Social imagemap Economics sidebar Ecologicaleconomics is a transdisciplinary field of academic ... title Ecologicaleconomics work The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics 2nd Edition publisher Palgrave ... Environmental and ecologicaleconomics Lead Author Robert Nadeau Article Topics Ecologicaleconomics ... . EcologicalEconomics Themes, Approaches, and Differences with Environmental Economics, Regional Environmental ... of German economists found that ecological and environmental economics are different schools of economic ... of Opinion How Ecological and Neoclassical Environmental Economists Think about Sustainability and Economics . German Institute for Economic Research. ref Ecologicaleconomics was founded in the works ... to ecological economist http de.wikipedia.org wiki Malte Michael Faber Malte Faber , ecologicaleconomics ... economist. EcologicalEconomics 66 1 1 7. http ideas.repec.org p awi wpaper 0454.html ... Theory and Application. EcologicalEconomics 66 2 3 . ref Positional analysis, which attempts to incorporate ... 978 1 84407 627 7. pp.109 110, 113 117. ref Ecologicaleconomics includes the study of the metabolism ... bioeconomics , and has links with the applied science of industrial symbiosis . Ecologicaleconomics ... flow of income diagram is replaced in ecologicaleconomics by a more complex flow diagram reflecting ... important in ecologicaleconomics. Ecological economists may begin by estimating how to maintain ... in EcologicalEconomics Volume 25, Issue 1, but the critics acknowledged the positive potential ... capacity is a central issue in ecologicaleconomics. Early economists such as Thomas Malthus pointed ... sources 2 Mainstream economics has attempted to become a value free hard science , but ecological economists argue that value free economics is generally not realistic. Ecologicaleconomics is more ... analysis or multi criteria analysis. Ecologicaleconomics is typically viewed as economics ... and Ideology in EcologicalEconomics . Internet Encyclopaedia of EcologicalEconomics. ref and may ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2007 The Gund Institute for EcologicalEconomics GIEE is an environmental institute housed at The Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources at the University of Vermont . Its primary mission is the study of the relationships between ecological and economic systems through the collaborative work of experts, educators, students, and others from around the world and across a wide variety of academic and environmental disciplines related to ecologicaleconomics . The Gund Institute offers graduate level training in the form of two Certificate Programs Certificate of Graduate Study in EcologicalEconomics and Certificate of Graduate Study in Ecological Design. Some of the courses required for the EcologicalEconomics Certificate are currently completely online with all the content available freely. External links http www.uvm.edu giee Gund Institute for EcologicalEconomics Homepage http www.metacourses.org MetaCourses online courses Category University of Vermont Category Environmental economics Vermont university stub Ecology stub renewable energy stub ... more details
Primary sources date October 2010 The International Society for EcologicalEconomics ISEE was founded in 1989 to promote EcologicalEconomics and assist ecological economists and related societes. The society publishes a monthly journal EcologicalEconomics , books and other materials, and holds periodic meetings and conferences to facilitate a voice for ecological economists. ref http www.ecoeco.org about.php About The ISEE ref The ISEE was initially presided by Robert Costanza who was also the first editor of the journal. Subsequent presidents have been Dick Norgaard, John Proops, Charles Perrings, Joan Martinez Alier and Peter May. The current president is John Gowdy and the president elect for 2010 11 is Bina Agarwal , a Professor of Economics at the Institute of Economic Growth, University of Delhi, India. The journal is currently edited by Richard Howarth. ref name Newsletter ISEE Newsletter Spring 2010 ref File Keyhole sand dollar 01.jpg thumb 200px The Clypeaster or sand dollar is the symbol of the ISEE The ISEE is divided in into Regional Societies. There are currently ten ref http www.ecoeco.org about regional.php ISEE Regional Societies ref Africa ASEE Argentina and Uruguay ASAUEE Australia and New Zealand ANZSEE Brazil Eco Eco , Canada CANSEE European Union ESEE Mesoamerica ... EcologicalEconomics Society which is not affiliated to the ISEE and an Iberoamerican Network http ... Official website of the International Society for EcologicalEconomics http www.isee2010.org ISEE Conference 2010 http www.sciencedirect.com ecolec journal EcologicalEconomics Journal Website Categories Use dmy dates date October 2010 DEFAULTSORT International Society For EcologicalEconomics Category Environmental economics Category Natural resources Category Resource economics Category Environmental economics Category Environmental social science de International Society for EcologicalEconomics es Sociedad Internacional de Econom a Ecol gica kk ... more details
