Refimprove date December 2007 Eauthentication is a shorthand for electronic authentication . Authentication ... to support eauthentication is regarded as an important component in successful e Government. ref http www.agimo.gov.au infrastructure authentication Australian Government Information Management Office . ref Poor coordination and poor technical design might be major barriers to electronic authentication ... there has been established nationwide common eauthentication schemes to ease the reuse of digital identities in different electronic services. ref http www.japanpkiforum.jp shiryou e auth policy overview e auth v07.pdf An overview of International Initiatives in the field of Electronic Authentication ... for electronic authentication, in order to establish common levels of trust and possibly interoperability between different authentication schemes. ref http www.finance.gov.au e government security and authentication Australia , http e com.ic.gc.ca epic site ecic ceac.nsf en h gv00090e.html Canada , http www.whitehouse.gov omb memoranda fy04 m04 04.pdf US M04 04 . ref In the US EAuthentication ... people to access. The EAuthentication service enables you to get access to government services online ... credential issuers such as Web sites and digital certificate issuers , EAuthentication is providing .... EAuthentication is a government wide partnership that is supported by the agencies that comprise ... agency partner. EAuthentication works through an association with a trusted credential issuer, making .... Those credentials or EAuthentication ID are then transferred the supporting government web site causing authentication. EAuthentication was created in response of an inter governmental memorandum ... and agencies when implementing EAuthentication. See also E democracy E participation E Government ... US government EAuthentication Web Site http www.whitehouse.gov omb memoranda fy04 m04 04.pdf EAuthentication Directive Memorandum M04 04 http www.digid.nl english DigiD a common, digital ... more details
Multiple issues refimprove April 2011 orphan February 2012 Monk eMail is a website and piece of software powered by Addcast and created by CareerBuilder . The application allows users to generate messages featuring talking images of apes, which can then be sent via email or Twitter . It was released on January 25, 2006 and later updated in 2010 as named Monk eMail 2.0 . Monk eMail 1.0 Monk eMail 1.0 was released on January 25, 2006. When the application is opened, a caricatured monkey states, Welcome to Monk eMail. You got something to say, I gotta nap to take, So let s get going. The user is shwon three chimpanzee s to choose from, named The Boss , The Co worker , and The Receptionist . The Boss is a male monkey with grey fur and a heavy stature. The Co worker is also a male, but his fur is black and he has a slightly smaller build than The Boss . The Receptionist is the only female monkey and is smaller than the other two chimpanzees. Users can stylize the apes by choosing their headgear, clothes, glasses, background and other items. To add audio, users can use text to speech functionality with one of four voices, or record their own voice using a microphone or telephone. When recording by telephone, users may record up to one minute of speech but when using a microphone, users may only record up to 20 seconds. Messages generated using this application may be emailed to others or posted on Twitter. ref http www.careerbuilder.com monk email ?mid 3462544 CareerBuilder Monk eMail 1.0 ref Rewards Monk eMail won a Webby Award in June 2007 in the Viral Marketing category. ref http www.webbyawards.com webbys current.php?media id 98&season 11 Webby Nominees and Winners accessed April 1, 2011 ref References references Category Websites ... more details
unsourced date December 2010 Infobox book name The Email Mystery image prefer 1st edition image caption author Carolyn Keene country United States language English language English series Nancy Drew stories genre Detective fiction Detective , Mystery novel publisher Aladdin Paperbacks Simon & Schuster release date 1998 media type Print Hardcover Hardback & Paperback pages ISBN 9780671001216 preceded by Mystery on Maui Nancy Drew Mystery on Maui followed by The Missing Horse Mystery Nancy Drew The Missing Horse Mystery The Email Mystery is the 144th book in the Nancy Drew series. Nancy Drew DEFAULTSORT EMail Mystery Category Nancy Drew books Category 1998 novels Category Works published under a pseudonym ya novel stub ... more details
