invested EROEI or ERoEI or energy return on investment EROI , is the ratio of the amount of usable ... accessdate 2011 09 02 ref When the EROEI of a resource is less than or equal to one, that energy source .... math EROEI frac hbox Usable Acquired Energy hbox Energy Expended math Non manmade energy inputs The natural ... EROEI, the higher value given by considering only the external energy inputs and the lower by considering ... energy gain EROEI and Net energy gain Net energy gain measure the Energy quality same quality of an energy source or sink in numerically different ways. Net energy describes the amounts, while EROEI ... div hbox EnergyExpended EROEI math or math hbox NetEnergy div hbox EnergyExpended 1 EROEI math For example given a process with an EROEI of 5, expending 1 unit of energy yields a net energy gain of 4 units. The break even point happens with an EROEI of 1 or a net energy gain of 0. The economic influence of EROEI File EROI Ratio of Energy Returned on Energy Invested USA.svg thumb 450px EROI Ratio ... machines. A society will generally exploit the highest available EROEI energy sources first, as these provide the most energy for the least effort. With non renewable sources, progressively lower EROEI ... 2006 the EROEI of wind energy in North America and Europe is about 20 1 ref cite web url http guidedtour.windpower.org ... is variable , when the EROEI of the main sources of energy for an economy fall energy becomes more difficult to obtain and its value rises relative to other resources and goods. Therefore the EROEI gains ... productive effort, as the EROEI falls an increasing proportion of the economy has to be devoted ... higher EROEI energy sources, which is related to the concept of Energy Slave energy slaves . Thomas ... ref demonstrates that a falling EROEI in the Later Roman Empire was one of the reasons for the collapse of the Western Empire in the fifth century CE. In The Upside of Down he suggests that EROEI ... in the 2nd century, as EROEI began to fall. It bottomed in 1084 when Rome s population, which had ... more details
extraction, or Energy Return on Energy Invested or EROEI. This measures the amount of surplus energy a society gets from using energy to obtain energy. There would be no surplus if EROEI approaches ... overhead energy costs of a modern society. Part of the mental equation is that the EROEI ... of 10 1 with clear evidence that the natural depletion curves all are downward decay curves. An EROEI ... that a society depends on. The EROEI figure also affects the number of people needed for food production ... fuels with an exceedingly high EROEI enabled 100 of the population to be fed with only 4 of the population employed in agriculture. Diminishing EROEI making fuel more expensive relative to other ... more details
Energy balance may refer to First law of thermodynamics , according to which energy cannot be created or destroyed, only modified in form Energy balance biology , a measurement of the biological homeostasis of energy in living systems Energy economics , where the energy balance of a country is an aggregate presentation of all human activities related to energy, except for natural and biological processes Groundwater energy balance , comparing a groundwater body in terms of incoming hydraulic energy associated with groundwater inflow and outflow Energy returned on energy invested EROEI , ratio of the amount of usable energy acquired from a particular energy resource to the amount of energy expended to obtain that energy resource Energy accounting , a system used within industry, where measuring and analyzing the energy consumption of different activities is done to improve energy efficiency Energy Economics journal Energy Economics journal , a scientific journal published by Elsevier under its North Holland imprint disambig DEFAULTSORT Energy Balance Category Energy economics Category Chemical engineering de Energiebilanz Umwelt et Energiabilanss id Neraca energi hu Energiam rleg pl Bilans energetyczny ... more details
EROEI is the ratio of energy delivered by an energy technology to the energy invested to set ... Energy quality Energy and Environment EROEI References Reflist External links http books.google.se ... more details
of energy return on investment EROEI that any living thing or living societies can survive only so ... of New York http www.esf.edu EFB hall The EROEI institute http www.eroiinstitute.org Persondata ... more details
