Infobox Military Unit unit name 8th LAROM Brigade br Brigada 8 LAROM image File 8th Brigade insignia.jpg 250px caption Official insignia of the 8th LAROM Brigade nickname motto colors march ceremonial chief type Artillery branch Romanian Land Forces dates 16 August 1916 present country Romania allegiance command structure Romanian Land Forces size 5 battalions other supporting companies specialization current commander Brigadier General PhD. Florinel Damian garrison Foc ani battles notable commanders anniversaries 1st July From 1 November 2010 it current name is the 8th LAROM Brigade Alexandru Ioan Cuza . The 8th LAROM Brigade Alexandru Ioan Cuza Brigada 8 LAROM Alexandru Ioan Cuza is a Multiple Rocket Launcher brigade of the Romanian Land Forces . It was formed 1 July 1916 as the 2nd Heavy Artillery Brigade , and was named after the Romanian Domnitor and politician Alexandru Ioan Cuza. The Brigade is subordinated to the Romanian Land Forces and has its headquarters in Foc ani . The high professionalism of the personnel in this unit is the reason why a large number of soldiers in the brigade were, or still are present in various theaters of operations, such as Bosnia and Herzegovina , Afghanistan , and Iraq . Since October 2004, there are no more conscripts in the structures subordinated to the Brigade all the personnel is professional. World War I During World War I and World War II, the 8th Mixed Artillery Brigade was designated as the 2nd Heavy Artillery Brigade with its main subordinated units being the 1st and 5th Heavy Artillery Regiments. The 1st regiment participated in the Battle of M r e ti , while the 5th regiment took part of the Battle of Turtucaia . World War II During World War II , both the 1st and 5th regiments made part of the Romanian forces invading Odessa , the 5th regiment cannons were the first Romanian Army s cannons to hit Odessa. The 1st regiment was also involved in the Battle of Stalingrad starting with October 1942 , and the Battle of B ... more details
Image Sturdza.jpg thumb 200px Dimitrie Sturdza Dimitrie Sturdza IPA ro di mitri.e sturza , in full Dimitrie A. Sturdza Micl u anu 1833 &ndash 1914 was a Romania n statesman of the late 19th century, and president of the Romanian Academy between 1882 and 1884. Biography Born in Ia i , Principality of Moldavia Moldavia , and educated there at the Academia Mih ilean , he continued his studies in German Confederation Germany , took part in the political movements of the time, and was private secretary to Domnitor Prince Alexander John Cuza . Sturdza afterwards turned against the increasingly unsanctioned rule of Cuza, and joined Ion Br tianu and others in the deposition of the Prince 1866 , becoming a member of the Liberalism in Romania Liberal government. In 1899 he was elected leader of the National Liberal Party Romania National Liberal Party in succession to Br tianu, and was four times List of Prime Ministers of Romania Prime Minister for his last time in office, in 1907, Sturdza was called by King of Romania King Carol I of Romania Carol I to handle the crisis created by the 1907 Romanian Peasants Revolt peasants revolt of March . Although noted for his capacity for work, he was also a Nationalism nationalist , resentful of aliens in line with the anti Jewish policies of his party , and supported blocking non Romanians from a large number of social positions. He was appointed permanent secretary of the Romanian Academy, and became a recognized authority on Romanian numismatics . As secretary of the academy he was instrumental in assisting the publication of the collections of historic documents made by Constantin Hurmuzachi 30 vols., Bucharest , 1876 1897 , and other acts and documents besides a number of minor political pamphlets of transitory value. His son Alexandru D. Sturdza Alexandru Sturdza , by then a Colonel in the Romanian Army , defected to the German Empire Germans in 1916, during the Romanian Campaign World War I World War I . start box succession b ... more details
