No footnotes date August 2009 Downregulationupregulation pages where unified by following Wikipedia policy Wikipedia Wikipedia is not a dictionary Downregulation is the process by which a cell biology cell decreases the quantity of a cellular component, such as RNA or protein, in response to an external variable. An increase of a cellular component is called upregulation. An example of downregulation is the cellular decrease in the number of Receptor biochemistry receptors to a molecule, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter , which reduces the cell s sensitivity to the molecule. This phenomenon is an example of a locally acting negative feedback mechanism. An example of upregulation is the increased number of cytochrome P450 cytochrome P450 enzymes in liver cells when xenobiotic molecules such as Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins dioxin are administered resulting in greater degradation of these molecules or the increased numbers of NMDA glutamate receptors found in people who have consumed excessive quantities of alcohol thereby inhibiting those same receptors . Upregulation and downregulation can also happen as a response to toxins or hormones, for example in pregnancy hormones cause cells in the uterus become more sensitive to oxytocin . Receptor downregulation Mechanism The Insulin Receptor The process of downregulation occurs when there are elevated levels of the hormone insulin in the blood. When insulin binds to its receptors on the surface of a cell, the hormone receptor complex undergoes endocytosis and is subsequently attacked by intracellular lysosomal enzymes . The internalization of the insulin molecules provides a pathway for degradation of the hormone as well as for regulation of the number of sites that are available for binding on the cell surface. At high ... Biology DEFAULTSORT Downregulation And Upregulation Category Molecular biology de Herabregulation ... vasopressin . Reversal The process of downregulation can be counteracted in the above example. A person ... more details
Interventions infobox Name Desensitization medicine Image Caption ICD10 ICD9 99.12 OPS301 OPS301 8 030 MeshID D003888 OtherCodes For medical purposes, desensitization is a method to reduce or eliminate an organism s negative reaction to a substance or stimulus. For example, if a person with diabetes mellitus has a bad allergy allergic reaction to taking a full Dose biochemistry dose of beef insulin , the doctor gives the person a very small amount of the insulin at first. Over a period, larger doses are given until the person is taking the full dose. This is one way to help the body get used to the full dose and to avoid having the allergic reaction to beef origin insulin. At the cellular level, administration of small doses of toxin produces an IgG response which eventually overrides the hypersensitivity hypersensitive IgE response. A different mechanism is responsible for desensitization to antibiotics, which is performed over a shorter time course than desensitization to other allergies. In this form of desensitization, the patient is slowly exposed to a level of antibiotic that produces low grade anaphylaxis. At the end of the procedure, the patient s mast cells have depleted their granular contents, and the patient cannot undergo any allergic response until these cells restore these contents. In pharmacology , desensitization is the loss of responsiveness to the continuing or increasing dose of a drug. Also termed tachyphylaxis , Downregulation and upregulation downregulation , fade or drug tolerance . This may be an important area to consider for the future design of safer drugs. ref http www.bio balance.com DrugSafety.htm http www.bio balance.com Bot generated title ref See also Downregulation and upregulation downregulation physiological tolerance reverse tolerance hyposensitization References references Category Pharmacodynamics ar kk pl Odczulanie sr Desenzitizacija medicina ... more details
A biological pathway is a series of actions among molecules in a cell that leads to a certain product or a change in a cell. Such a pathway can trigger the assembly of new molecules, such as a fat or protein. Pathways can also turn genes on and off, or spur a cell to move. ref http www.genome.gov 27530687 ref Some of the most common biological pathways are involved in metabolism , the Downregulation and upregulation regulation of genes and the Cell signaling transmission of signals . See also WikiPathways Reactome Pathway commons Proteostasis Cysteine metabolism Sources references Category Molecular biology Molecular biology stub ... more details
