. As opposed to the Middle Western Iranian dialects, the Middle EasternIranian preserves word final syllables. The living EasternIranianlanguages are spoken in a contiguous area, in Afghanistan ... newsite articles unicode v7f6 v7f659.html EasternIranianlanguages , in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, 2008 ref However, SIL Ethnologue lists the following languages as Northeastern Iranian ... Phonological differences EasternIranianlanguages have wide spread sound change s, e.g. c, d ... Western Iranianlanguages Dari Eastern Persian , which despite the name is dialect of a Western ..., ed. Schmitt 1989 , p. 100. Iranianlanguages DEFAULTSORT EasternIranianLanguages Category EasternIranianlanguages es Lenguas iranias orientales fa gl Linguas iranias orientais ...Infobox language family name EasternIranian region Central Asia , Scythia familycolor Indo European fam2 Indo Iranianlanguages Indo Iranian fam3 IranianlanguagesIranian child1 Northeastern child2 Southeastern The EasternIranianlanguages are a subgroup of the Iranianlanguages emerging in Middle Iranian times from ca. the 4th century BC . The Avestan language is often classified as early EasternIranian. The largest living EasternIranian language is Pashto language Pashto , with some Pashtun ... Asia in the 1st millennium BC . History EasternIranian is thought to have separated from Western ... in their Middle Iranian stage hence the Eastern classification , while almost no records of the Scytho ... survived. Classification EasternIranian are divided into a Northeastern and a Southeastern branch. In spite of this separation, EasternIranian remained a single dialect continuum subject to common ... Iranianlanguages, including Pashto language Pashto and Pamir languages , while it does not include ... Iranian, and it lists Pashto and the Pamir languages of Munji language Munji , Yidgha language Yidgha ... on EasternIranian, as it is evident in the development in the retroflex consonants in Pashto ... more details
. ref name IE discovery 7 Iranianlanguages are divided into EasternIranianlanguagesEastern ... language Balochi are all Western Iranianlanguages, while Pashto is an EasternIranian language ... Williams, Iranica, under entry EasternIranianlanguages ref where only peripheral groups such as southwestern ... from EasternIranian. Comparison table Iranianlanguages word table See also Indo Iranian ...About the Iranianlanguageslanguages spoken in Iran Languages of Iran the official language of Iran ... , Central Asia , and western South Asia familycolor Indo European fam2 Indo Iranianlanguages Indo Iranian protoname Proto Iranian language Proto Iranian child1 Western Iranianlanguages Western Iranian child2 EasternIranianlanguagesEasternIranian iso2 ira iso5 ira File Iranian Family Tree v2.0.png thumb 325px Iranian language family tree The Iranianlanguages also called Iranic languages form a subfamily of the Indo Iranianlanguages Indo Iranianlanguages which in turn are a subgroup of the Indo European languages Indo European language family . The speakers of Iranianlanguages are known as Iranian peoples . The Iranianlanguages are considered in three stages of Old until 400 BCE , Middle 400 BCE 900 CE , and New since 900 CE . From the Old Iranianlanguages the better understood ... Avestan the language of Zarathushtra . Middle Iranianlanguages included Middle Persian a language ... of Iranianlanguages. ref name Wind cite book last Windfuhr first Gernot title The Iranianlanguages ... ref The Ethnologue lists 87 Iranianlanguages. ref name SIL cite journal last Gordon first Raymond G., Jr. ed. title Report for Iranianlanguages journal Ethnologue Languages of the World year 2005 ..., and Lurish language Lurish about 2.3 million. The term See also Indo Iranianlanguages The term ... in which Iranianlanguages, i.e. descendants of Proto Iranian, have been spoken stretches from western ... all Iranian, Indo Aryan languages Indo Aryan , and Nuristani languages Nuristani ref the Nuristani ... more details
. Also Khalaj language Iranic Khalaj , Dezfuli dialect Dezfuli incertae sedis See also List of IranianlanguagesEasternIranianlanguages References Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum , ed. R diger Schmitt. Wiesbaden L. Reichert Verlag, 1989 p. 99. Iranianlanguages DEFAULTSORT Western IranianLanguages Category Western Iranianlanguages es Lenguas iranias occidentales fa ... Kumzari Northwestern Ancient Azari language Azari the original Azeri language Central Iranianlanguages Central Iranian See Tafresh Ashtiani language Ashtiani , Vafsi language Vafsi , etc. Northwestern ...Refimprove date August 2011 Infobox language family name Western Iranian region Southwest Asia , Central Asia , and western South Asia familycolor Indo European fam2 Indo Iranianlanguages Indo Iranian fam3 IranianlanguagesIranian child1 Northwestern Iranian child2 Southwestern Iranian The Western Iranianlanguages are a subgroup of the Iranianlanguages , attested from the time of Old