Wilhelm Knechtel lang es Guillermo Knechtel August 13, 1837, Pihl &ndash October 22, 1924, Bucharest was an ethnic German Austrian Empire Austrian Romania n gardener and botanist . Biography Born in Bohemia in a village now belonging to Nov Bor , Knechtel worked in Prague , then entered into the service of Maximilian I of Mexico Archduke Maximilian in 1860 at Miramare Miramare Castle in Trieste , Italy . When the Archduke was crowned Emperor of Mexico emperor of Mexico , Wilhelm accompanied him and designed various gardens in Mexico City , including the roof garden in Chapultepec Castle . After Maximilian s incarceration in June 1867, he briefly served in Lacroma a small island in the Adriatic Sea , before going into the service of Domnitor , later King of Romania King Carol I of Romania , as Director of Gardens and Professor of Botany at the Bucharest School of Agriculture . He was knighted Cavaler al Ordinului Coroanei Rom niei Knight of the Order of the Romanian Crown by Carol I of Romania on January 17, 1883. Besides his botanical work, Knechtel also served as a professor of German language German , Czech language Czech , Latin , Italian language Italian , Spanish language Spanish and Romanian language Romanian . After his death, Wilhelm Knechtel was buried in the Lutheranism Lutheran Cemetery in Bucharest. Bibliography Handschriftliche Aufzeichnungen meiner pers nlichen Eindr cke und Erlebnisse in Mexiko in den Jahren 1864 1867 Memorias del jardinero de Maximiliano de M xico Written notes of my personal impressions and experiences in Mexico in the years between 1864 1867 Memoires of the gardener to Maximilian of Mexico . Translation by Susanne Igler, Prologue by Amparo G mez Tepexicuapan, Edition by Jean Gerard Sidaner. To be published in Mexico City by The National Museum of History, Castillo de Chapultepec, Mexico 2000 2001 . German original published in approx. 1905 by Karl Bellmann Prague . G mez Tepexicuapan, Amparo Los jardines de Chapultepec en el siglo ... more details
Infobox school name Saint Sava National College image image caption imagesize 300px name native name Colegiul Na ional Sf ntul Sava latin name motto schoolmaster headmaster headmistress head teacher principal director George Cazacu superintendent type Public school government funded Public established 1688 staff faculty students ca. 1,000 enrollment address General Berthelot str. no. 23 city Bucharest state country Romania free label free colors Yellow, blue mascot nickname song district affiliations endowment authorizer information 4021 314 9294 website http www.licsfsava.ro School web site The Saint Sava National College Colegiul Na ional Sf ntul Sava is the oldest and one of the most prestigious high schools in Bucharest , Romania . The College is the direct descendant of the Saint Sava College Princely Academy of Saint Sava , which was divided in 1864 by Domnitor Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza into the University of Bucharest and the present high school. During the Communist Romania Communist era , its name was changed to Nicolae B lcescu High School . Saint Sava , originally the prince Rastko Nemanji son of the Serbian ruler and founder of the Serbian medieval state Stefan Nemanja and brother of King Stefan Prvoven ani , is the first Serb archbishop 1219 1233 , the most important saint in the Serbian Orthodox Church and important cultural and political worker of that time. History In the 17th century Saint Sava was actually an old monastery built in Bucharest s historic centre, in the proximity of today s University Square. It was here, in the rooms of the monastery that Romania s first higher education institution was set up.The founding of this college in the late 17th century was brought about by a strong European influence, mostly Italian, that encouraged the rise of the national spirit. This assertion of a national awareness had the firm support of many writers and historians of the age. In Wallachia Southern Romania the most remarkable representative of this ... more details
Image George valentin bibescu.jpg thumb right G. V. Bibescu 1880 1941 George Valentin, Prince Bibescu March 22, 1880, Bucharest July 2, 1941, Bucharest was a Romania n early aviation pioneer. Prince George III Valentin Bibescu Bibesco , nephew of Gheorghe Bibescu , domnitor ruler of Wallachia , was born in Bucharest. In 1902, he married Marthe Lucie Lahovary, who took the name Marthe Bibesco . They had one daughter, Valentina, born 27 August 1903. In 1912, he gave his wife as a present the Mogo oaia Palace . Valentina married Dmitri Ghika Com ne ti in 1925. Bibescu had an early interest in aviation he flew a balloon named Romania brought from France 1905. Later he tried to teach himself how to fly a Voisin airplane, also brought from France, but without