Drugbox Verifiedfields changed Watchedfields changed verifiedrevid 408086549 IUPAC name nowiki 2S N 2S 1 2S 1 2S 1 2S 1 2R 1 2S 1 2S 5 diaminomethylideneamino 1 2S 2 ethylcarbamoyl pyrrolidin 1 yl 1 oxopentan 2 yl amino 4 methyl 1 oxopentan 2 yl amino 3 1H indol 3 yl 1 oxopropan 2 yl amino 3 4 hydroxyphenyl 1 oxopropan 2 yl amino 3 hydroxy 1 oxopropan 2 yl amino 3 1H indol 3 yl 1 oxopropan 2 yl amino 3 1H imidazol 5 yl 1 oxopropan 2 yl 5 oxopyrrolidine 2 carboxamide nowiki image Deslorelin.svg Clinical data tradename Ovuplant Drugs.com drugs.com international deslorelin pregnancy category X United States USA routes of administration Implant medicine implant Inhalation Pharmacokinetic data excretion renal Identifiers CAS number Ref cascite correct ?? CAS number ATCvet yes ATC prefix H01 ATC suffix CA93 PubChem 7979044 DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank UNII Ref fdacite changed FDA UNII TKG3I66TVE Chemical data C 64 H 83 N 17 O 12 molecular weight 1282.45 g mol smiles CCNC O C1CCCN1C O C CCCNC N N NC O C CC C C NC O C NC O C CC2 CC C C C2 O NC O C CO NC O C NC O C CC3 C N C N3 NC O C4CCC O N4 CC5 C N C6 C5C CC C6 CC7 C N C8 C7C CC C8 synonyms Deslorelin acetate is an injectable gonadotropin releasing hormone super agonist GnRH agonist also known as an LHRH agonist. It stops the production of sex hormones testosterone and Estrogen oestrogen . Deslorelin Acetate is marketed by Peptech with the brand name Ovuplant . ref http www.ovuplant.com Peptech official Ovuplant site ref It is currently approved for use in veterinary medicine and is used to induce ovulation in mares as part of the artificial insemination process. It is also used to stabilize high risk pregnancies, mainly of livestock . Unlike other GnRH agonists, which are mainly used to inhibit luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone by their ultimate downregulation and upregulation downregulation of the pituitary gland , Deslorelin is primarily used for the initial flare effect upon the pituit ... more details
Infobox person name Jerzy Adam Vetulani image Jerzy Vetulani fot Lech Polcyn.jpg image size caption birth name birth date birth date 1936 1 21 birth place Krak w death date death place residence ethnicity citizenship Poland Polish other names education alma mater employer occupation neuroscientist br pharmacologist home town title religion spouse partner children parents Adam Vetulani br Irena Latinik relations signature footnotes Jerzy Adam Vetulani born 21 January 1936 in Krak w , Poland is a Polish Neuroscience neuroscientist and Pharmacology pharmacologist , professor of natural sciences, son of Adam Vetulani and Irena Latinik. He is a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Polish Academy of Learning , Honorary degree honorary doctor of Medical University of Silesia and Medical University of d , Professor at the Institute of Pharmacology of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Krak w and vice chairman of its scientific council. ref http www.if pan.krakow.pl ifpan ww index.php scientific council.html Institute of Pharmacology PAS Scientific Council ref He is one of the most frequently cited Polish scientists in the field of biomedicine . ref http www.bg.us.edu.pl index.php?option com content&view article&id 285&Itemid 119 Najcz ciej cytowani naukowcy oraz prace naukowe w Polsce, raport za lata 1965 2001 na podstawie bazy Science Citation Index dotycz cej wszystkich wiatowych publikacji pl ref He graduated in Biology 1957 and Chemistry 1962 from the Jagiellonian University , and received his PhD from Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy of the Polish Academy of Sciences 1966 . ref http nauka polska.pl dhtml raporty ludzieNauki?rtype opis&objectId 47469&lang en Database of Polish Information Processing Centre ref He first gained recognition for an early hypothesis of the mechanism of action of Antidepressant antidepressant drugs , suggesting, together with Fridolin Sulser , that Downregulation and upregulation downregulation ... more details
smooth muscles BSM and miR 133a downregulation causes an upregulation of RhoA, resulting in an augmentation ... MEF2C downregulation through a mechanism that remains to be determined. As a consequence of lower .... ref name pmid18458081 cite journal author Luo X, Lin H, Pan Z, et al title Downregulation of MIRNA ... the levels of miR 133 and miR 590 leading to significant upregulation of expression of TGF 1 ... more details
Infobox disease Name Stomatitis Image Kwashiorkor 6180.jpg Caption Kwashiorkor sufferers show signs of thinning hair, edema , inadequate growth, and weight loss. The stomatitis on the pictured infant indicates an accompanying Vitamin B deficiency Width 120 DiseasesDB 27158 ICD10 ICD10 K 12 k 00 ICD9 ICD9 528.0 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshIe D013280 Stomatitis is an inflammation of the mucous lining of any of the structures in the mouth , which may involve the cheeks , gums , tongue , lips, throat , and roof or floor of the mouth. The inflammation can be caused by conditions in the mouth itself, such as poor oral hygiene , dietary protein deficiency, poorly fitted dentures , or from mouth burns from hot food or drinks, toxic plants, or by conditions that affect the entire body, such as medications , allergic reactions , radiation therapy, or infections . ref cite web year 1969 format PDF work The Reports of the Surgeon General url http profiles.nlm.nih.gov NN B B L N nnbbln.pdf title Effects of Smoking on Pregnancy accessdate 2006 06 23 ref Pathophysiology Severe iron deficiency anemia can lead to stomatitis. Iron is