used converting it Energy Returned on Energy Invested EROEI . The value of the EROEI for oil shale ... reasons. ref name circleofblue Due to technically more complex processes, the EROEI for oil shale is below the EROEI of about 20 1 for conventional oil extraction at the wellhead. ref name circleofblue ... for water.pdf format PDF month June year 2010 accessdate 2011 07 04 ref A 1984 study estimated the EROEI ... estimates the EROEI of oil shales to be 1 2 1 or 2 16 1 depending on if self energy is counted as a cost ... ef900678d id subscription required ref According to the World Energy Outlook 2010, the EROEI of ex ... name weo2010 Royal Dutch Shell has reported an expected EROEI about 3 4 1 on its in situ test project ... name circleofblue ref name brandt However, EROEI then becomes a measure of environmental acceptability ... more details
in process heat and electricity. This means the EROEI Energy Returned on Energy Invested EROEI ... have EROEI in the 4.2 range, when the energy used to produce the feedstocks is accounted for in this case, usually sugar cane , maize corn , soybean s and the like . These EROEI values are not directly comparable, because these EROEI calculations include the energy cost to produce the feedstock, whereas the above EROEI calculation for thermal depolymerization process TDP does not. The process ... more details
Refimprove date September 2007 seealso EROEI Net Energy Gain NEG is a concept used in energy economics that refers to the difference between the energy expended to harvest an energy source and the amount of energy gained from that harvest. ref cite web url http www.greenworldsolutionsltd.com biofuelvsfossilfuel.html title Biofuel vs Fossil Fuel publisher Green World Solutions accessdate 2008 11 24 ref The net energy gain, which can be expressed in joule s, differs from the net financial gain that may result from the energy harvesting process, in that various sources of energy e.g. natural gas , coal , etc. can be priced differently for the same amount of energy. Calculating NEG A net energy gain is achieved by expending less energy acquiring a source of energy than is contained in the source to be consumed. That is, math NEG Energy hbox Consumable Energy hbox Expended . math Factors to consider when calculating NEG is the type of energy, the way energy is used and acquired, and the methods used to store or transport the energy. It is also possible to overcomplicate the equation by an infinite number of externality externalities and inefficiencies that may be present during the energy harvesting process. Sources of energy The definition of an energy source is not rigorous. Anything that can provide energy to anything else can qualify. Wood in a stove is full of potential thermal energy in a car, mechanical energy is acquired from the combustion of gasoline, and the combustion of coal is converted from thermal to mechanical, and then to electrical energy . Examples of energy sources include Fossil fuels Nuclear fuels e.g., uranium and plutonium Solar Power Radiation from the sun Mechanical energy from wind, rivers, tides, etc. Bio fuels derived from biomass , in turn having consumed soil nutrients during growth. Heat from within the earth geothermal radiation The term net ... Energyware and energy carrier EROEI Solar Cell Solar cells and energy payback Solar cells ... more details
About Eastman Rochester Organ Initiative the concept of Energy Return On Investment EROEI Image Installationcasparini.JPG right thumb 380px The Casparini organ in Christ Church, Rochester NY EROI or the Eastman Rochester Organ Initiative is a project run by the Eastman School of Music with the goal of creating a unique collection of pipe organ organ instruments in Rochester, New York . The director of the project has been Hans Davidsson . The first phase The initial phase of EROI consists of three organs coming from three very different aesthetic traditions, an Italian baroque organ, a German late baroque organ and an American orchestral organ. The Italian Baroque organ The first milestone of the project was the acquisition of an original Italian baroque organ. ref http www.rochestercitynewspaper.com archives 2003 10 News briefs 10 8 02 News briefs 10.8.02 Archives Rochester City Newspaper Bot generated title ref The instrument was restored by German organbuilder Gerhard Woehl and installed in the Fountain Court of the Memorial Art Gallery , a museum of University of Rochester . ref http www.rochestercitynewspaper.com archives 2005 10 Music of the spheres Music of the spheres Archives Rochester City Newspaper Bot generated title ref ref http www.npr.org templates story story.php?storyId 5066165 ref Specification The instrument has one manual, pull down pedals and is tuned in meantone . ref http www.gothic catalog.com Rochester NY Eastman Italian Baroque Organ s 827.htm Rochester, NY Eastman Italian Baroque Organ Bot generated title ref Manual compass CDEFGA c3 Principale bassi soprani 8 Ottava 4 Decimaquinta 2 Decimanona 1 1 3 Vigesima Seconda 1 Vigesima Sesta e Nona 1 2 and 1 3 Flauto in ottava 4 Flauto in duodecima 2 2 3 Flauto in XVII 1 3 5 , from f1 Voce Umana from d1 Tromboncini bassi soprani 8 Pedal pull down compass CEFGA g Contrabassi 16 The Casparini Organ The second instrument is a replica of the 1776 organ built by German organ builder Adam Gottlob Casparini ... more details