success. After Louis Bl riot s demonstrative flight in Bucharest on October 18, 1909, he went to Paris and enrolled in Bl riot s school in Pau, Pyr n es Atlantiques Pau . On January 23, 1910, he obtained the International Pilot License number 20. After returning from France, Bibescu organized the Cotroceni Piloting School in Bucharest where Mircea Zorileanu and Nicolae Cap a were licensed. On May 5, 1912, he founded the Romanian National Aeronautic League. He was instrumental in founding the F d ration A ronautique Internationale FAI . Between 1927 and 1930, he was vice president, and between 1930 and 1941 president of the FAI. He was co founder of the Romanian Automobile Club 1901 , and of the Romanian Olympic Committee 1914 . Romania was among the first 6 nations in the world to organize car races. In 1904, he won the Bucharest Giurgiu Bucharest auto racing auto race , with an average hourly speed of 66 km h. In 1905, motorists George Valentin Bibescu, Leon Leonida, and Mihai Ferekide, accompanied by Marthe Bibesco, Maria Ferekide, and Claude Anet, made the first automobile trip to Persia , leaving from Gala i and reaching Ispahan . The trip is described by the French writer Claude Anet in his book, La Perse en aut ... more details
Infobox World Heritage Site WHS Churches of Moldavia Image image Moldovi a Monastery.JPG thumb Moldovi a Monastery with its beautifully preserved frescoes State Party Image Flag of Romania.svg 22px Romania Type Cultural Criteria i, iv ID 598 Region List of World Heritage Sites in Europe Europe Year 1993 Session Link http whc.unesco.org en list 598 The Moldovi a Monastery Romanian M n stirea Moldovi a is a Romanian Orthodox monastery situated in the commune of Vatra Moldovi ei , Suceava County , Moldavia, Romania . The Monastery of Moldovi a was built in 1532 by Petru Rare , who was Stefan the Great s in Romanian tefan cel Mare illegitimate son. It was founded as a protective barrier against the Muslim Ottoman conquerors from the East. History Stephen the Great , the King in Romanian Domnitor of Romania from 1457 until his death in 1504, fought 36 battles against the Ottoman Empire , winning 34 of them. He was very religious and built churches after many victories. Stephen s illegitimate son, Petru Rare , who ruled Moldavia from 1527 to 1538 and again from 1541 to 1546, promoted a new vision for Bukovina churches. He commissioned artists to cover the interiors and exteriors with elaborate frescoes portraits of saints and prophets, scenes from the life of Jesus . The best preserved are the monasteries in the towns of Sucevi a, Moldovi a, Vorone , Humor, Suceava, P tr u i, and Probota. Seven of them including the Monastery of Moldovi a were placed on UNESCO World Heritage list in 1993. Frescoes File Moldovita murals 2010 22.jpg thumb left Frescoes This monastery, built by Voivode Petru Rare , is one of the five monasteries in Northern Moldavia with frescoes painted on the outer walls. Sister Maika, who has been living in the monastery for more than 50 years, says that it is the holy scriptures in color . Moldovi a s frescoes were painted by Toma of Suceava in 1537. They are filled with yellow accents and are well preserved. The predominantly yellow and blue paintings ... more details
Image AcademiaMihaileana.jpg thumb 250px Academia Mih ilean Academia Mih ilean was an institution of higher learning based in Ia i , Moldavia , and active in the first part of the 19th century. Like other Eastern Europe ean institutions of its kind, it was both a high school and a Higher education higher learning institute, housing several faculties. History Academia Mih ilean s founder is intellectual Gheorghe Asachi , who obtained the permission and support of the ruling List of rulers of Moldavia Prince Mihail Sturdza . It derived its Mih ilean name from the monarch s first name literally Michaelian Academy . Sturdza issued the official decision which authorized the founding of the Academy in 1834. Because the institution was not assigned a building of its own, courses began at the Vasilian Gymnasium , a school founded by the same Asachi in 1828. On June 6, 1835 the academy had its official inauguration on separate premises, with the participation of Prince Sturdza. Although Academia Mih ilean no longer provided faculty courses after 1847, it was not legally disaffected, and temporarily suspended its activity during a time of political turmoil