Persian 6th century BC . The two sub branches are Northwestern Iranianlanguages Southwestern Iranianlanguages The opposition of these two dialect groups is apparent already in Old Iranian times, from the opposition of Old Persian and Median language Median . Languages Western Iranianlanguages fall into two distinct branches. The Northwestern Iranianlanguages show a lot of dialectal diversity. The Southwestern Iranianlanguages , also called the Persid languages , include some 16 SIL International SIL estimate closely related languages and dialects. Southwestern Old Persian language Old Persian , Middle Persian , standard modern Iranian Persian language Persian , Dari Persian Dari Afghan Persian , Tajik ... , Laki language Laki Zaza Gorani languages Zaza Gorani Gorani language Gorani Hawrami , Bajelan language ... Semnani languages Semnani Semnani language Semnani , Sangisari language Sangisari , Lasgerdi language Lasgerdi , Sorkhei language Sorkhei Aftari Median language Median Caspian languages Caspian Mazandarani ... more details
The EasternIranian peoples are historical ethno linguistic groups frequently mentioned in Avesta as well as Sanskrit and Pali literature , who are identified by their use of EasternIranianlanguages which diversified out of the Proto Indo Iranian Common Indo Iranian in the course of the early Iron Age . The modern EasternIranian peoples include Pashtun people Pashtuns Pamiri people Ossetes Burki Yaghnobis The ancient EasternIranian peoples include Scythians Bactrians Arachosians Khwarezmian s Kambojas See also Indo Iranians Dardic people Nuristani people Iranian peoples Indo Europeans References Wilhelm Greiger. Civilization of the Eastern Iranians . READ BOOKS, 2006. ISBN 1406718181, 9781406718188. Category Ethnic groups Category Ethnic groups in Afghanistan Ethno group stub ... more details
The Indo Iranianlanguages include some 296 SIL International SIL estimate languages and dialects spoken by about many people in Asia this language family is a part of the List of Indo European languages Indo European language family . Each subfamily in this list contains subgroups and individual languages. The Indo Iranian branch is the largest part of the Indo European language family List of Indo Aryan languages Indo Aryan languages List of IranianlanguagesIranianlanguages Unclassified The following languages have not been sorted into subgroups within the Indo Iranian language family. Badeshi language Luwati language External links http www.ethnologue.com show family.asp?subid 90018 Indo Iranian language tree Category Indo Iranianlanguages Category Lists of Indo European languages Indo Iranian ... more details
language Sinhala IranianlanguagesIranian Group Gathas Gathic Old Avestan extinct 2nd millennium BC the only remaining record is the Gathas of Zarathushtra EasternIranianlanguagesEasternIranian ... language Sarikoli EasternIranianlanguages Ormurri Parachi Western Iranianlanguages Western ...Infobox language family name Indo Iranian region Eastern Europe , Southwest Asia , Central Asia , South Asia familycolor Indo European protoname Proto Indo Iranian language Proto Indo Iranian child1 Indo Aryan languages Indo Aryan child2 IranianlanguagesIranian child3 Nuristani languages Nuristani ... languages Indo Aryan , IranianlanguagesIranian and Nuristani languages Nuristani . The Indo Iranian ... to have been connected with the invention of the chariot . The contemporary Indo Iranianlanguages ... Iranianlanguages were once spoken across a still wider area. The Scythians were described by Ancient ... etc. are possibly of Indo Iranian origin. The so called Migration Period saw Indo Iranianlanguages disappear from Eastern Europe with the arrival of the Turkic languages Turkic speaking Pechenegs and others by the eighth century AD. The oldest attested Indo Iranianlanguages are Vedic Sanskrit ancient Indian , Avestan language Avestan and Old Persian language Old Persian two ancient Iranianlanguages ... Eastern Zone Magadha n Prakrit languages Angika language Angika Assamese language Assamese Bengali ... Zone Dardic languages sometimes still classified separately as a part of IranianlanguagesIranian ... IranianLanguages and Peoples, edited by Nicholas Sims Williams. Published 2002 for the British Academy ... appendix Indo Iranianlanguages Iran topics DEFAULTSORT Indo IranianLanguages Category Indo Iranianlanguages Category Iranian peoples Category History of Iran Category Pre Islamic history of Afghanistan ... simple Indo Iranianlanguages sk Indoir nske jazyky sl Indoiranski jeziki sr sh ... European branches within their homelands of Europe and Asia legend 7F6A00 Indo Iranian mapsize ... more details
Middle Iranian may refer to any of a group of the Indo European language Indo European Iranianlanguages spoken between the 4th century BC and the 9th century AD Western Parthian language Parthian Northwestern Middle Persian Southwestern Eastern Bactrian language Bactrian Sogdian language Sogdian Khwarezmian language Khwarezmian Saka language Saka Khotanese, Tumshuqese Old Ossetic Scytho Sarmatian See also Zoroastrian Middle Persian Pahlavi Category Lists of languages fa pt L nguas iranianas m dias ... more details