necessary for the upregulation of transcriptional elements for cell replication and repair. Lack of iron can cause the genetic downregulation of these elements, leading to ineffective repair and regeneration of epithelial cells, especially in the mouth and lips. This condition is also prevalent in people who have a deficiency in vitamin B sub 2 sub Riboflavin , B sub 3 sub Niacin , B sub 6 sub Pyridoxine , B sub 9 sub folic acid or B sub 12 sub cobalamine . When it also involves an inflammation of the gingiva , it is called gingivostomatitis . It may also be seen in ariboflavinosis riboflavin deficiency or neutropenia . Angular stomatitis main Angular cheilitis Irritation and fissure fissuring in the corners of the lips is termed angular stomatitis or angular cheilitis . In children a frequent cause is repeated lip licking and ... more details
In the field of molecular biology , a corepressor is a substance that inhibits the gene expression expression of gene s. In prokaryote s, corepressors are small molecule s whereas in eukaryote s, corepressors are protein s. A corepressor does not directly bind to DNA , but instead indirectly regulates gene expression by binding to repressor s. A corepressor downregulation and upregulation downregulates or represses the expression of genes by binding to and activating a repressor transcription factor . The repressor in turn binds to a gene promoter biology promoter a sequence of DNA adjacent to the regulated gene , thereby blocking transcription of that gene. Function Prokaryotes In prokaryote s, the term corepressor is used to denote the activating ligand biochemistry ligand of a repressor protein. For example, the Escherichia coli E. coli tryptophan repressor TrpR is only able to bind to DNA and repress transcription of the trp operon trp operon when its corepressor tryptophan is bound to it. TrpR in the absence of tryptophan is known as an aporepressor and is inactive in repressing gene transcription. ref name pmid9022683 cite journal author Evans PD, Jaseja M, Jeeves M, Hyde EI title NMR studies of the Escherichia coli Trp repressor.trpRs operator complex journal Eur. J. Biochem. volume 242 issue 3 pages 567 75 year 1996 month December pmid 9022683 doi 10.1111 j.1432 1033.1996.0567r.x ref Trp operon encodes enzymes responsible for the synthesis of tryptophan. Hence TrpR provides a negative feedback mechanism that regulates the biosynthesis of tryptophan. In short tryptophan acts as a corepressor for its own biosynthesis. ref name isbn0 393 93447 0 cite book author Foster JB, Slonczewski J authorlink editor others title Microbiology An Evolving Science edition Second language publisher W. W. Norton & Company location New York year 2010 pages quote isbn 0 393 93447 0 ref Eukaryotes In eukaryote s, a corepressor is a protein that binds to transcription factor s. ref ... more details
pmc 2761758 ref and this is mediated by a fast upregulation of BDNF release. CX 614 dependent release ... pmid 16361116 doi 10.1016 j.coph.2005.09.005 ref but produces receptor downregulation following chronic ... Apr pmid 17208968 pmc 1864835 doi 10.1529 biophysj.106.095091 ref However, downregulation of AMPA ... more details
shock proteins are also referred to as stress proteins and their Downregulation and upregulationupregulation ... explosive growth. Function Upregulation in stress Production of high levels of heat shock proteins ... ref Clinical significance Heat Shock Factor 1 HSF1 is a transcription factor that is involved in the upregulation ... more details
via stimulants or antipsychotics mainly can Downregulation and upregulation downregulate reduce the numbers of or Downregulation and upregulation upregulate increase the numbers of dopamine receptors. With stimulants , downregulation is typically associated with loss of interest in pleasureable activities, shortened attention span, and drug seeking behavior. With antipsychotics, associated upregulation ... with dopamine D1 receptor downregulation, which is believed to have an important role in working memory ... more details
2010 month October pmid 20961245 doi 10.1056 NEJMoa1001283 url issn ref Receptor regulation UpregulationUpregulation refers to the increase in the number of receptor site on the membrane. Estrogen .... Desensitization The FSHR become desensitized when exposed to FSH for some time. A key reaction of this downregulation ... the regulatory and catalytic units of the cAMP system. DownregulationDownregulation refers to the decrease ... more details
downregulation of proteins downstream of p63, suggesting a mechanistic method for inhibition of proliferative ... E7, ref name pmid20219920 which causes its downregulation and thus de repression of p63 and its ... microRNA when compared with healthy human skin or atopic eczema. They also observed downregulation of SOCS3 concurrently with upregulation of miR 203 in psoriatic plaques, potentially having an effect ... hle M, Pivarcsi A title Protein kinase C dependent upregulation of miR 203 induces the differentiation ... more details