caused by the frequent Ottoman Empire Ottoman Russian Empire Russian clashes on Moldavia s soil, and the periods of Russian occupation . In 1860 Domnitor Alexandru Ioan Cuza decided to disestablish the institution and split its patrimony. Its faculties were set up as a nucleus for the newly established University of Ia i , while the inferior courses were re created as the National High School Ia i where studies lasted 7 years . Many of the academy s professors continued their activity within the University. Organisation Academia Mih ilean was organized in three faculties, of Law, Philosophy and Theology, following the model of its predecessor, the Princely Academy from Ia i 1707 1821 , where Asachi had been a teacher of Applied Sciences and Engineering from 1814 to 1819. The program of study in the faculties of Philos ... more details
of Romania following the 1859 election of Alexandru Ioan Cuza as prince or domnitor of both territories ... of Alexandru Ioan Cuza as Domnitor of the United Principalities from 1862 onwards. Although internationally ... more details
Hospodar or gospodar is a term of Slavic languages Slavonic origin, meaning lord or master . The rulers of Wallachia and Moldavia were styled hospodars in Slavic writings from the 15th century to 1866. Hospodar was used in addition to the title Voivode voivod . When writing in Romanian language Romanian , the term Domn from the Latin Dominus title dominus was used. At the end of this period, as the title had been held by many vassals of the Ottoman Empire Ottoman Ottoman Dynasty Sultan , its retention was considered inconsistent with the independence of the Danubian Principalities formalized from Romania only in 1878 replacing the tribute tributary status . Hospodar was therefore discarded in favour of domnitor or, in short, domn , which continued to be the official princely title up to the proclamation of a Kingdom of Romania in 1881 which did not include Transylvania until 1918 . Etymology and Slavic usage Gospodar lang bg , lang sr is a derivative of gospod , lord, spelled with a capital G, Gospod , it means Lord, God . The pronunciation as hospodar of a word written gospodar in most of the Slavonic languages which retain the Cyrillic script is not, as is sometimes alleged, due to the influence of Ukrainian language Ukrainian , but to that of Church Slavonic language Church Slavonic in both of these, g is frequently pronounced h . Citation needed date February 2007 In Ukrainian, hospodar is usually applied to the master owner of a house or other properties and also the head of a family. The hospodar s house is called as hospoda. There also an alternative form for the head of the household gazda which also common in Hungary . Hospod is used exclusively when referring to the Lord and has only has a slight relation to hospodar. The title was used briefly towards the end of the Second Bulgarian Empire . In 1394 95, Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria referred to himself not as a Tsar as traditionally , but as a gospodin of Tarnovo , and in foreign sources was ... more details
Infobox University name National University of Music Bucharest image name established 1863 type public rector Dan Buciu faculty students undergrad postgrad city Bucharest country Romania website http www.unmb.ro The National University of Music Bucharest lang ro Universitatea Na ional de Muzic Bucure ti , UNMB is a university level College or university school of music school of music located in Bucharest , Romania . Established as a school of music in 1863 and reorganized as an academy in 1931, it has functioned as a public university since 2001. It also offered training in drama until 1950, when this function was taken over by two institutes which were later reunited as the UNATC . Structure The National University of Music is divided into two faculties the Faculty of Composition, Musicology and Musical Pedagogy and the Faculty of Performing Arts. Administratively, it is divided into the Department of Scientific Research and Artistic Activities, the Department of International Relations and European Programs, the Teacher Training Department, the Music Shows Department, and the Low Residency Program Department see also Education in Romania . ref http www.unmb.ro UNMB official site retrieved February 21, 2008 ref The main building and Rector ate is situated at tirbei Vod Street, 33. As of 2010, UNMB