Orphan date April 2012 Weak sustainability is a paradigm within ecologicaleconomics which holds the position ... The concept of weak sustainability journal Ecologicaleconomics year 1996 volume 17 pages 147 56 ... Alier first J. title The environment as a luxury or too poor to be green ? journal Ecologicaleconomics ... technologies journal Ecologicaleconomics year 1997 volume 22 issue 3 pages 239 47 ref As Gowdy ... of spontaneous order journal Ecologicaleconomics year 1998 volume 24 pages 231 40 ref The social ... management. Washington D.C. Island press. Common, M. & Perrings, C. 1992. Towards an ecologicaleconomics of sustainability. Ecologicaleconomics, 6 7 34. Turner, R.K. 1992. Speculations on strong ... equity and exhaustible resources journal Review of economic studies symposium of the economics ... On the intergenerational allocation of nautral resources journal Scandinavian journal of economics year ... development economics and environment in the third world year 1990 publisher Edward Elgar ... , ref cite book last Pearce first D. editor title Macmillian dictionary of modern economics 4th ed ... through Hartwick s rule. ref name hartwick77 In resource economics, Hartwick s rule defines ... of sustainable development an indicator of weak sustainability journal Ecologicaleconomics year 1993 volume 8 pages 103 108 ref and Hamilton ref cite journal last Hamilton first K title ... . ref cite book last Dietz, S. & Neumayer, E. title Economics and the governance of sustainable ... of Nauru An example of weak sustainability journal Land economics year 1999 volume 75 issue 2 pages ... of environmental economics and management year 1994 volume 26 pages 125 48 ref By including all human ... reading Ecological economists writing on the topic of sustainable development Daly, H.E. 1991. Steady state economics 2nd edition . Washington D.C. Island press. Daly, H.E. & Cobb, W. 1989. For the common ... Environmental economics Category Resource economics ... more details
Hatnote This article is about the social science. For other uses, see Economics disambiguation . Outline Outline of economics pp semi small yes Economics sidebar Economics is the Social sciences social science that analyzes the Production theory basics production , Distribution economics distribution , and Consumption economics consumption of Good economics and accounting goods and Service economics services . The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek lang grc wikt lang ..., but economists in the latter 19th century suggested economics as a shorter term for economic ... Marshall 1879 . The Economics of Industry , Macmillan, p. http books.google.com books?id wFc4yr9xfqAC ... A focus of the subject is how Agent economics economic agents behave or interact and how economy ... positive economics describing what is and normative economics advocating what ought to be between economic theory and applied economics between Rational choice theory rational and behavioral economics and between mainstream economics more orthodox dealing with the rationality individualism equilibrium nexus and heterodox economics more radical dealing with the institutions history social structure nexus . ref Davis, John B. 2006 . Heterodox Economics, the Fragmentation of the Mainstream, and Embedded Individual Analysis , in Future Directions in Heterodox Economics . Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press. ref Economic analysis may be applied throughout society, as in business economics business , financial economics finance , Health economics health care , and government, but also to such diverse ... LIBRARY Enc Crime.html Crime, The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. . Retrieved October 21, 2007. ref education economics education , ref The World Bank 2007 . http go.worldbank.org 78EK1G87M0 Economics of Education. . Retrieved October 21, 2007. ref the Family economics family , Law and economics law , public choice politics , Economics of religion religion , ref Iannaccone, Laurence R. 1998 . Introduction ... more details
Ecological Deficit is the level of resource Consumption economics consumption and waste discharge by a population in excess of locally sustainability sustainable natural production and assimilative capacity . In spatial terms, the ecological deficit is the difference between that species population s effective ecological footprint and the geographic area it actually occupies. It what? date April 2012 basically promotes overall resource efficiency to reduce our Footprint. Quotation The difference between the biocapacity and Ecological Footprint of a region or country. An ecological deficit occurs when the Footprint of a population exceeds the biocapacity of the area available to that population. Conversely, an ecological reserve exists when the biocapacity of a region exceeds its population s Footprint. If there is a regional or national ecological deficit, it means that the region is either importing biocapacity through trade or liquidating regional ecological assets. In contrast, the global ecological deficit cannot be compensated through trade, and is therefore equal to overshoot. ref cite web title Global Footprint Network Glossary url http www.footprintnetwork.org gfn sub.php?content glossary accessdate 2008 11 02 ref See also Carrying capacity Ecological debt Greenhouse debt Material efficiency Natural capital References reflist modelling ecosystems expanded other Category Biogeography Category Environment Category Sustainability et koloogiline defitsiit eu Defizit ekologiko ... more details