Infobox Television episode Title Email Surveillance Series The Office U.S. TV series The Office Image Image TheOffice US 2 09.jpg 250px Caption Phyllis Lapin Phyllis singing at Jim Halpert Jim s party Season 2 Episode 9 Airdate November 22, 2005 Production 208 Writer Jennifer Celotta Director Paul Feig Guests Ken Jeong as Bill Wyatt Cenac Episode list List of The Office U.S. TV series episodes Season list Prev Performance Review Next Christmas Party The Office Christmas Party Email Surveillance is the ninth episode of the second season of the American comedy television program television series The Office U.S. TV series The Office , and the show s fifteenth episode overall. Written by Jennifer Celotta , and directed by Paul Feig , the episode first aired in the United States on November 22, 2005 on NBC . In the episode, the company tech support employee gives Michael the ability to read ... . Email Surveillance was written by Jennifer Celotta . When filming the scene with Michael in the improv ... ref Reception Email Surveillance received 3.9 9 in the ages 18 49 demographic in the Nielsen ... the episode, and nine percent had their television tuned to the channel at any point. Email ... first Jeannie coauthors date work publisher OfficeTally ref Email Surveillance was generally popular ... fun. ref name Fan cite web url http www.northernattack.com archives email surveillance title OfficeTally Email Surveillance accessdate 2008 07 06 last Fan first James coauthors date 2005 11 22 work publisher NorthernAttack ref TV Squad s Michael Sciannamea said that Email Surveillance was a solid ... http www.tvsquad.com 2005 11 22 the office email surveillance title The Office Email Surveillance ... web url http www.televisionwithoutpity.com show the office email surveillance.php title Email Surveillance ... Without Pity ref In a poll done by Office fansite OfficeTally.com, viewers ranked Email Surveillance ... season 2 58601 email surveillance episode 209 58772 Email Surveillance at NBC.com IMDb episode 0664515 ... more details
Alphabet to Email How Written English Evolved and Where It s Heading ISBN 0 415 18685 4 is a book by Linguistics linguist Dr. Naomi Baron , a professor of Linguistics at American University , Washington, D.C. . It was first published in 2000, published by Routledge Press. In it, Baron explores the history of the English language in writing written form , and considers how it has evolved through its history, ending with an evaluation of the state of the English language today, and how the Internet and the use of email and text messaging has affected it. Baron considered that email did not have an inherent writing style, and believed it was evolving to resemble Speech communication speech . She also expressed her disappointment with the effect of electronic means of communication upon the written word. Baron noted that 25 years of research revealed that blockquote .. people offer more accurate and complete information about themselves when filling out questionnaires using a computer than when completing the same form on paper or through a face to face interview. The differences were especially marked when the information at issue was personally sensitive. blockquote References No footnotes date December 2009 http www.usatoday.com tech 2002 05 15 email language.htm Email and the mangling of the English language , USA Today http query.nytimes.com gst fullpage.html?res 9F00E3DE1631F932A25757C0A9679C8B63 Put On a Public Face , New York Times http money.cnn.com magazines fortune fortune archive 2003 02 17 337317 index.htm The Perils of Email , CNN http www.businessweek.com bwdaily dnflash apr2001 nf20010423 785.htm The Man Who Brought a To Your Screen , BusinessWeek External links http books.google.co.uk books?hl en&lr &id 9JU8pDZhvc0C&oi fnd&pg PT10&dq Alphabet to Email How Written English Evolved&ots eAvA OENXK&sig tNzQVgv36OrgoD5vbD0dxD8qLzU Google Books entry Category English language Category Linguistics books Category Email Category Internet Category Text messaging ... more details
text, or recording is available, then the medium itself or its packaging anything from a box to email ... Using a Email confirmation Email to verify ownership of an email address Using an online banking ...For other uses of the terms authentication , authentic and authenticity Authenticity disambiguation Authenticity Refimprove date September 2010 cleanup reason Discusses only entity authentication and no other aspects of authentication regarding communication security. Authentication methods and History ... 2010 Authentication from Lang el real or genuine, from authentes author ... is what its packaging and labeling claims to be. Authentication methods Main Provenance In art ... of history. There are three types of techniques for doing this. The first type authentication is accepting ... and the object under assessment as his artifact respectively. The second type authentication .... Certificates can, however, also be forged and the authentication of these pose a problem. For instance ..., depending on the risk of getting caught. The third type authentication relies on documentation or other .... Currency and other financial instruments commonly use the first type of authentication method .... Consumer goods such as pharmaceuticals, perfume, fashion clothing can use either type of authentication ... identifying feature which aids consumers in the identification of genuine brand name goods. Authentication ..., based on what are known as the factors of authentication something you know, something you have, or something you are. Each authentication factor covers a range of elements used to authenticate ... two, and preferably all three, factors be verified. ref Cite web url http www.ffiec.gov pdf authentication guidance.pdf title Authentication in an Internet Banking Environment author Federal Financial ... , face, voice, unique bio electric signals, or other biometric identifier . Two factor authentication Main Two factor authentication When elements representing two factors are required for identification ... more details