refimprove date January 2012 The Iranianlanguages include some 84 SIL International SIL estimate languages and dialects spoken by many people in Asia . This language family is a part of the List of Indo Iranianlanguages Indo Iranian language family . Each subfamily in this list contains subgroups and individual languages. indicates extinct languagesEastern mergeinto EasternIranianlanguages date May 2012 blockquote Northeastern Avestan Chorasmian Khwarezmian Bactrian language Bactrian Sogdian language Sogdian dialects Christian, Buddhist, Manichaean , Yaghnobi language Yaghnobi Scythian languages Scythian , Scythian languages Sarmatian , Scythian languages Alanian , Ossetic language Ossetian dialects Iron, Digor , Jassic dialect Jassic Southeastern Pamiri languages Munji language Munji , Sanglechi language Sanglechi , Ishkashimi language Ishkashimi , Zebaki language Zebaki , Sarikoli language Sarikoli , Shughni language Shughni , Rushani language Rushani , Dari Eastern Persian Tangshewi , Yazgulyam language Yazgulyam , Wakhi language Wakhi , Yidgha , Khufi. Saka language Saka dialects Khotanese and Tumshuqese Ormuri , Parachi Pashto language Pashto , Waneci language Waneci , Waziri language Waziri blockquote Western merge into Western Iranianlanguages date May 2012 blockquote Northwestern Ancient Azari language Azari the original Azeri language Dialects of Central Iran Tafresh Ashtiani language Ashtiani , Amora i language Amora i , Kahaki language Kahaki , Vafsi language ... show family.asp?subid 10 16 Iranian language tree at Ethnologue http www.bues.ru iranskie yaziki Iranian language tree Russian, identical with above classification. http www.everytongue.com iran Audio and video recordings of over 50 languages spoken in Iran Category Iranianlanguages Category Lists of Indo European languagesIranian ast Llista de lling es iranies es Anexo Lenguas iranias gl ... Persian language Iranian Persian , Dari Persian Dari Persian , Tajik language Tajik Persian , Hazaragi ... more details
The Jud o Iranianlanguages include a number of related Jewish languages spoken throughout the formerly extensive realm of the Persian Empire , usually including all the Jewish Iranianlanguages Image Moderniranianlanguagesmap24.PNG thumb 298px Geographic distribution of Iranianlanguages , including Judeo Persian languages Dzhidi literary Jud o Persian Bukhori Jud o Bukharic, Jud o Tajik, the Jewish language of the distinctive Jewish community centered in Bukhara Jud o Golpaygani the Jud o Persian language traditionally spoken in the environs of Gulpaigan and western Isfahan Province , Iran Jud o Yazdi spoken in the environs of Yazd and elsewhere in Yazd Province , in central Iran Jud o Kermani spoken in Kerman and elsewhere in Kerman Province , in south central Iran Judeo Shirazi Jud o Shirazi spoken in Shiraz and elsewhere in Fars Province , in southwestern Iran Jud o Esfahani spoken in Isfahan city Isfahan and environs, as well as elsewhere in central and southern Isfahan Province, Iran Jud o Hamedani spoken in Hamadan and elsewhere in Hamadan Province , in western Iran Jud o Kashani spoken in Kashan and elsewhere in northern Isfahan Province, in western Iran Jud o Borujerdi spoken in Borujerd and elsewhere in Lorestan Province , in western Iran Jud o Nehevandi spoken in Nahavand ... http www.jewish languages.org judeo iranian.html Article from Jewish Languages site Jewish languagesIranianlanguages ie lang stub ethno stub Category Judeo Persian languages Category Endangered Iranianlanguages pl J zyki judeo perskie ru ... Tat Jud o Kurdish not to be confused with several Judeo Aramaic language Jewish Neo Aramaic languages which are also sometimes called Judeo Kurdish Like most Jewish languages, all the Jud o Iranianlanguages contain great numbers of Hebrew language Hebrew loanword s, and are written using variations of the Hebrew alphabet . See also Jews in Iran Jewish languages References cite book title Compendium ... more details
distinguish Mbam languages Infobox language family name Eastern Grassfields altname region Cameroon familycolor Niger Congo fam2 Atlantic Congo fam3 Benue Congo fam4 Bantoid fam5 Southern Bantoid fam6 Grassfields languages Grassfields fam7 Narrow child1 Bamileke languages Bamileke child2 Ngemba languages Ngemba child3 Nkambe languages Nkambe child4 Nun languages Nun The Eastern Grassfields languages, spoken in the Bamenda grassfields of Cameroon , are a branch of Bantoid languages including Bamun language Bamun , Yamba language Yamba , and Bamileke languages Bamileke . There are four or five branches to the family Nkambe languages north Mbam Nkam Ngemba languages Bamileke languages Nun languages Nurse 2003 reports that Bamileke might be two branches. Category Languages of Cameroon Category Grassfields Bantu languages nc lang stub Cameroon stub hr Mbam Nkam jezici ... more details