. In selecting between alternatives, the design should incorporate ecologicaleconomics in design evaluation ... ecology , restoration ecology , ecological modeling , ecological engineering, economics of ecological ... time, and incorporate ecologicaleconomics in design evaluation. Economics of ecological ...Ecological engineering is an emerging study of integrating ecology and engineering , concerned with the design ... . ref name Mi 98 W.J. Mitsch & S.E. Jorgensen 1989 , Introduction to Ecological Engineering , In W.J. Mitsch and S.E. Jorgensen Editors , Ecological Engineering An Introduction to Ecotechnology . John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 3 12. ref Overview Ecological engineering emerged as a new idea in the early ... undergoing adjustment, and its broader recognition as a new paradigm is relatively recent. Ecological ... 89 W.J. Mitsch and S.E. Jorgensen 1989 , Introduction to Ecological Engineering In W.J. Mitsch and S.E. Jorgensen Editors , Ecological Engineering An Introduction to Ecotechnology . John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 3 12. ref wrote that ecological engineering is designing societal services such that they benefit society and nature, and later noted ref W.J. Mitsch 1993 , Ecological Engineering A Cooperative ... 45. ref ref W.J. Mitsch 1996 , Ecological Engineering a new paradigm for engineers and ecologists , In P.C. Schulze Editor , Engineering Within Ecological Constraints . National Academy Press, Washington ... with its natural environment. Odum ref name Od 89 H.T. Odum 1989 , Ecological Engineering and Self Organization In W.J. Mitsch and S.E. J rgensen Editors , Ecological Engineering An Introduction to Ecotechnology ... were a central feature to ecological engineering. Mitsch and J rgensen ref name MJ 89 were the first to define ecological engineering and provide ecological engineering principles. Later they refined ... 2003 , Ecological engineering A field whose time has come , in Ecological Engineering , 20 5 363 377. ref They defined and characterized ecological engineering in a 1989 book and clarified it further ... more details
unreferenced date February 2009 Ecological yield is the harvestable population growth of an ecosystem . It is most commonly measured in forestry sustainable forestry is defined as that which does not logging harvest more wood in a year than has grown in that year, within a given patch of forest . However, the concept is also applicable to water , soil , and any other aspect of an ecosystem which can be both harvested and renewed the so called renewable resource s. The carrying capacity of an ecosystem is reduced over time if more than the amount which is renewed refreshed or regrown or rebuilt is consumed. Ecosystem services analysis calculates the global yield of the Earth s biosphere to humans as a whole. This is said to be greater in size than the entire human economy. However, it is more than just yield, but also the natural processes that increase biodiversity and conserve habitat which result in the total value of these services. Yield of Forest product ecological commodities like wood or water, useful to humans, is only a part of it. Very often an ecological yield in one place offsets an ecological load in another. Greenhouse gas released in one place, for instance, is fairly evenly distributed in the earth s atmosphere atmosphere , and so greenhouse gas control can be achieved by creating a carbon sink literally anywhere else. Ecocide is thought by some green economists to be accelerated by debt instruments which demand a yield economics yield greater than the ecological capacity to renew. This is a major question in monetary reform . See also Portal box Environment Ecology Earth sciences Sustainable development Maximum sustainable yield Full cost accounting Comprehensive outcome Sustainability Uneconomic growth References Reflist modelling ecosystems expanded other modelling ecosystems DEFAULTSORT Ecological Yield Category Ecological processes Category Ecological metrics Category Forestry forestry stub simple Ecological yield ... more details
, No.4, pp.85 102. J.B. Foster and P.Burkett 2004 EcologicalEconomics And Classical Marxism , Organization ... Population Biology , Vol. 40, 78 104. J. Martinez Alier 1987 EcologicalEconomics , Basil ...The ecological humanities is an interdisciplinary area of research, drawing on the many environmental ... philosophy, environmental history and environmental anthropology . The ecological humanities ... world and the place of humans in it Rose 2004 . The ecological humanities are characterised ... to Ecology ecological laws and to see humanity as part of a larger living system. Connectivity ontology One of the fundamental Ontology ontological presuppositions of ecological humanities is that the Organic ... of such a connectivity ontology is, as proponents of the ecological humanities argue, that we begin ... to whom rights are owing. This broadened conception of justice involves enlarged or ecological thinking ... . The ecological humanities therefore, require both linear and non linear modes of language through ... which can adequately express both linear and non linear connectivities. Axioms of ecological humanities There are two axioms of ecological humanities The axiom of submission to ecological energetics ecosystem laws The axiom of ecological kinship, which situates humanity as participant in a larger living ..., 1968 3 . From the second axiom the notions of Embodied energy ecological embodiment embededness ... ecocentric philosophy with political economics. This is because the theorising of justice is a central activity of political economic philosophy. If in accordance with the axioms of ecological humanities, theories of justice are enlarged to include ecological values then the necessary result is the synthesis ... connections of ecosystem ecological systems appears to have been taken up by the school of ecology ... H.T. Odum 1994 predicated the Energy Systems Language on the principles of ecological energetics . In ecological energetics, just as in ecological humanities, the causal bond between connections ... more details