Unreferenced date April 2008 Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Digital Tears Email from Purgatory Type Album Artist MF Grimm GM Grimm Cover GrimmDigitalTears.jpg Released March 1, 2004 Genre Hip hop music Hip hop Length Label Day By Day Entertainment Producer J Zone br Mas br Looie II br Zero Point br X Ray Last album The Downfall of Ibliys A Ghetto Opera br 2002 This album Digital Tears Email from Purgatory br 2004 Next album Special Herbs and Spices Volume 1 br 2004 Digital Tears EMail from Purgatory is a 2004 album by Manhattan, New York rap artist MF Grimm , going by the name of GM Grimm. Track listing Intro All Y All Stable Dr. Death The Deal is Done By Monte Smith Go Back Dancin Produced by J Zone Enemy at Home By Monte Smith Black Helicopter featuring Jihad Straight Babylon No Chaser By Monte Smith Digital Tears Ying & Yang featuring Agu aka Mr. Voodoo & Su Ann Ortiz The Way Taken Love Jones featuring Jihad Rotten Voices The Final Chapter Happy Superstar J.J. featuring Su Ann Ortiz Static Outro Category 2004 albums Category MF Grimm albums 2000s eastcoast hiphop album stub ... more details
, Robert Siemborski and Alexey Melnikov, July 2007. See also Emailauthentication Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Mail submission agent Extended SMTP Email client Port numbers Simple Authentication and Security Layer Open mail relay POP before SMTP References reflist 2 Category Email authentication ...SMTP Authentication , often abbreviated SMTP AUTH , is an extension of the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol whereby an SMTP client may log in , using an authentication mechanism chosen among those supported by the SMTP server. The authentication extension is mandatory for Mail submission agent submission ... parameter to the MAIL FROM command, so as to allow to distinguish authentication from authorization ... Differently from mail access protocols, the original SMTP specified by Jon Postel in the 1970s did not provide for using passwords for sending email messages. This lack of security gave rise to open mail relay s, unprotected mail servers used to propagate Spam electronic spam and Computer worm worms ... In Unix, what is an open mail relay? accessdate 2008 04 07 last The Trustees of Indiana University ... for Authentication author John Gardiner Myers date April 1995 publisher IETF accessdate 2010 05 30 ref , and it has been successively developed and discussed in the IETF along with mail submission protocol, Extended SMTP ESMTP , and Simple Authentication and Security Layer SASL . An older SASL mechanism for ESMTP authentication ESMTPA is CRAM MD5 , and uses of the MD5 algorithm in HMAC s hash based message authentication codes are still considered sound. ref cite web url http tools.ietf.org ... author Sean Turner, Lily Chen publisher IETF date March 2011 ref The Internet Mail Consortium IMC reported 55 of mail servers were open relays in 1998, ref cite web url http www.imc.org imcr 006.html ... Internet Mail Consortium accessdate 2010 05 30 ref but less than 1 in 2002. ref cite web url http www.imc.org ... August, 2002 publisher Internet Mail Consortium accessdate 2010 05 30 ref Role in the mail transport ... more details
spam free mailstreams. Core Functionality .mail would attempt to reduce the Spam email spam ...POV check date September 2009 Infobox Top level domain name .mail background D2B48C image File Spamhaus.jpg The Spamhaus Project 220px introduced Not officially introduced proposed in 2004 type Proposed top level domain status Unapproved application registry None yet established sponsor http www.ascregistry.org Anti Spam Community Registry founded by Spamhaus intendeduse To allow non spam mail to be identified as such via an authenticatable address based on that of the mail server actualuse Not in use yet, as it is unapproved and not in root restrictions Must already have a domain in another TLD for at least 6 months subject to verification of WHOIS data can be revoked if involved in spamming structure Registrations must be based on existing domain owned by registrant, such as example.org.mail ... applies, but since registrations are based on other existing domain, ownership of .mail domain will follow ... .mail is a generic top level domain proposed by The Spamhaus Project in 2004, but unapproved by ICANN ... to send mail. A .mail domain would only be able to be registered by a party that already owns a domain ... has been verified for accuracy. The structure of the .mail domain consists of existing domain names ..., the .mail domain would not be fully under the control of the registrant, but would go to a publicly ... and revokes names registered to spammers. Mail filtering software can also query the .mail address ... .mail would provide a method for increasing the reliability of the email infrastructure ... better email anonymity services. Security Considerations .mail was designed to withstand attack ... http web.archive.org web 20060521073344 http www.spamhaus.org tld faq.lasso Spamhaus FAQ The .mail TLD GTLD expanded Proposed DEFAULTSORT Mail Category Proposed top level domains ca .mail da .mail eu .mail it .mail hu .mail no .mail pl .mail ro .mail sv Toppdom n Generiska toppdom ner ... more details
