseText Category ... Yong ko id Zhong Yong it Il giusto mezzo nl Doctrine van het Midden ja pl Doktryna rodka ... more details
The term Eisenhower Doctrine refers to a speech by President Dwight David Eisenhower on 5 January 1957, within a Special Message to the United States Congress Congress on the Situation in the Middle East . Under the Eisenhower Doctrine, a country could request American economic assistance and or aid from U.S. military forces if it was being threatened by armed aggression from another state ref Buescher, John. http teachinghistory.org history content ask a historian 23930 The U.S. and Egypt in the 1950s , http www.teachinghistory.org Teachinghistory.org , accessed August 20, 2011. ref . Eisenhower singled out the Soviet threat in his doctrine by authorizing the commitment of U.S. forces to secure and protect the territorial integrity and political independence of such nations, requesting such aid against covert armed aggression from any nation controlled by international communism. ref The Eisenhower Doctrine, 1957 see http www.state.gov r pa ho time lw 82548.htm ref In the global political context, the Doctrine was made in response to the possibility of a generalized war, threatened as a result of the Soviet Union s attempt to use the Suez War as a pretext to enter Egypt . Coupled with the power vacuum left by the decline of United Kingdom British and France French power in the region after the US protested against the conduct of their allies during the Suez War, Eisenhower felt that a strong position needed to better the situation was further complicated by the positions taken ... the Soviets. On the regional level, the intent was that the Doctrine would help to provide the independent ... Communist influence through isolation of Nasser. The doctrine largely failed on that front .... The Eisenhower Doctrine was a backflip against the previous policy, however, the US now had the burden of military action in the Middle East to itself. The military action provisions of the Doctrine ... doktr na de Eisenhower Doktrin et Eisenhoweri doktriin fr Doctrine Eisenhower ko it Dottrina ... more details
Onesource date June 2008 The Weinberger Doctrine was a list of points governing when the United States could commit troops in military engagements. The doctrine was publicly disclosed by U.S. Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger on November 28, 1984 in a speech entitled The Uses of Military Power delivered before the National Press Club USA National Press Club in Washington, D.C. The Weinberger Doctrine was an outgrowth of the collective lessons learned from the Vietnam War and the desire of the U.S. government to avoid such quagmires in the future. ref LaFeber, Walter. The Rise and Fall of Colin Powell. Political Science Quarterly. Vol. 124, No. 1 March, 2009 pp. 71 93. ref The Weinberger doctrine The United States should not commit forces to combat unless the vital national interests of the United States or its allies are involved. U.S. troops should only be committed wholeheartedly and with the clear intention of winning. Otherwise, troops should not be committed. U.S. combat troops should be committed only with clearly defined political and military objectives and with the capacity to accomplish those objectives. The relationship between the objectives and the size and composition of the forces committed should be continually reassessed and adjusted if necessary. U.S. troops should not be committed to battle without a reasonable assurance of the support of U.S. public opinion and Congress. The commitment of U.S. troops should be considered only as a last resort. Events leading to the Weinberger Doctrine Two unconnected events led to Weinberger s speech. One was his wanting ... of the Weinberger Doctrine, was the legacy of the Vietnam War. From 1975 and the fall of South .... Notably, the Secretary of State at the time of the Doctrine s publishing, George Shultz ... D.C. Potomac Books, Inc., 2008. ref See also Vietnam War Powell doctrine Bush doctrine References ... Category Presidency of Ronald Reagan fr Doctrine Weinberger uk ... more details
The Nixon Doctrine also known as the Guam Doctrine was put forth in a press conference in Guam on July 25, 1969 by President of the United States U.S. President Richard Nixon . He stated that the United States henceforth expected its allies to take care of their own military defense, but that the U.S. would aid in defense as requested. The Doctrine argued for the pursuit of peace through a partnership with American allies. In Nixon s own words Address to the Nation on the War in Vietnam November 3, 1969 ref cite web author Richard M. Nixon title President Nixon s Speech on Vietnamization date November 3, 1969 url http vietnam.vassar.edu doc14.html format reprint ref First, the United States will keep all of its treaty commitments. Second, we shall provide a shield if a nuclear power threatens the freedom of a nation allied with us or of a nation whose survival we consider vital to our security. Third, in cases involving other types of aggression, we shall furnish military and economic assistance ... directly threatened to assume the primary responsibility of providing the manpower for its defense. The doctrine ... aid to Iran and Saudi Arabia . ref name time doctrine cite news url http www.time.com time magazine ... Doctrine date 2007 01 04 publisher Time magazine TIME ref According to author Michael Klare , ref ... York Henry Holt, 2004 ref application of the Nixon Doctrine opened the floodgates of U.S. military aid to allies in the Persian Gulf, and helped set the stage for the Carter Doctrine and for the subsequent direct U.S. military involvement of the Gulf War and the Iraq War . Doctrine In Practice Both Nixonians and Contrarians argue that the Guam Doctrine may have masked other needs, intentions, and motives ... J. Kimball title The Nixon Doctrine A Saga of Misunderstanding year 2006 journal Presidential Studies ... Nixon da Nixondoktrinen de Nixon Doktrin et Nixoni doktriin es Doctrina Nixon fr Doctrine Nixon ko it Dottrina Nixon hu Nixon doktr na nl Nixon doctrine ja no Nixon doktrinen pl ... more details
The Dahiya doctrine is a military strategy put forth by the Israeli general Gadi Eizenkot that pertains to asymmetric warfare in an urban setting, in which the army deliberately targets civilian infrastructure, as a means of inducing suffering for the civilian population, thereby establishing deterrence. ref name UN United Nations General Assembly, http www2.ohchr.org english bodies hrcouncil docs 12session A HRC 12 48.pdf Report of the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict , 25 09 2010 ref The doctrine is named after a Hizbullah stronghold in Beirut with large apartment buildings which were flattened by the Israel Defense Forces IDF during the 2006 Lebanon War . ref name FinallyRealizes http www.ynet.co.il english articles 0,7340,L 3605863,00.html The Dahiya Strategy Israel finally realizes that Arabs should be accountable for their leaders acts The Dahiya strategy, according to IDF Northern Command Chief Gadi Eisenkot. Interview in Yedioth Ahronoth. 10.06.08. ref Israel ... War The first public announcement of the doctrine was made by General Gadi Eizenkot , commander of the IDF ...&pg PA401&dq 22dahiya doctrine 22&hl en&ei v1mnTeaBL4TEswaI36j7Bg&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum ... , Israeli journalist Yaron London wrote in 2008 that the doctrine, will become entrenched in our security ... makes several references to the Dahiya doctrine, calling it a concept which requires the application ... that the doctrine had been put into practice during the conflict. ref name UN Criticism The doctrine ... approach expressed in the Dahiye Doctrine deals with asymmetrical combat against an enemy ... to the magnitude of the enemy s actions. The report further argues that the doctrine was fully ... Falk wrote that under the doctrine, the civilian infrastructure of adversaries such as Hamas or Hezbollah ... elementary norms of the law of war and of universal morality, but an avowal of a doctrine of violence ... cs Doktr na Dah ja fr Doctrine Dahiya ... more details
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