gen ecologicaldebt091006.aspx New Economics Foundation Ecological Debt Day http www.enredeurope.org ...? , a movie See also Carbon footprint Carrying capacity EcologicaleconomicsEcological footprint Limits ...Multiple issues original research August 2007 NPOV July 2008 Ecological debt is a term used since 1992 ..., 1992 . J.M. Borrero, from Colombia, a lawyer, wrote a book on the ecological debt in 1994 J.M.Borrero .... Campaigns on the Ecological Debt were launched since 1997 by Accion Ecologica of Ecuador and Friends of the Earth as documented in www.deudaecologica.org Academic work on calculations of the Ecological ... of ecological impacts from human activities was published by U. Thara Srinivasan et al. from Berkeley ..., the ecological debt movement raised the slogan, we are creditors, not debtors . Studies were produced at regional level also. For instance, S. Khatua and W. Stanley, Ecological Debt a case study ... and make reparations that recognize their Ecological Debt for excessive emissions over several decades ... the notion of the Ecological Debt pointing out that the U.S. in addressing domestic pollution created ... approach to tackling... Ecological Debt has been applied to highlight the disparity between industrialized ... waste. As described by J. Martinez Alier The Environmentalism of the Poor, 2002, p. 213 , the Ecological ... free use of the oceans and atmosphere to diposit carbon dioxide . Ecological Debt has been ... capacity. ref Andrew Simms. Ecological Debt. London Pluto Press, 2009 p.200. ref This is seen ... through measuring ecological footprints human society can determine the rate at which ... to live within the means of the ecological system to support life over the long term. Ecological debt is a feature of unsustainable economic systems. The concept of ecological debt is the basis for Ecological ... resources has been consumed for the year. This is calculated using the global ecological footprint the total ... Ecological Debt Day occurred in 1987, and has steadily been moving earlier into the year, being ... more details
sustainability A research project focusing on ecological thresholds modelling ecosystems expanded other DEFAULTSORT Ecological Threshold Category Environmental economics Category Ecology ...Ecological threshold can be described as the point at which a relatively small change in external conditions causes a rapid change in an ecosystem . When an ecological threshold has been passed, the ecosystem may no longer be able to return to its state. The trespassing of ecological threshold often leads to rapid change of ecosystem health . Definitions There are several definitions for the concept of ecological threshold. The common feature of most definitions is the non linearity of the responses in ecological or biological systems to pressures caused by human activities or natural processes. Groffman and others ref Groffman, P., Baron, J., Blett, T., Gold, A., Goodman, I., Gunderson, L., Levinson, B., Palmer, M., Paerl, H., Peterson, G., LeRoy Poff, N., Rejeski, D., Reynolds, J., Turner, M., Weathers, K., & Wiens, J. 2006. Ecological thresholds the key to successful environmental management or an important concept with no practical application? Ecosystems 9 1 1 13. http landscape.zoology.wisc.edu People Turner groffman2006ecosys.pdf pdf ref define ecological thresholds as the points at which there is an abrupt change in an ecosystem quality, property or phenomenon, or where small changes in an environmental driver produce large responses in the ecosystem. On a general level, ecological ... point ref Huggett, A. 2005. The concept and utility of ecological thresholds in biodiversity conservation. Biological Conservation 124 3 301 310 ref . Ecological thresholds have caught attention ... impossible to remedy also known as points of no return . Ecological extinction is an example of a definitive point of no return. Ecological thresholds are often characterised by hysteresis , which ... the jumps ref http ifisc.uib.es ThEnhancer Thresholds enhancer ref . Examples Some examples of ecological ... more details
Refimprove date June 2007 Ecological health or ecological integrity or ecological damage are the symptoms of an ecosystem s pending loss of carrying capacity , its ability to perform ecological services , or a pending ecocide , due to cumulative causes such as pollution . It can also be defined in regards to farming so as to minimize the negative effects of agricultural practices. The term health is intended to evoke human environmental health concerns, which are often closely related but as a part of medicine not ecology . As with ecocide , that term assumes that ecosystems can be said to be alive see also Gaia philosophy on this issue . While the term integrity or damage seems to take no position on this, it does assume that there is a definition of integrity that can be said to apply to ecosystem s. The more political term ecological wisdom refers not only to recognition of a level of health, integrity or potential damage, but also, to a decision to do nothing more to harm that ecosystem or its dependents. An ecosystem has a good health if it is capable of self restoration after suffering external disturbances. This is termed Resilience ecology resilience . Measures of ecological ... or even to an ecosystem . Measures that depend on biodiversity are valid indicators of ecological health as stability and productivity good indicators of ecological health are two ecological effects ... agriculture , are thought to improve or at least not to degrade ecological health, while ... , but is increasingly part of discourse on agricultural economics and Conservation ethic conservation ... is thought to be important to maintaining ecological health, as it is far faster and simpler to destroy ... for ecological health, and fuels a great many debates. The role of clearcutting clearcuts , plantation ... for Ecological Health Research University of California, Davis . It is one of four environmental research ... Ecological Health Category Environment Category Health fr Int grit cologique ... more details