11 18 references spamming DEFAULTSORT EMailAuthentication Category Email authentication Category ... modifications of the mail in addition to the mandatory tt Received tt timestamp line. Image Email Authentication ...Inappropriate tone date December 2007 Email authentication is the effort to equip messages of the email ... based on such an identity , forgery, fraud, and even more serious crimes. The Simple Mail Transfer ... as ref cite web title How mail flows through the Internet url http www.openspf.org mailflows.pdf publisher openspf.org http www.openspf.org mailflows l.png PNG ref Image Email Authentication 01a.png ... TCP and UDP port port 25 can be blocked by access providers in favor of the Mail submission agent s port 587 that should always require authentication, the number of existing Received Email Header headers in relayed mail can be limited. ref name aolclaim cite web first John last Levine title How to Stop ... http www.postini.com stats postini.com , junk mail statistics ref it can be expected that there will always ... authentication greatly simplifies and automates the process of identifying senders. After identifying and verifying that a claimed domain name has been authenticated or has authorized the sending Mail ... safe to expect that the MTA, being authorized, represents a form of authentication. None exclude ... effort on the part of ISPs and others currently operating public mail servers. SPF and SenderID ... to become commonplace. ref The simplest and by far most widely deployed authentication scheme begins ... Email Authentication 02a.png The procedure to authenticate is basically simple. When a request to deliver ... to send mail on behalf of that domain. Typically there will be very few authorized SMTP sending .... Use of the DNS database to register authentication information for a domain is relatively new. The new ... way as any other DNS query. Publishing authentication records in DNS is voluntary, and many domains ... mail servers, will most likely want to block others from using their name to forge emails. A simple ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2007 Electronic authenticationEauthentication is the process of establishing confidence in user identities electronically presented to an information system . Eauthentication presents a technical challenge when this process involves the remote authentication of individual people over a network, for the purpose of electronic government and commerce. EAuthentication Model Eauthentication is the process of establishing confidence in user identities electronically presented ... may be limited and access control decisions may take this into account. Eauthentication begins ... decisions. Subscribers, RAs and CSPs In the conceptual eauthentication model, a claimant in an authentication ... that may be used to authenticate the claimant s identity. In eauthentication, the claimant authenticates to a system or application over a network. Therefore, a token used for eauthentication ... is called an assertion. See also Guide to E payments DEFAULTSORT Electronic Authentication ... is authorized to perform an electronic transaction. In most cases, the authentication and transaction ... that the RA has verified. The token and credential may be used in subsequent authentication events ... successfully demonstrates possession and control of a token in an on line authentication to a verifier through an Challenge handshake authentication protocol authentication protocol , the verifier can ... key and learn the password to use the token. Authentication systems are often categorized by the number of factors that they incorporate. The three factors often considered as the cornerstone of authentication ... the subject of the credentials. When these paper credentials are presented in person, authentication ... authenticates his or her identity to a verifier by the use of a token and an authentication ..., with no knowledge of the token before the authentication protocol run, learns nothing about the token ... the verifier and the relying party are separate entities, the verifier must convey the result of the authentication ... more details