Return on Energy Investment EROI or EROEI . Currently, between one and five barrels of oil are recovered for each barrel equivalent of energy used in the recovery process. As the EROEI drops to one ... source with an EROEI of 0.5 can be usefully exploited if the energy required to produce that oil ... led to Ethanol fuel produced with a net EROEI of less than 1, although figures in this area are controversial because methods to measure EROEI are in debate. Growth based economic models Insofar as economic ... more details
EROEI . This measures the amount of surplus energy a society gets from using energy to obtain energy. There would be no surplus if EROEI approaches 1 1. What Hall showed is that the real cutoff is well .... Part of the mental equation is that the EROEI of our generally preferred energy source, petroleum ... depletion curves all are downward decay curves. An EROEI of more than 3, then, is what appears ... and maintenance and the life styles of the rich and poor that a society depends on. The EROEI figure ... energy budget. In modern times, the use of cheap fossil fuels with an exceedingly high EROEI ... EROEI making fuel more expensive relative to other things may require food to be produced using ... more details
Image OPG 7 Gomberg Turbine 001.jpg 256px right thumbnail OPG 7 Gomberg Turbine The OPG 7 Gomberg Turbine is a Vestas model V80 1.8 Megawatt MW wind turbine in Pickering, Ontario . At the time of its construction, it was one of the largest wind turbines in North America, a 117 metre high wind machine commissioned in 2001 and designed to produce enough power to satisfy about 600 average households a year. This electricity is also Environmental effects of wind power emission free . The commercial wind power industry has introduced steadily larger wind turbines to improve efficiency and the EROEI energy returned on energy invested . By 2008, the OPG 7 was no longer an unusually large wind turbine, with many new wind farms installing units of 3MW capacity and larger. However, the wind turbine remains the only unit in the world to be directly on the site of a nuclear power plant. Technical details The Pickering Wind Generating Station GS produced an average of about 2900 megawatt hours MW h of electricity a year from 2001 to 2005. It generated about 18 of the electricity it would have if it had operated 24 hours a day for 365 days a year. ref name pickering backgrounder Cite web url http www.opg.com pdf pickwind.pdf title Pickering Wind Generation Station publisher Ontario Power Generation accessdate 2008 11 01 month 04 year 2006 ref This 18 capacity factor is low compared to other forms of generation, and is low compared to most commercial wind farm s in North America. The low capacity factor results mainly from the lack of constant strong winds at the Pickering site, the wind shadow effect of nearby large buildings, and the high maintenance required for a prototype unit. The relatively low capacity factor is typical for wind turbines sited primarily as Unconventional wind turbines Wind turbines on public display demonstration units . Other areas in Ontario have superior wind resources. ref name ontario wind atlas Cite web url http www.ontariowindatlas.ca title Ontario ... more details
Return on Energy Invested or EROEI, discussed at length in an http www.eoearth.org article Energy ... Natural Limits EROEI measures the return on invested effort as a ratio of R I or learning progress ... more details
known as Energy Returned on Energy Invested EROEI . A 1984 study estimated the EROEI of the various ... ref More recent studies estimates the EROEI of oil shales to be 1 2 1 or 2 16 1 depending when ... 10.1021 ef900678d id subscription required ref Royal Dutch Shell reported an EROEI of three to four ... more details
used in its mining and processing, a ratio known as Energy Returned on Energy Invested EROEI . A 1984 study estimated the EROEI of the various known oil shale deposits as varying between 0.7 ... pmid 17779848 ref although known oil shale extraction development projects assert an EROEI between 3 to 10. According to the World Energy Outlook World Energy Outlook 2010 , the EROEI of ex ... more details