Image Romance languages improved.PNG thumb 350px The Romance language family simplified click to enlarge Eastern and Southern are, in some classifications of the Romance languages , two sub groups of these. Eastern Romance Main Eastern Romance languages The Eastern Romance languages are a sub group of Romance languages that developed in Southeastern Europe from the local eastern variant of Vulgar Latin , and includes Aromanian language Aromanian in Greece , Albania , Bulgaria , Serbia and in the Republic of Macedonia Romanian language Romanian in Romania , Moldova , Serbia and in Ukraine Istro Romanian language Istro Romanian in Croatia Megleno Romanian language Megleno Romanian in Greece, the Republic of Macedonia and in Turkey . Southern Romance Main Southern Romance languages The Southern Romance languages make up a hypothetical sub group of the family of Romance languages suggested by Ethnologue , and includes Corsican language in Corsica , France and in northern Sardinia , Italy Sardinian language in Sardinia, Italy See also Romance languages List of Romance languages External links http www.ethnologue.com show family.asp?subid 2 16 Eastern and Southern Romance at Ethnologue Romance languages Category Romance languages Category Eastern Romance languages ie lang stub ... more details
Infobox language family name Eastern Polynesian region Polynesia n islands familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Central Pacific languages Central Pacific fam5 Polynesian languages Polynesian fam6 Ellicean Eastern? fam7 Tuvalu Eastern? child1 Rapa Nui language Rapa Nui child2 Central Eastern The dozen Eastern Polynesian languages are found on Pacific Islands from Hawaii in the north, to New Zealand in the southwest, to Easter Island in the southeast. Included in this group of Polynesian languages are Hawaiian language Hawaiian , Marquesan language Marquesan , Tuamotuan language Tuamotuan , Tahitian language Tahitian , M ori language New Zealand M ori , Cook Island Maori and Rapa Nui language Rapa Nui . The two most important languages of the group by number of speakers are Tahitian and M ori Tahitian is the main language of the Society Islands , and is used as a lingua franca throughout much of French Polynesia , while M ori is spoken by a sizable minority in New Zealand , where it shares official status with English and NZSL New Zealand Sign Language . Hawaiian is spoken by few people, but has official status in the State of Hawaii . Languages The close relationship between the languages is fully supported by an analysis of the Austronesian languages Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database 2008 Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database 2008 . ref http language.psy.auckland.ac.nz austronesian research.php Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database 2008 ref ref http language.psy.auckland.ac.nz austronesian classification.php Classification of Austronesian languages , courtesy Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database ref Rapa Nui language Rapa Nui Easter Island Central Eastern Rapan language Rapan Marquesic languages Marquesic incl. Hawaiian Tahitic languages Tahitic incl. Maori References references DEFAULTSORT Eastern Polynesian Languages Category Polynesian languages au lang stub ca Lleng es tah tiques ... more details
Infobox language family name Eastern Malayo Polynesian region The Moluccas and the Pacific familycolor Austronesian fam2 Paiwanic languages Paiwanic ? fam3 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian MP fam4 Nuclear Malayo Polynesian languages Nuclear MP fam5 Central Eastern Malayo Polynesian languages Central Eastern child1 Halmahera Cenderawasih languages Halmahera Cenderawasih child2 Oceanic languages Oceanic iso5 pqe The Eastern Malayo Polynesian EMP languages form a putative subgroup of the Malayo Polynesian languages consisting of over 500 language s. Their relationship is not supported by much linguistic data per Malcolm Ross , there is essentially no evidence that the Halmahera Cenderawasih South Halmahera West New Guinea and Oceanic families form an exclusive clade within Malayo Polynesian, while a 2008 analysis of the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database gives the proposal a confidence level of only 58 . ref http language.psy.auckland.ac.nz austronesian research.php Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database ref References Reflist Fay Wouk and Malcolm Ross ed. , The history and typology of western Austronesian voice systems. Australian National University, 2002. K. Alexander Adelaar and Nikolaus Himmelmann, The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge, 2005. Category Eastern Malayo Polynesian languages es Lenguas malayo polinesias orientales hr Isto ni malajsko polinezijski jezici ru ... more details