. The Internet came to change the conditions for physical mail. Email and in recent years social ... the post , while in the USA the US Postal Service delivers the mail . The term email short for e ... the quicker email. Various dates have been given for its first use. Modern mail Modern mail is organized ... the advent of email , which is universally faster barring some extreme technical glitch, computer virus ... vehicles include telegram , teleprinter telex , facsimile fax , email , and short message service ... or computer printed letters for personal communication and the advent of email have sparked renewed interest in calligraphy, as a letter has become more of a special event . Long before email and computer ... paper mail volume due to the accessibility of email. Online post offices have emerged to give recipients ... or email. Traditional letters, however, are often considered to harken back to a simpler ...This article is about Postal services. For electronic mail, see Email . For other uses, see Mail disambiguation ... Box Museum, near Taunton , Somerset Mail , or post , is a system for transporting letters and other tangible objects written document s, typically enclosed in envelope s, and also small Other mail ... system is called mail or post . ref In Australia, Canada and the U.S., mail is commonly used both for the postal ... system and mail for the material delivered in the UK, post prevails in both senses. However ..., Royal Mail , United States Postal Service , Australia Post , and Canada Post in addition, such fixed phrases as post office or junk mail are found throughout the English speaking world. ref In principle ... given to Hammurabi 1700 BC and Sargon II of Assyria Sargon II 722 BC . Mail may not have been ... developed early Indian mail service as well as public wells, rest houses, and other facilities ... as mail chariots in ancient India. ref Prasad 2003 104 ref blockquote In ancient times the kings, emperors .... In South India , the Wodeyar dynasty 1399 1947 of the Kingdom of Mysore used mail service for espionage ... more details
Context date October 2009 Access Authentication in CDMA networks a.k.a. CAVE based Authentication IS 95 1xRTT , A12 Authentication 1xEV DO Authentication of a mobile device by the serving access network. The access authentication mechanism employed depends upon the type of service being used CAVE based Authentication Used for access authentication in CDMA 1xRTT Authentication and Key Agreement AKA 3G successor to CAVE based authentication A12 Authentication Used for access authentication in 1xEV DO Note that 1xEV DO Hybrid MS AT devices may employ both CAVE based and A12 authentication since these devices connect to both the 1xRTT and 1xEV DO networks. Category Code division multiple access ... more details
atmail.com linux email server Atmail Mail server http atmail.com linux email server mobile push Exchange ActiveSync Push mail support DEFAULTSORT Atmail Category Email clients Category Groupware Category ... more details
ref improve date November 2011 Mutual authentication or two way authentication sometimes written as 2WAY authentication refers to two parties authenticating each other suitably. In technology terms, it refers to a client or user authenticating themselves to a server and that server authenticating itself to the user in such a way that both parties are assured of the others identity. When describing online authentication processes, mutual authentication is often referred to as website to user authentication, or site to user authentication. Typically, this is done for a client process and a server process without user interaction. Mutual Secure Sockets Layer SSL provides the same things as SSL, with the addition of authentication and non repudiation of the client authentication, using digital signatures. However, due to issues with complexity, cost, logistics, and effectiveness, most web applications are designed so they do not require client side certificates. As the Financial Services Technology Consortium put it in its January 2005 report, Better institution to customer authentication would prevent attackers from successfully impersonating financial institutions to steal customers account credentials and better customer to institution authentication would prevent attackers from successfully ... Computer security Secure channel Digital signature Mobile signature Two factor authentication Pharming ... authentication.html more New Generation of Mutual Phone Authentication http developers.sun.com appserver reference techart mutual auth.html Mutual Authentication for Web Services A Live Example http www.howtoforge.com prevent phishing with mutual authentication How to prevent phishing with mutual authentication How to stop phishing with mutual authentication http www.solidpass.com authentication methods mutual authentication.html Mutual Authentication as a mobile application based security token. Category Authentication methods Category Computer access control computer security stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 An authentication protocol is a type of cryptographic protocol with the purpose of authentication authenticating entities wishing to communicate securely. There are many different authentication protocols such as AKA security AKA CAVE based authentication Challenge handshake authentication protocol CHAP CRAM MD5 Diameter protocol Diameter Extensible Authentication Protocol EAP Host Identity Protocol HIP Kerberos protocol Kerberos MS CHAP and MS CHAPv2 variants of CHAP LAN Manager NTLM , also known as NT LAN Manager Password authenticated key agreement protocols Password Authentication Protocol PAP Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol PEAP RADIUS Secure Remote Password protocol SRP TACACS and TACACS RFID Authentication Protocols Woo Lam 92 protocol DEFAULTSORT Authentication Protocol Category Computer access control protocols computer security stub Compu network stub ... more details