s Rector is Dan Dediu. History The UNMB was established in June 1863 as the Music and Declamation Conservatory Conservatorul de Muzic i Declama iune , also translated as Music and Drama Conservatory , by decree of Domnitor Alexandru Ioan Cuza . Initially, it was a secondary education institution which included two main sections, the Institute of Vocal Music and the School of Instrumental Music, with branches in Bucharest and Ia i , Moldavia s former capital. ref name unmbhist http www.unmb.ro index.asp?idioma eng Short History of UNMB , at the http www.unmb.ro UNMB official site retrieved February 21, 2008 ref The Bucharest branch replaced the Philharmonic School ... more details
Infobox coat of arms name Coat of arms of Bucharest image Stema municipiu bucuresti.svg image width 150 middle middle width lesser lesser width armiger flagicon Bucharest Government of the city of Bucharest year adopted 1994 shield Azure heraldry Azure Or heraldry or Eagle heraldry eagle facing dexter, crowned azure crest A seven tower mural crown with a black eagle supporters None motto lang ro PATRIA I DREPTUL MEU other elements Gules in the escutcheon with thin azure heraldry azure bordure , charged with the image of Dimitrie Basarabov Saint Dimitrie Basarabov holding a spear dexter and a Latin cross sinister Latin cross in its beak dexter claw sword , sinister claw a Tenn sceptre earlier versions use The coat of arms of Bucharest is the Heraldry heraldic symbol standing for Bucharest , the capital of Romania . The present day coat of arms was created during the rule of Domnitor Alexandru Ioan Cuza changed under the Communist Romania Communist regime , it was used again, with minor alterations, since 1994 . Description The coat of arms is a bleu celeste Escutcheon heraldry escutcheon Charge heraldry charged with an Or heraldry or Eagle heraldry eagle facing dexter standing for the historical region of Wallachia see Coat of arms of Wallachia , crowned bleu celeste , blazon ed langued and armed gules with a Latin cross in its beak, standing over the motto PATRIA I DREPTUL MEU The Fatherland and My Right on a scroll tricolour ed horizontally red yellow blue the colours of the Flag of Romania Romanian flag . The eagle bears in its claws a sword dexter , a Tenn sceptre sinister , and on its breast a gules in the escutcheon with thin azure heraldry azure bordure , charged with the image of Dimitrie Basarabov Saint Dimitrie Basarabov holding a spear dexter and a Latin cross sinister . ref name Giurescu, p.350 Vasilescu Giurescu, p.350 Vasilescu ref The saint, who is the city s Patron saint patron , is commonly referred to as, and confounded with, Saint Demetrius ref ... more details
File Michael Weiss.jpg thumb 200px Michael Weiss 1569 1612 br 17th century drawing Michael Wei also spelled Michael Weiss , born in 1569, in Mediasch , deceased 16 October 1612, in Feldioara, Bra ov Marienburg was a Transylvania n Transylvanian Saxons Saxon politician and historian. He is mostly known for being the mayor of Bra ov Kronstadt modern day Bra ov, Romania . Early life and political ascent He was born in Mediasch current day Media , Romania as the son of mayor Johannes Wei and his wife, Gertrude Wolf whom would both die of the plague in 1586 . He went to the local elementary school, then, in 1583 , aged 14, attended the courses of the Jesuit school of Cluj Napoca Klausenburg . During the two years spent there, he learned Hungarian language Hungarian , and progressed enough as to be able to write poems in this language. ref C rturari bra oveni, p. 226. ref Shortly, he began his political career, as secretary of Count Ferdinand von Hardek, and then by working for the Hungarian chancellor office in Prague . He was noticed by House of Habsburg Emperor Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II , who ennobled him in 1589 , at the age of only 20. ref C rturari bra oveni, p. 226. ref In 1590 , he returned to Transylvania. He was chosen in the Assembly of the one hundred in 1591 , then in 1594 , as representative of Kronstadt, Siebenb rgen Kronstadt in the Transylvanian Diet the political and constitutional organ of the principality and in the Senate , in 1600 . As representative and senator of Kronstadt, the voivode s Istv n Bocskay , Sigismund R k czi and those of the B thory B thory family sent Wei in several diplomatic missions, including to domnitor Radu erban of Wallachia . Michael Weiss described erban as being wealthy, cunning, ref in the sense of able, diplomatic ref and very skilled in the craft of war . ref Mu atcu, p. 29. ref In 1606 , the wallachian prince invited him to take part in several hunting and fishing trips, for two weeks. During this tim ... more details