Astaboran languages Astaboran k languages child2 Kir Abbaian languages Kir Abbaian n languages iso5 sdv The Eastern Sudanic languages are a large family of languages which constitute a branch of the Nilo Saharan languages Nilo Saharan language family. Eastern Sudanic languages are spoken from southern ... gives Eastern Sudanic some of the earliest written attestations of African languages. However, the largest branch by far is Nilotic languages Nilotic , spread by extensive and comparatively recent conquests throughout East Africa . Before the spread of Nilotic, Eastern Sudanic was centered in present day Sudan . The name East Sudanic refers to the eastern part of the Sudan region region of Sudan where the country of Sudan is located, and contrasts with Central Sudanic languages Central Sudanic and West Sudanic modern Mande languages Mande , in the Niger Congo languages Niger Congo family . Lionel Bender linguist Lionel Bender 1980 proposes several Eastern Sudanic isoglosses defining words ... Eastern Sudanic languages Northern br k languages 1 clade 1 Nubian languages Nubian 2 Nara language Nara 3 Nyima languages Nyima 4 Taman languages Taman label2 Southern Eastern Sudanic languages Southern br n languages 2 clade 1 Surmic languages Surmic 2 Eastern Jebel languagesEastern Jebel 3 Temein languages Temein Nuba Hills 4 Daju languages Daju 5 Nilotic languages Nilotic Ehret 2001 1984 Ehret, published in 2001 but circulating in manuscript form since at least 1984, calls the family Eastern Sahelian , and idiosyncratically adds the Kuliak languages ... 3 clade label1 Jebel 1 clade 1 Eastern Jebel languagesEastern Jebel Tabi 2 Berta language ...Infobox language family name Eastern Sudanic region Egypt , Sudan , South Sudan , Eritrea , Ethiopia ... recent classifications of East Sudanic languages. The one followed by other historical linguists is Bender 2000. Bender 2000 Bender assigns the languages into two branches, depending on whether ... more details
Infobox language family name Eastern Nilotic region southwestern Ethiopia , eastern South Sudan , northeastern Uganda , western Kenya , northern Tanzania familycolor Nilo Saharan fam2 Eastern Sudanic languagesEastern Sudanic fam3 Kir Abbaian languages Kir Abbaian fam4 Nilotic languages Nilotic child1 Bari languages Bari child2 Teso Lotuko Maa The Eastern Nilotic languages are one of the three primary branches of the Nilotic languages , themselves belonging to the Eastern Sudanic languagesEastern Sudanic subfamily of Nilo Saharan languages Nilo Saharan they are believed to have begun to diverge about 3,000 years ago, and have spread southwards from an original home in Equatoria in South Sudan . They are spoken across a large area in East Africa , ranging from Equatoria to the highlands of Tanzania . Their speakers are mostly pastoralism cattle herders living in semi arid or arid plains. According to Vossen, they are classified as follows by the comparative method Bari languages Teso Lotuko Maa Teso Turkana languages Teso Turkana or Ateker Teso language Turkana language Karimojong language Lotuko Maa Lotuko languages Lango language South Sudan Lango language Lopit language Lokoya language Lotuko language Ongamo Maa Ongamo language Maa languages Maasai language see also Mukogodo Maasai Camus language Samburu language see also Elmolo Samburu It is generally agreed upon that Bari forms a primary branch, but lower level splits are less clear. See also Western Nilotic languages Southern Nilotic languages Bibliography Rainer Vossen. The Eastern Nilotes Linguistic and Historical Reconstructions . Berlin Dietrich Reimer Verlag 1982. ISBN 3 496 00698 6. External links http jambo.africa.kyoto ... Harmony and Cyclicity in Eastern Nilotic , Eric Bakovic http camba.ucsd.edu bakovic work bakovic micro.pdf The Consequences of Microvariation in Eastern Nilotic , Eric Bakovic Category Eastern Nilotic languages ns lang stub br Yezho nilotek ar reter fr Langues nilotiques orientales nds Ostnilotische ... more details
Vlachs highlighted Image Evolution of the Eastern Romance languages and of the Wallachian territories from 6th century to the 16th century AD.jpg 250px thumb right Evolution of the Eastern Romance languages since Brezeanu, Niculescu, Rosetti & Sanfeld The Eastern Romance languages in their narrow conception, sometimes known as the Vlach languages , are a group of Romance languages that developed in Southeastern Europe from the local eastern variant of Vulgar Latin . Some classifications include the Italo Dalmatian languages when Italian is classified as Western Romance , Dalmatian generally remains in Eastern. This article will be concerned with Eastern Romance in the narrow sense, without ... features Eastern Romance languages main Proto Romanian The Proto Romanian branch was one of the earliest language groups to be isolated from the larger Latin family. As such, the languages contain a few words that were replaced with Germanic borrowings in Western Romance languages, for example, the word ... Category Eastern Romance languages an Luengas romances orientals ast Balcanorrom