Mergeto multi factor authentication date November 2009 Strong authentication is a notion with several unofficial definitions is not standardized in the security literature. Often, strong authentication is associated with two factor authentication or more generally multi factor authentication. Soliciting multiple answers to challenge questions may be considered strong authentication but, unless the process also retrieves something you have or something you are , it would not be considered multi factor. The FFIEC issued supplemental guidance on this subject in August 2006, in which they clarified, By definition true multifactor authentication requires the use of solutions from two or more of the three categories of factors. Using multiple solutions from the same category ... would not constitute multifactor authentication. Another commonly found class of definitions relates to a cryptographic process, or more precisely authentication based on a challenge response protocol. This type of definition is found in the Handbook of applied cryptography. ref Handbook of applied cryptography, Alfred J. Menezes, Paul C. van Oorschot and Scott A. Vanstone, CRC Press. Available in electronic format at http www.cacr.math.uwaterloo.ca hac ref This type of definition does not necessarily relate to two factor authentication, since the secret key used in a challenge response authentication scheme can be simply derived from a password one factor . A third class of definitions says that strong authentication is any form of authentication in which the verification is accomplished without the transmission of a password . Citation needed date October 2009 This is the case for example with the definition found in the Fermilab documentation. ref Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Office of Science U.S. Department of Energy . http www.fnal.gov docs strongauth ref Thus, the term strong authentication ... For Open Authentication References reflist DEFAULTSORT Strong Authentication Category Theory of cryptography ... more details
Context date October 2009 A12 Authentication Access Authentication for Evolution Data Optimized 1xEV DO is a Challenge handshake authentication protocol CHAP based mechanism used by a CDMA2000 Access Network AN to authenticate a 1xEV DO Access Terminal AT . A12 authentication occurs when an AT first attempts to access the AN and is repeated after some authentication timeout period. The element in the AN that performs this authentication is the Radio Network Controller RNC using its Access Network AAA protocol AAA AN AAA . In order to support A12 authentication, matching A12 credentials i.e., an A12 Network Address Identifier NAI and A12 CHAP key must be provisioned into the AT and the user s home AAA server. Since these credentials are only shared between the AT and its home AAA, the AN AAA forwards A12 challenge responses received from an AT to its home AAA to determine whether they are correct. A12 authentication is separate from packet data authentication that may occur later when a data session is being established. A12 authentication is important for roaming since all participating operators in the IRT have agreed to support it. If A12 credentials are not provisioned into an AT, that AT will not be able to access any visited network that performs A12 authentication. In addition, the Mobile Node Identifier MN ID is obtained from the AN AAA during successful A12 authentication. This MN ID is used by the AN on the A8 A9 and A10 A11 interfaces to enable handoffs of Packet Data Serving Node PDSN packet data sessions between ANs and between 1xEV DO and CDMA2000 1xRTT systems. If A12 authentication is not performed, the MN ID must be somehow derived and such handoffs may not be possible without establishing a new Point to Point Protocol PPP session. A12 authentication is defined in TIA 878 3GPP2 A.S0008 . For information about A12 authentication in roaming, see CDG Reference Document 136. Category Code division multiple access ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Authentication servers are Server computing server s that provide authentication services to user computing users or systems other systems via networking. Remotely placed users and other servers authenticate to such a server, and receive cryptographic tickets. These tickets are then exchanged with one another to verify digital identity identity . Authentication is used as the basis for authorization determining whether a privilege will be granted to a particular user or process computing process , privacy keeping information from becoming known to non participants , and non repudiation not being able to deny having done something that was authorized to be done based on the authentication . The major authentication algorithm s utilized are password s, Kerberos protocol Kerberos , and public key encryption . See also TACACS RADIUS Multi factor authentication DEFAULTSORT Authentication Server Category Computer network security Category Servers computing Compu network stub ... more details