October title Ecological footprints and appropriated carrying capacity what urban economics leaves out ... and indicators an evaluation of the ecological footprint journal EcologicalEconomics volume 29 issue ... Why the ecological footprint is bad economics and bad environmental science journal Ecological ... title Welfare economics versus ecological footprint modeling agglomeration, externalities and trade ... Div col 3 Carbon footprint Water footprint Dependency theory Ecologicaleconomics Ecosystem valuation ... The EcologicalEconomics Approach to Sustainability . Washington D.C. Island Press. ISBN 1 55963 316 ... journal EcologicalEconomics volume 29 issue 1 pages 63 74 year 1999 url http www.tinbergen.nl discussionpapers ... title Welfare economics versus ecological footprint modeling agglomeration, externalities and trade ...The ecological footprint is a measure of human demand on the Earth s ecosystems . It is a standardized measure of demand for natural capital that may be contrasted with the planet s Ecology ecological ... take to support humanity if everybody followed a given lifestyle. For 2007, humanity s total ecological footprint was estimated at 1.5 planet Earths in other words, humanity uses ecological services ... ecological footprint is widely used, ref United Nations Environment Programme UNEP reports. http ... ref Analysis Image Human welfare and ecological footprint.jpg thumb right 400px Ecological ... academic publication about the ecological footprint was by William Rees academic William Rees in 1992 ... ref The ecological footprint concept and calculation method was developed as the PhD dissertation ..., from 1990 1994. ref Cite thesis degree PhD title Ecological Footprint and Appropriated Carrying ..., Vancouver. ref To make the idea more accessible, Rees came up with the term ecological footprint ..., February 17, 2008 ref In early 1996, Wackernagel and Rees published the book Our Ecological Footprint Reducing Human Impact on the Earth. ref name Wackernagel & Rees Ecological footprint analysis ... more details
Ecological modernization is an optimism optimistic school of thought in the social sciences that argues ... and environmentalism environmental discourse Hajer, 1995 . Origins and key elements Ecological ... assumption of ecological modernization relates to environmental readaptation of economic growth ... s carrying capacity , ecological modernization gives humans an active role to play, which may entail conflicts with nature conservation. There are different understandings of the scope of ecological ... and economy, and to what extent it also includes cultural aspects ecological modernization of mind ... ecological modernization would need to rely mainly on government, or markets and entrepreneurship ... system theory , others don t. Ultimately, however, there is a common understanding that ecological ... Klemmer et al., 1999 Huber, 2004 Weber and Hemmelskamp, 2005 Olsthoorn and Wieczorek, 2006 . Ecological ... H. Socolow Socolow , 1994 . Additional elements A special topic of ecological modernization research ... of ecological modernization share an interest in industrial symbiosis , i.e. inter site recycling ... them as raw material inputs for another Christoff, 1996 . Ecological modernization also relies ..., ecological modernization promotes cradle to cradle manufacturing Michael Braungart Braungart and William ... where waste is not re integrated back into the production process. Another special interest in the ecological ... of ecological modernization may be favored by business interests because they seemingly meet the triple bottom line of economics, society and environment that is held underpin sustainability, yet ... origin of environmental degradation. Under ecological modernization, the State polity state is seen ... environmental problems. In the latter case, ecological modernization shares with Ulrich Beck 1999 ... this. Criticisms Critics argue that ecological modernization will fail to protect environment ... vs. peak oil . In addition, some critics have argued that ecological modernization does not redress ... more details
Ecological design is defined by Sim Van der Ryn and Stuart Cowan as any form of design that minimizes ... S 1996 . Ecological Design . Island Press, p.18 ref Ecological design is an integrative, ecologically ... agriculture, ecological engineering, ecological restoration and other fields. The eco prefix ... tecture by John Button in 1998 at the first time. The inchoate developing nature of ecological ... life cycle models through energy and materials flow, ecological design was related to the new interdisciplinary ... GIS , a ubiquitous tool used in the practice of ecological landscape design. 1978 Permaculture . Bill ... describe the precepts of ecological design. 