nicu de Balkanromanische ... simple Eastern Romance languages sr ta ...Refimprove date June 2009 Infobox language family name Eastern Romance region Southeast Europe , Istria familycolor Indo European fam2 Italic languages Italic fam3 Romance languages Romance child1 Vlach child2 ? Italo Dalmatian languages Italo Dalmatian protoname Proto Romanian language Proto Romanian ... into four separate languages Daco Romanian called Romanian language Romanian in Romania and most ... changes with the western Romance languages some with Italian, such as kl kj Lat. cl arus Rom. chi ... . The languages that are part of this group have some features that differentiate them from the other Romance languages, notable being the grammatical features shared within the Balkan sprachbund ... Latin lumen light , inim heart being derived from Latin anima soul , etc. They also contain a Eastern ... more details
Infobox language family name Eastern Aramaic altname region Middle East familycolor Afro Asiatic fam2 Semitic languages Semitic fam3 Central Semitic languages Central Semitic fam4 Northwest Semitic fam5 Aramaic languages Aramaic child1 Central Neo Aramaic child2 Northeastern Neo Aramaic child3 Mandaic language Mandaic sil 1191 16 Eastern Aramaic languages have developed from the varieties of Aramaic language Aramaic that developed in and around Mesopotamia , as opposed to western varieties of the Levant . Historically, eastern varieties of Aramaic have been more dominant, mainly due to their political acceptance in the Neo Assyrian Empire Neo Assyrian and Achaemenid Empire Achaemenid Persian empires. With the later loss of political platforms to Greek language Greek and Persian language Persian , Aramaic continued to be used by minority religious groups. In the region of Babylonia , rabbi nical schools flourished, producing the Aramaic Targum s and Talmud , making the language a standard of religious scholarship. In northern Mesopotamia, the local variety of eastern Aramaic, known as Syriac language Syriac , became a standard language among Christians, used in the Peshitta and by the poet Ephrem the Syrian Ephrem , and in the schools of School of Edessa Edessa and School of Nisibis Nisibis . Among the Mandaeism Mandaean community of Kh zest n Province Khuzestan , another variety of eastern Aramaic, known as Mandaic language Mandaic , became the liturgical language of the religion. These varieties have widely influenced the less prominent western varieties of Aramaic, and the three literary, classical languages outlined above have also influenced numerous vernacular varieties of eastern Aramaic, some of which are spoken to this day see Neo Aramaic languages . Semitic languages expanded Northwest Category Aramaic languages AfroAsiatic lang stub hr Isto noaramejski jezici mk sv starameiska spr k ... more details
eastern jebel comparative.zip The Eastern Jebel Languages of Sudan . Afrika und bersee 80 1997 ...Infobox language family name Eastern Jebel region Sudan familycolor Nilo Saharan fam2 Eastern Sudanic languagesEastern Sudanic fam3 Kir Abbaian languages Kir Abbaian map Jebel languages.png mapcaption The rough location of the Eastern Jebel languages, in An Nil al Azraq province The Eastern Jebel languages are a small subfamily belonging to the Eastern Sudanic languagesEastern Sudanic subgroup of Nilo Saharan languages Nilo Saharan . They are spoken in the hills of An Nil al Azraq province in eastern Sudan the name Jebel is simply Arabic language Arabic for mountain . The group consists of Gaam language Gaam also called Ingassana or Tabi Aka language Sudan Aka Silak Kelo language Kelo Tornasi Molo language Molo Malkan . Gaam has some 40 80,000 speakers, whereas the other three are on the verge of extinction. Gaam was believed to be the only member of this group until more information about Aka, Kelo, and Molo was obtained by Bender the latter three languages have been significantly influenced by Berta language Berta . Gaam is spoken in a compact area around the towns of Bau, Sudan Bau , Bobuk , Kukur , and Sawda in the Tabi Hills , roughly 11 15 30 N by 33 55 34 10 E. The other three are spoken in isolated pockets to its south Aka in the Sillok Hills , Kelo in the Tornasi Hills on jebels Tornasi Kayli village and Beni Sheko, and Molo at Jebel Malkan near the Ethiopia n border. Bibliography Malik Agaar Ayre & M. Lionel Bender linguist Lionel Bender , Preliminary Gaam ... Studies 4.1, 1966. pp. 41 44. B. Z. Seligman. Notes on Two Languages Spoken in the Sennar ... in the Study of Sudanese Languages No. 9 , Entebbe SIL Sudan 2004. Sisto Verri. Il Linguaggio degli Ingessana nell Africa Occidentale , Anthropos 50, 1955. pp. 282 318. Category Eastern Sudanic languages ns lang stub br Yezho jebelek ar reter mk ... more details