BSD Authentication , otherwise known as BSD Auth, is an authentication software framework framework and software API employed by some Unix like operating system s, specifically OpenBSD and BSD OS , and accompanying System software system and Application software application software such as OpenSSH and Apache HTTP Server Apache . It originated with BSD OS and although the specification and implementation were donated to the FreeBSD project by BSDi , ultimately OpenBSD chose to adopt the framework in release 2.9. Pluggable Authentication Modules PAM serves a similar purpose on other operating systems such as Linux , FreeBSD and NetBSD . BSD Auth performs authentication by executing scripts or programs as separate Process computing process es from the one requiring the authentication. This prevents the child authentication process from interfering with the parent except through a narrowly defined inter process communication API, a technique inspired by the principle of least privilege and known as privilege separation . This behaviour has significant security benefits, notably improved Fail safe fail safeness of software, and robustness against malicious and accidental software bug s. ref name privsep cite conference author Niels Provos , CITI, University of Michigan Markus Friedl, GeNUA mbH Peter Honeyman, CITI, University of Michigan date 2003 url http www.usenix.org events sec03 tech provos et al.html title Preventing Privilege Escalation booktitle Proceedings of the 12th USENIX Security Symposium pages 231 242 ref PAM uses an alternative system where the modules providing authentication are Library computer science dynamically linked into the requesting process. This method is considered to be more flexible than BSD Auth Fact date February 2007 , but does not provide privilege ... Authentication system man 3 bsd auth OpenBSD interface to the BSD Authentication system Category Berkeley Software Distribution Category Computer access control frameworks Category Unix authentication ... more details
Cleanup date March 2008 unreferenced date March 2008 Transaction authentication generally refers to the Internet based security method of securely identifying a user through two or three factor authentication Two factor authentication something you know plus something you have and or something you are at a transaction level, rather than at the traditional Session or Logon level. An internet banking application may allow a customer to perform numerous transactions within the single session and hence each, or selected transactions, will require the user to re authenticate themselves using the appropriate two or three factor authentication method see Two factor authentication . Authentication, no matter how strong the method s used cannot protect against so called Man in the Middle MitM or Man in the Browser Man in the Browser MitB attacks. This differs from Transaction verification , also an Internet based security method, which is specifically designed to combat so called Man in the Middle MitM and Man in the Browser Man in the Browser MitB attacks through not only authenticating the identity of the user, but also verifying the integrity of the actual content of the transaction, i.e. ensuring it has not been altered by one of these fraudulent techniques. Category Computer access control computer security stub ... more details
Geospatial Authentication A software package that has been designed to allow authentication for determining if the rover s is are within a set of boundaries or a specific area to access critical geospatial information by using GPS signal structures as a means to authenticate mobile devices into a network wirelessly and in real time has been developed. The advantage lies in that the system only allows those with designated geospatial boundaries or areas into the server. The Geospatial Authentication software has two parts Server and Client. The server software is a virtual private network VPN developed in Linux operating system using Perl programming language. The server can be a stand alone VPN server or can be combined with other applications and services. The client software is a GUI Windows CE software, or Mobile Graphical Software, that allows users to authenticate into a network. The purpose of the client software is to pass the needed satellite information to the server for authentication. This work was done by Stacey D. Lyle of Geospatial Research Innovation Design for John C. Stennis Space