2004 Fritjof Capra , in his book The Hidden Connections ... K. Ausebel compiled compelling personal stories of the world s most innovative ecological designers ... systems of balanced symbiotic relationship. The ecological movement of the late twentieth century ... invention inclined energy adjusting the ecological balance, the latest population growth after industrial revolution led to change ecology abnormally. ref John McHale 1969 , An Ecological Overview ..., humans have extended their ecological area, involving the whole planet. Ecological Design Issues ... the air. ref Victor Papanek 1972 , Design for the Real World Human Ecological and social change ... strategies for change that might be effective in world economics and trade policies, and the design ... Issues, vol14,2. pp. 91 ref Influence of Ecological Design on Manufacturing Industries and the Environment ... towards a more green life. One of the ecological changes that have recently taken place in the design ... point behind the success of ecological, sustainable and environmental design is gaining people ... ecological design methods to change the future of the textile industry into a more environmentally ... Children to Ecological Issues through Textile Eco Design . International Journal of Art & Design ... ecological design to not only protect the environment now but also in the future. Designers are problem ... more details
Ecological indicators are used to communicate information about ecosystems and the impact human activity has on ecosystems to groups such as the public or government policy makers. Ecosystems are complex and ecological indicators can help describe them in simpler terms that can be understood and used by non scientists to make management decisions. For example, the number of different beetle taxa found in a field can be used as an indicator of biodiversity . ref Gird ref Niem ref Osi Many different types of indicators have been developed. They can be used to reflect a variety of aspects of ecosystems, including biological, chemical and physical. Due to this variety, the development and selection of ecological indicators is a complex process. ref Kurt Using ecological indicators is a pragmatic approach since direct documentation of changes in ecosystems as related to management measures, is cost and time intensive. ref Bert ref Osi For example, it would be expensive and time consuming ... needed are often crippling ref Gird The terms ecological indicator and environmental indicator are often used interchangeably. However, ecological indicators are actually a sub set of environmental ... environment , environmental conditions and societal responses. Ecological indicators refer only to ecological processes. Policy evaluation Ecological indicators play an important role in evaluating ... ecological goods and services . Based on the United Nations convention to combat desertification ... oss.teledection.fr as a network of cross Saharan observatories to establish ecological indicators. Citation ... 3 Ecological science Ecology movement Ecosystem valuation Ecological yield Deep ecology Human ecology ... Assessment Environmental ethics Environmental economics Indicator plants Indicator species 2010 Biodiversity ... journal Ecological Indicators year 2001 volume 1 pages 49 60 doi 10.1016 S1470 160X 01 00004 8 note ... articles publications journals Journals of the British Ecological Society http www.ieem.org.uk Institute ... more details
Ecological region may refer to Ecoregion , a geographically defined area that is smaller than an ecozone and larger than an ecosystem A collection of ecological districts of New Zealand dab ... more details
Orphan date September 2008 Ecological competence is the ability of an organism , often a pathogen , to survive and compete in new habitats. In the case of plant pathogens, it is also their ability to survive between growing seasons. For example, peanut clump virus can survive in the spores of its fungal vector epidemiology vector until a new growing season begins and it can proceed to infect its primary host again. If a pathogen does not have ecological competence it will likely become extinct. See also Ecological relationship Category Ecology ecology stub ... more details
no footnotes date June 2010 An ecological study is an epidemiological study in which the unit of analysis is a population rather than an individual. For instance, an ecological study may look at the association between smoking and lung cancer deaths in different countries. An ecological study is normally regarded as inferior to non ecological designs such as cohort study cohort and case control study case control studies because it is susceptible to the ecological fallacy . An example of an ecological study is the analysis of the effects of disinfection byproducts on newborn babies, using 109 Massachusetts towns as units of analysis Wright et al. 2004 . For an environmental definition of this term see Ecology . Ecological studies can be easily confused with cohort studies, especially if different cohorts are located in different places. The difference is that in the case of ecological studies there is no information available about the individual members of the populations compared e.g. comparing several states based on state wide average air pollution and state wide average prevalence of respiratory diseases whereas in a cohort study the data pair exposure health is known for each individual. In spite of their weaknesses, ecological studies are useful because they can be carried out easily, quickly and inexpensively using data that are generally already available. If interesting and strong associations are observed, the results of ecological studies can provide the opportunity for later, more carefully designed studies though more expensive and time consuming to build on the initial observations. References http bmj.bmjjournals.com epidem epid.6.html Coggon D et al. Epidemiology for the Uninitiated. Fourth Edition. 6. Ecological studies. BMJ Publishing Group 1997. http www.cambridgeecology.com Wildlife Ecology Services. http ehp03.niehs.nih.gov article fetchArticle.action ... Health Perspect 112 920 925. doi 10.1289 ehp.6779 Medical research studies DEFAULTSORT Ecological Study ... more details