10.1152 physiolgenomics.90268.2008 url ref Role in disease Diffuse large B cell lymphoma Upregulation of miR 127 caused a downregulation of BCL6 B cell lymphoma 6 protein , a proto oncogene which is usually ... G, et al. title Specific activation of microRNA 127 with downregulation of the proto oncogene BCL6 ... of microRNA 127 with downregulation of the proto oncogene BCL6 by chromatin modifying drugs in human ... more details
PBB geneid 84539 Melanin concentrating hormone receptor 2 MCH sub 2 sub also known as G protein coupled receptor 145 GPR145 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MCHR2 gene . ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene MCHR2 melanin concentrating hormone receptor 2 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 84539 accessdate ref ref name pmid11355873 cite journal author Mori M, Harada M, Terao Y, Sugo T, Watanabe T, Shimomura Y, Abe M, Shintani Y, Onda H, Nishimura O, Fujino M title Cloning of a novel G protein coupled receptor, SLT, a subtype of the melanin concentrating hormone receptor journal Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. volume 283 issue 5 pages 1013 8 year 2001 month May pmid 11355873 doi 10.1006 bbrc.2001.4893 ref ref name pmid11274220 cite journal author Hill J, Duckworth M, Murdock P, Rennie G, Sabido David C, Ames RS, Szekeres P, Wilson S, Bergsma DJ, Gloger IS, Levy DS, Chambers JK, Muir AI title Molecular cloning and functional characterization of MCH2, a novel human MCH receptor journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 276 issue 23 pages 20125 9 year 2001 month June pmid 11274220 doi 10.1074 jbc.M102068200 ref MCH sub 2 sub is also found in dogs, ferrets, and some other primates and carnivores, but is not found in mice or rats. This has delayed research into the receptor as a therapeutic target, due to most early pharmaceutical research usually being conducted in small mammals such as mice, rats or rabbits which lack the MCH sub 2 sub gene and its receptor product. Clinical Significance Treatment of human cells expressing MCHR2 with Melanin concentrating hormone MCH resulted in upregulation of IDH3A , PCK1 and PFKFB4 and the downregulation of INSIG2 and ACOT8 . ref name pmid20340065 cite journal author Zhang Q, Yuan CF, Wu MJ, Wang YG, Qin Q, Shi YY, Liu GL, Song FZ title Comparative proteomic analysis of proteins influenced by melanin concentrating hormone and melanin concentrating hormone receptor 2 interaction jour ... more details
17634411 pmc 2200922 doi 10.1182 blood 2007 02 073957 url issn ref or downregulation of anti apoptotic ... with the MLL gene MLL gene is associated with secondary acute leukemia . Downregulation ... more details
brain . ref name LHCGR Receptor regulation UpregulationUpregulation refers to the increase in the number ... time. A key reaction of this downregulation is the phosphorylation of the intracellular or cytoplasm ... way to desensitize is to uncouple the regulatory and catalytic units of the cAMP system. DownregulationDownregulation refers to the decrease in the number of receptor sites. This can be accomplished ... more details
of microRNAs in cancer s. Upregulation of miR 10 has been found in a number of cancers. Increased ... E8 9 author reply E9 year 2008 pmid 18948893 doi 10.1038 nature07362 ref Downregulation of miR 10a has ... 10a, has been found to be overexpressed in these leukemias. ref name pmid19074828 Downregulation of miR ... doi 10.1073 pnas.0800135105 ref Upregulation of miR 10b has also been found in B cell chronic lymphocytic ... of the Tumor suppressor gene tumour suppressor HOXD10. This results in upregulation of RHOA RhoA ... V. E. last5 Croce first5 C. M. last6 De Flora first6 S. title Downregulation of microRNA expression ... more details
Hsp70 RAP46 interaction in downregulation of DNA binding by glucocorticoid receptor journal EMBO ... A, Tang SC title Cloning and characterization of the human BAG 1 gene promoter upregulation by tumor ... action of the eukaryotic cochaperone RAP46 in downregulation of glucocorticoid receptor activity ... more details
. Interleukin 4 counteracts pyrogen induced downregulation of thrombomodulin in cultured human vascular ... of pyrogen induced upregulation of endothelial cells adhesion molecules CAMs by Interleukin 4 Trancriptional .... Stem cell factor induced downregulation of c kit in human lung mast cells and HMC 1 mast cells. Exp ... more details
ERSE promoters in the nucleus to produce upregulation of the proteins involved in the unfolded protein ... also results in upregulation of proteins involved in chaperoning malfolding proteins, protein folding ... to ER stress sup 15 sup . CHOP causes downregulation of the anti apoptotic mitochondrial protein ... more details
5869. ref Upregulation of nestin intermediate filament protein Nestin protein Nestin is an intermediate ... expression within the first 48 hours after trauma. Further, nestin upregulation was shown to last for up to 13 months post injury. This data suggests that nestin upregulation may be associated with CNS ... of reactive astrocytes. ref name pekovic Pekovic, S., et al. 2006 . Downregulation of glial scarring ... more details
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