language Nafusi from Eastern Berber, and subgroups Sokna with Awjila in an Awjila Sokna languages ... languages, with dialects in parentheses like Ethnologue , he classifies Nafusi as Eastern Zenati ... show family.asp?subid 90003 Ethnologue entry for Eastern Berber languages External links Berber languages DEFAULTSORT Eastern Berber Languages Category Berber languages AfroAsiatic lang stub an Luengas ...Infobox language family name Eastern Berber region Libya , Egypt familycolor Afro Asiatic fam2 Berber languages Berber child1 Siwi language Siwi Sokna language Sokna Nafusi language Nafusi child2 Awjila language Awjila Ghadam s language Ghadam s br Berber The Eastern Berber languages belong to the Afro Asiatic languages Afro Asiatic family and are spoken in Libya and Egypt . They include Awjila language Awjila , Sokna language Sokna and Fezzan El Fogaha , Siwi language Siwi , and Ghadam s language Ghadam s , ref Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. & A. Ju. Militarev. 1984. Klassifikacija livijsko guan skih jazykov. In IV vsesojuznaja konferencija afrikanistov Afrika v 80 e gody itogi i perspektivy razvitija Moskva, 3 5 oktjabrja 1984 g. , vol. II, 83 85. Tezisy Dokladov i Nau nyh Soob enij IV . Moskva Institut Afrika Akademii Nauk SSSR, as cited in Tak cs, G bor. 1999. Development of Afro Asiatic Semito Hamitic Comparative Historical Linguistics in Russia and the Former Soviet Union . LINCOM Studies in Afroasiatic Linguistics 02 . M nchen LINCOM Europa, p. 130 ref though it is not clear that they form ... of Ghadam s language Ghadam s and Awjila language Awjila . These two languages are the only Berber languages to preserve proto Berber as ref Kossmann 1999 61. ref elsewhere in Berber it becomes ... languages Zenati , and others e.g. the change of to ref Karl G. Prasse. The Reconstruction .... ref and the loss of ref Kossmann 1999 61 ref with Northern Berber languages Northern Berber in general. The Ethnologue ref Raymond G. Gordon, Jr, ed. 2005. Ethnologue Languages of the World . 15th ... more details
child16 Piscataway language Piscataway The Eastern Algonquian languages constitute a subgroup of the Algonquian languages . Prior to European contact, Eastern Algonquian consisted of at least seventeen languages collectively occupying the Atlantic coast of North America and adjacent inland ... subgroupings. Classification A consensus classification of the known Eastern Algonquian languages ... subgroup, pro and con The languages assigned to the Eastern Algonquian group are hypothesized to descend ... PEA . By virtue of their common ancestry the Eastern Algonquian languages constitute a genetic subgroup, and the individual Eastern Algonquian languages descend from PEA. By contrast, other Algonquian ... languages as a group than among the Algonquian languages as a whole or among the non Easternlanguages ... the Eastern Algonquian status of the southern New England languages, as well as Powhatan and Carolina ... subsets of some of the Eastern Algonquian languages have led to several proposals for further subgroupings ... Micmac has innovated significantly relative to other Eastern Algonquian languages, particularly in terms ... between a Western SNEA group consisting of the languages of central and Eastern Long Island, Connecticut ... of Manitoba. Eastern Algonquian languages, entry in Ethnologue. http www.ethnologue.com show family.asp ... 2 3 5 6. Goddard, Ives. 1978. Eastern Algonquian Languages. Bruce Trigger, ed., Handbook of North American ... naind html na 001400 algonquianla.htm Algonquian languages Category Eastern Algonquian languages Category Algic languages Category Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands Category ...Infobox language family name Eastern Algonquian altname Eastern Algonkian region Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Coast of North America familycolor Algic fam1 Algic languages Algic fam2 Algonquian languages Algonquian child1 Eastern Abnaki language Eastern Abnaki child2 Western Abnaki language Western Abnaki child3 Etchemin language Etchemin child4 Delaware languages Delaware child5 Nipmuck child6 Mahican ... more details
language families References Reflist Refbegin Malcolm Ross Pronouns Refend DEFAULTSORT Eastern Trans Fly Languages Category Eastern Trans Fly languages Category Language families Category Languages ...Infobox language family name Eastern Trans Fly region New Guinea familycolor Papuan family a primary family of Papuan languages child1 Meriam language Meriam child2 Bine language Bine child3 Wipii language Wipii Gidra child4 Gizra language Gizra The Eastern Trans Fly languages are a small independent language family family of Papuan languages in the classification of Malcolm Ross , that constituted a branch of Stephen Wurm s 1970 Trans Fly Bulaka River Trans Fly proposal, which he later incorporated into his 1975 expansion of the Trans New Guinea languages Trans New Guinea family as part of a Trans Fly Bulaka River branch. Wurm himself concluded that some of the Trans Fly languages were not Trans New Guinea languages but rather heavily influenced by them. Ross 2005 removed the bulk of the languages from Wurm s TNG, including Eastern Trans Fly. Eastern