Ecological farming is recognised as the high end objective among the proponents of sustainable agriculture . ref http www.greenpeace.to publications Defining Ecological Farming 2009.pdf Greenpeace Report ref The goal of ecological farming is not only sustainable food production, but is to optimise the provision of ecosystem services ref http www.rand.org scitech stpi ourfuture NaturesServices section1.html Rand Report on protecting ecosystems ref , both in the design of the farm and by significant reduction of the ecological footprint made by the post harvest consumers of the farm produce. Benefits Ecological farming involves the introduction of symbiotic species, where possible, to support the ecological sustainability of the farm. Associated benefits include a reduction in ecological debt and elimination of dead zones ref http www.scientificamerican.com article.cfm?id oceanic dead zones spread Scientific American report on dead zones in the sea ref . Ecological farming is a pioneering ... ref http news.bbc.co.uk 2 hi science nature 7795652.stm Nature report on traditional farming ecological ... to ecological farming may best utilize the information age, and become recognised as a primary user ... . Challenges The challenge for ecological farming science, is to be able to achieve a mainstream productive food system that is sustainable. To enter the field of ecological farming, location relative ... of the ecological farm is initially constrained by the same limitations as traditional farming ... by ecological farming methods is likely to conserve and increase water availability for the location.. Principles Certain principles unique to ecological farming need to be considered. Food production should be ecological in both origin and destiny ref group Notes Here, the term destiny refers to the post harvest ecological footprint which results in getting produce to the consumer. ref Integration ... group Notes DEFAULTSORT Ecological Farming Category Sustainable agriculture Agri stub ... more details
Ecological energetics is the quantitative study of the flow of energy through ecological systems. It aims to uncover the principles which describe the propensity of such energy flows through the trophic, or energy availing levels of ecological networks. In systems ecology the principles of ecosystem energy flows or ecosystem laws i.e. principles of ecological energetics are considered formally analogous to the principles of energetics . History Ecological energetics appears to have grown out of the Age of enlightenment and the concerns of the physiocrats . It began in the works of Podolinksy in the late 1800s, and subsequently was developed by the Soviet ecologist Stanchinskii, the Austro American Lotka , and American limnologists, Lindeman and Hutchenson. It underwent substantial development by H.T.Odum and was applied by systems ecology systems ecologists , and radiation ecologists . References S.Podolinsky 2004 Socialism And The Unity Of Physical Forces , Organization & Environment, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 61 75. D.R.Weiner 2000 Models of Nature Ecology, Conservation and Cultural Revolution in Soviet Russia, University of Pittsburgh Press, U.S.A. modelling ecosystems expanded other Category Energy Category Environmental science ... more details
for the ecological validity of a cue in perception ecological validity perception Ecological validity is a form of Validity statistics validity in a research study. For a research study to possess ecological validity, the methods, materials and setting of the study must approximate the real life situation that is under investigation. ref name Brewer2000 Brewer, M. 2000 . Research Design and Issues of Validity. In Reis, H. and Judd, C. eds Handbook of Research Methods in Social and Personality Psychology. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. ref Unlike Internal validity internal and external validity , ecological validity is not necessary to the overall validity of a study. ref name Shadish2002 Shadish, W., Cook, T., and Campbell, D. 2002 . Experimental and Quasi Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference Boston Houghton Mifflin. ref nonspecific date October 2011 External vs. ecological validity Ecological validity is often confused with external validity which deals with the ability of a study s results to generalize . While these forms of validity are closely related, they are independent a study may possess external validity but not ecological validity, and vice versa . ref name Brewer2000 ref name Shadish2002 For example, mock jury research is designed to study how people might act if they were jurors during a trial, but many mock jury studies simply provide written transcripts or summaries of trials, and do so in classroom or office settings. Such experiments do ... ecological validity. However, the more important concern is that of external validity if the results ... its ecological shortcomings. Nonetheless, improving the ecological validity of an experiment typically ... be impossible to refer to a study s ecological validity since this can only be a property of stimuli ... feel correct use see the entry on ecological