used in its mining and processing, a ratio known as Energy Returned on Energy Invested EROEI . A 1984 study estimated the EROEI of the various known oil shale deposits as varying between 0.7 ... pmid 17779848 ref although known oil shale extraction development projects assert an EROEI between 3 to 10. According to the World Energy Outlook 2010, the EROEI of ex situ processing is typically ... more details
No footnotes date August 2010 Image MaximumPowerESL.gif thumb 320px right Maximum Power Principle in Energy Systems Language adapted from Odum and Odum 2000, p. 38 The maximum power principle has been proposed as the fourth Principles of energetics principle of energetics in Open system systems theory open system thermodynamics , where an example of an open system is a biological cell. According to Howard T. Odum H.T.Odum 1995, p.311 , The maximum power principle can be stated During self organization, system designs develop and prevail that maximize power intake, energy transformation, and those uses that reinforce production and efficiency. History Chen 2006 has located the origin of the statement of maximum power as a formal principle in a tentative proposal by Alfred J. Lotka 1922a, b . Lotka s statement sought to explain the Darwinian notion of evolution with reference to a physical principle. Lotka s work was subsequently developed by the systems ecology systems ecologist Howard T. Odum in collaboration with the Chemical Engineer Richard C. Pinkerton, and later advanced by the Engineer Myron Tribus . While Lotka s work may have been a first attempt to formalise evolutionary thought in mathematical terms, it followed similar observations made by Leibniz and Vito Volterra Volterra and Ludwig Boltzmann , for example, throughout the sometimes controversial history of natural philosophy. In contemporary literature it is most commonly associated with the work of Howard T. Odum. The significance of Odum s approach was given greater support during the 1970s, amid times of 1973 oil crisis oil crisis , where, as Gilliland 1978, pp. 100 observed, there was an emerging need for a new method of analysing the importance and value of energy resources to economic and environmental production. A field known as energy analysis , itself associated with net energy and EROEI , arose to fulfill this analytic need. However in energy analysis intractable theoretical and practica ... more details
Infobox industrial process name Shale oil extraction image Shell insitu.gif alt A photograph of Shell Oil s experimental in situ shale oil extraction facility in the Piceance Basin of northwestern Colorado . In the center of the photo, a number of oil recovery pipes lie on the ground. Several oil pumps are visible in the background. caption Shell s experimental in situ shale oil facility, Piceance Basin , Colorado, United States type Chemical sector Chemical industry , oil industry technologies Kiviter process Kiviter , Galoter process Galoter , Petrosix , Fushun process Fushun , Shell ICP feedstock Oil shale product Shale oil companies Royal Dutch Shell , Eesti Energia , Viru Keemia Grupp , Petrobras , Fushun Mining Group facility Fushun Mining Group Oil shale industry Fushun Shale Oil Plant , Narva Oil Plant , Petrosix , Stuart Oil Shale Project Stuart Shale Oil Plant inventor year developer Shale oil extraction is an industrial process for unconventional oil production. This process converts kerogen in oil shale into shale oil by pyrolysis , hydrogenation , or thermal dissolution . The resultant shale oil is used as fuel oil or Upgrader upgraded to meet oil refinery refinery feedstock specifications by adding hydrogen and removing sulfur and nitrogen impurities. Shale oil extraction is usually performed above ground ex situ processing by mining the oil shale and then treating it in chemical plant processing facilities . Other modern technologies perform the processing underground on site or In situ Petroleum production in situ processing by applying heat and extracting the oil via oil well s. The earliest description of the process dates to the 10th century. In 1684, Great Britain granted the first formal extraction process patent. Extraction industries and innovations became widespread during the 19th century. The industry shrank in the mid 20th century following the discovery of large Oil reserves reserves of conventional oil , but high Price of petroleum petro ... more details
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