Center NASA s Stennis Space Center . External links Wiktionary http www.techbriefs.com component content article 5170 NASA Tech Briefs Source of Research Category Authentication methods ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2007 Violin authentication is the process of determining the maker and date of a violin . Multiple references may be required to assist in the process of authentication. This is often employed to combat fraudulent practices such as violin forgery and other forms of misrepresentation. Motivation for authentication Much of the price of a fine violin is determined not just by the quality of the instrument, but by the maker. Names like Amati , Guarneri , and Stradivari have become synonymous with excellence in craftsmanship and tone. Relatively unknown makers, capable of producing above average violins, know that they might be able to command tremendous prices simply by affixing the label of one of these early makers to the instruments of their making. The temptation has been, at times, irresistible. In its newest incarnation, however, instrument fraud appears to have shifted away from the production of clever fakes. The practice of merely misrepresenting the quality of the instrument is on the rise. To combat these and other such practices, the buyer may do well to consult an authenticator to confirm the maker, date, quality and price before purchasing an instrument, particularly when there are huge sums of money at stake. Authentication process Authenticating a violin is a multifaceted process that addresses two issues surrounding the authenticity of an instrument the year in which it was manufactured, and the maker essentially the information found on the label . To confirm these two attributes, the authenticator may employ several different techniques. The key to authentication is the idea that there is no single feature of a violin that exists independently of another. This implies that knowing the date narrows the number of makers, just as knowing the maker narrows the field of dates. External links http www.si.edu Encyclopedia SI nmah violappr.htm General Information on Obtaining Authentication and Appraisal of Violins Smithsonian Institution ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Evidence law Authentication , in the law of evidence law evidence , is the process by which documentary evidence and other physical evidence is proven to be genuine, and not a forgery. Generally, authentication can be shown in one of two ways. First, a witness can testify as to the chain of custody through which the evidence passed from the time of the discovery up until the trial. Second, the evidence can be authenticated by the opinion of an expert witness examining the evidence to determine if it has all of the properties that it would be expected to have if it were authentic. For handwriting handwritten documents, any person who has become familiar with the purported author s handwriting prior to the cause of action from which the trial arose can testify that a document is in that handwriting. There are several kinds of documents which have generally been deemed to be self authenticating documents . These include commercial labels, newspapers and other periodicals, and official publications of an arm of the government. A special category of evidence called an ancient document will be deemed authentic if it can be shown to be more than twenty years old, and found in a place and condition that a document of that age would likely be found. DEFAULTSORT Authentication Law Category Evidence law see Classification of Authentication ... more details
In cryptography , deniable authentication refers to authentication between a set of participants where the participants themselves can be confident in the authenticity of the messages, but it cannot be proved to a third party after the event. In practice, deniable authentication can be achieved through the use of message authentication code s MACs by making sure that if an attacker is able to decrypt the messages, they would also know the MAC key as part of the protocol, and would thus be able to forge authentic looking messages. For example, in the Off the Record Messaging OTR protocol, MAC keys are derived from the asymmetric decryption key through a cryptographic hash function . In addition to that, the OTR protocol also reveals used MAC keys as part of the next message, when they have already been used to previously received messages and will not be re used. ref name otr cite conference author Nikita Borisov , Ian Goldberg , Eric Brewer computer scientist Eric Brewer title Off the Record Communication, or, Why Not To Use PGP booktitle Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society date 2004 10 28 url http www.cypherpunks.ca otr otr wpes.pdf format PDF accessdate 2007 02 01 ref See also Deniable encryption Plausible deniability Malleability cryptography Malleability Off the Record Messaging References Reflist Category Cryptographic protocols crypto stub ... more details
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