validity perception and especially the paper by Hammond ... essay2.html Brunwick s term which is closer to the current pop meaning of ecological validity is representative ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced December 2009 original research September 2007 Ecological selection or environmental ... selection minus sexual selection , i.e. strictly ecological processes that operate on a species ... suppressed as a mating factor. Citation needed date February 2007 Circumstances in which it occurs Ecological ... is strictly ecological or economic, there is little or no mate choice, females do not resist any ... is hermaphroditic or asexually reproducing, an ecological selection is taking place. In sexual reproduction sexually reproducing species, it is applicable mostly to situations where ecological pressures ... unless wholly based on an ecological factor such as control of land which is held by their own force. Ecological selection vs sexual selection In cases where ecological and sexual selection factors ... longer and longer horns, that seemed to be unrelated or maladaptive to its ecological niche. Some ... no longer run or evade predators thus ecological selection seems to have ultimately trumped sexual. It is also important to distinguish ecological selection in cases of extreme ecological abundance, e.g. ..., as there is no threat of the species or individuals losing their ecological niche . Even in these situations ... e.g. the mail order bride who primarily mates for economic advantage. Differentiating ecological ... rather than a typical selection in the wild. In general, ecological selection is assumed to be the dominant ... to lack of males, sexual selection has been suppressed by an ecological selection the disaster . Such situations ... such catastrophic events where ecological selection predominates can lead to a population with specific ... the potential controversy, it may be better to consider all examples of colonist borne diseases to be ecological ... ecological selection factor, although it is neither natural selection natural nor sexual. Some would call this too artificial selection , not natural or ecological, as the radiation does not enter the ecology as a factor save due to man s effort. Ambiguous artificial plus ecological factors ... more details
Ecological Counseling offers an approach to the conceptualization of human issues that integrates personal and environmental factors through focusing on their interaction. By doing so, the widely divergent forces that converge through the development of a human life may be organized into a logical and coherent narrative. This process is invaluable when attempting to assist people in the recreation of their lives, as is the case with the various forms of counseling. The theoretical structure of this approach emerges from the integration of Field theory psychology field theory , Phenomenology philosophy phenomenology , and Constructivism psychological school constructivism . In 1935, Kurt Lewin , a German Gestalt psychologist, articulated that human behavior is a product of personal and environmental factors and formulated the equation B PxE . Urie Bronfenbrenner expanded Lewin s work in 1979 into Ecological Systems Theory . Ecological Counseling posits that the person is inextricably situated within radically specific and interdependent ecological systems. Additionally, the individual carries particular capacities, limitations, temperaments, preferences, symbolic representation systems and personal historicity through the varying environmental settings in which the person lives. The interactions between the person and environment result in the construction of the individual ecological niches. These niches are what we experience as our world. Ecological counseling seeks to understand people s ecological niches and assist them to live a satisfying life. This is accomplished by improving one s interactional quality, or concordance, through counseling intervention at both the personal and environmental levels. Ecological Counseling has implications for clinical counseling practice, counselor training, group work, career counseling, social service delivery, research, social justice initiatives, community intervention, consultation, supervision, and human growth & development ... more details
Unreferenced date June 2008 Ecological collapse refers to a situation where an ecosystem suffers a drastic, if not permanent, reduction in carrying capacity for all organisms, often resulting in mass extinction . Usually, an ecological collapse can be precipitated by a disastrous event occurring on a small time scale, such as the Cretaceous Paleogene extinction event which was an ecological collapse widely believed to be caused by an asteroid impact event . Ecosystems have the ability to rebound from a disruptive agent. The difference between collapse or a gentle rebound is determined by two factors the toxicity of the introduced element and the resiliency of the original ecosystem. Through natural selection the planet s species have continuously adapted to change through variation in their biological composition and distribution. Mathematically it can be demonstrated that greater numbers of different biological factors tend to dampen fluctuations in each of the individual factors. See also Environmental degradation Arctic shrinkage Risks to civilization, humans and planet Earth Ecological disaster modelling ecosystems expanded other Category Biological systems Category Eschatology fr Collapsus cologique ... more details
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