Trans Fly includes Meriam language Meriam , located within the national borders of Australia , as well as Bine language Bine , Wipii language Wipii Gidra and Gizra language Gizra . Pronouns The pronouns Ross reconstructs for proto Eastern Trans Fly are, class wikitable rowspan 2 I rowspan 2 ka Clusivity exclusive we ki Clusivity inclusive we mi thou ma you we he she it tab vowel V e they tepi There s a possibility of a connection here to Trans New Guinea languages Trans New Guinea . If the inclusive pronoun is historically a second person form, then there would appear to be i ablaut for the plural ka ki, ma mi, tapa tapi. This is similar to the ablaut reconstructed for TNG na ni, ga gi . Although the pronouns themselves are dissimilar, ablaut is not likely to be borrowed. On the other hand, there is some formal resemblance to Austronesian pronouns a ku I , ka mu you , kita we inc. , ka mi we exc. , ia he some archeological ... more details
Infobox language family name Central Eastern Malayo Polynesian region East Indonesia and Pacific Islands familycolor Austronesian fam2 Paiwanic languages Paiwanic fam3 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian MP fam4 Nuclear Malayo Polynesian languages Nuclear Malayo Polynesian child1 Sumba Flores languages Sumba Flores child2 Core Central Eastern MP The Central Eastern Malayo Polynesian CEMP languages form a putative branch of the Nuclear Malayo Polynesian languages consisting of over 700 language ... languages non Austronesian substrate. ref Mark Donohue, 2007. http muse.jhu.edu journals oceanic ... 537. ref Classification The traditional division of CEMP is into Central Malayo Polynesian languages Central Malayo Polynesian and Eastern Malayo Polynesian languagesEastern Malayo Polynesian . However, Central MP has never been demonstrated to be a valid clade, and Eastern MP is only poorly supported. In the 2008 analysis, CEMP was supported at an 80 confidence level. The Sumba Flores languages appear to be the most divergent the rest of the languages core CEMP are supported as a unit at 82 ... Palauan label1 nowrap Central Eastern br MP 80 1 clade 1 Sumba Flores languages label2 Core br CEMP br 80 2 clade 1 Irarutu language Irarutu Kasira 2 Selaru languages ... Tanimbar languages Kei Tanimbar label3 73 3 clade 1 North Bomberai languages North Bomberai 2 Kowiai language Kowiai S. Bomberai label4 nowrap Central Maluku languages Central Maluku br 54 4 clade 1 East Central Maluku languages East Central Maluku 2 Sula Buru languages 5 Timor Babar languages label6 nowrap Eastern Malayo Polynesian languagesEastern MP br 58 6 clade label1 80 1 Halmahera Cenderawasih languages Halmahera Cenderawasih 2 Oceanic languages Oceanic The West Damar language and the closely related Teor Kur languages , conventionally placed ..., 2002. K. Alexander Adelaar and Nikolaus Himmelmann, The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar ... more details
Wiktionary Iranian is of, from, or related to the nation of Iran Persia . Iranian or Persian people who are persons from the nation of Iran Persia, or of Iranian descent. For more information about the people of Iran also see Demographics of Iran Iranian citizens abroad For specific persons, see List of Iranians Iranian peoples , an ethnic and linguistic branch of Indo European peoples, living mainly in Iranian plateau and beyond in central , southern , and southwestern Asia. One of the Iranianlanguages . See also Languages of Iran . See also Iranian architecture Iranian folklore Iranian cuisine Iranian Space Agency disambig bn de Iranisch fa nl Iraans ja oc Iranian pt Iraniano simple Iranian ur ... more details
program with concentration in Middle Eastern, South and East Asian Studies and organizes public lectures ... and languages. The Department supports several interdisciplinary graduate programs leading to Master s and Ph.D. degrees. Activities One of the major focuses of the Department in the area of languages ... more details
The American Association of Teachers of Slavic and Eastern European Languages AATSEEL is an academic organization founded in 1941. ref name aatseel site http www.aatseel.org about About AATSEEL . ref AATSEEL holds an annual conference each December and publishes the Slavic and East European Journal SEEJ , a peer reviewed journal of Slavic studies . AATSEEL is currently run by Princeton University professor Caryl Emerson, who will serve until the end of 2010 when University of Pittsburgh professor Nancy Condee will become President ref http www.aatseel.org executive council ref See also American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies AAASS American Council of Teachers of Russian ACTR External links http www.aatseel.org AATSEEL official site References Reflist DEFAULTSORT American Association Of Teachers Of Slavic And Eastern European Languages Category Academic organizations Category Linguistics organizations US org stub ... more details
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