See also Kingdom of Romania Infobox former monarchy royal title King realm Kingdom of Romania the Romanians coatofarms Kingdom of Romania Big CoA.svg coatofarmscaption Coat of arms of Romania Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Romania image Mihai.jpg caption Michael I first monarch Carol I of Romania Carol I last monarch Michael of Romania Michael style residence appointer began 26 March 1881 ended 30 December 1947 br age in years and days 1881 3 26 1947 12 30 pretender Michael of Romania Michael Image Royal standard of Romania King, 1922 model .svg 200px right thumb Royal standard of the King of Romania King of the Romanians in Romanian Regele Rom nilor , ref cite web url http geocities.com romaniancoins 100lei1939.html archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20091027152147 http geocities.com romaniancoins 100lei1939.html archivedate October 27, 2009 title Gold set 1939 publisher Romanian Coins ref rather than King of Romania in Romanian Regele Rom niei , was the official title of the ruler of the Kingdom of Romania from 1881 until 1947, when Romania was proclaimed a republic . The state had been called the Principality of Romania in French Roumanie since 1862, after the Ottoman Empire Ottoman vassal state s of Wallachia and Moldavia had been united in 1859 under Alexandru Ioan Cuza as Prince of Romania , or Domnitor . Cuza had become the prince of the separate principalities in 1859. He was deposed in 1866 by an ad hoc coalition of the main political parties, which then officially offered the throne of the United Principalities to the Germany German Prince of the Royal family, Carol Charles of Hohenzollern Sigmaringen , to become the new Prince of Romania. Romania s independence from the Ottoman Empire was recognized in 1878 at the Congress of Berlin the principality became a sovereign monarchy kingdom in 1881, with Prince Carol as King Carol I of Romania. ref cite book url http www.archive.org stream reminiscencesofk00kremiala title Reminiscences of the King of Roumania ... more details
Infobox document document name Constitution of Romania image image width image caption date created 21 November 1991 date ratified 8 December 1991 location of document writer Antonie Iorgovan et al. signers purpose Replace the 1965 Constitution of Romania 1965 Constitution Politics of Romania The 1991 Constitution of Romania was adopted on 21 November 1991. It was approved in a Romanian constitutional referendum, 1991 referendum on 8 December and introduced on the same day. It remains the current fundamental law that establishes the structure of the government of Romania , the rights and obligations of the country s citizens, and its mode of passing laws. It stands as the basis of the legitimacy of the Romanian government. The constitution was most recently revised by a Romanian constitutional referendum, 2003 referendum on 18 October 2003. The new text took effect on 29 October 2003. Structure The Constitution of 1991, as revised in 2003, contains 156 articles, divided into 8 titles Title I General principles Title II Fundamental rights, liberties, and duties Title III Public authorities Title IV The economy and public finance Title V Constitutional Court Title VI Euro Atlantic integration Title VII Revising the Constitution Title VIII Final and transitional provisions Background Regulamentul Organic , voted by the respective Sfatul boieresc Assemblies of Moldavia and Wallachia under Imperial Russia n occupation in 1831 1832, was the first organic law resembling a constitution ever awarded to the Danubian Principalities . It remained in place until 1858, when the Crimean War removed the two countries from Russian influence and confirmed the rule by several European powers first established by the Treaty of Paris 1856 Treaty of Paris the Paris Convention of 1858 remained the governing document following the election of Alexandru Ioan Cuza as Domnitor over the united countries 1859 , but was replaced by Cuza s own organic law, entitled Statutul dezvolt tor al Conven ... more details
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