Ecologicalsanitation , also known as ecosan or eco san , are terms coined to describe a form of sanitation ... human wastes back into the local environment. File Ecologicalsanitation cycle en.svg thumb right Introduction to ecologicalsanitation An ecologicalsanitation ecosan viewpoint sees human waste and wastewater ... objectives of ecologicalsanitation are ref cite conference author International Water Association ... GTZ GmbH 2006 Capacity building for ecologicalsanitation Concepts for ecologically sustainable sanitation in formal and continuing education ref Concepts of ecologicalsanitationEcologicalsanitation .... ref Werner, Christine 2006 Closing the loop through ecologicalsanitation ref According to Esrey et al. 2003 ref Esrey, Steven A., Andersson, Ingvar et al. 2003 Closing the Loop Ecologicalsanitation for food security ref ecologicalsanitation can be defined as a system that Prevents disease ... situation. ref Jenssen, Petter D., Heeb, Johannes et al. 2004 Ecologicalsanitation and reuse of wastewater. ecosan. A thinkpiece on ecologicalsanitation ref Thus, the most important advantages of ecological ... collection, treatment and reuse possibilities of the five flow streams considered in ecologicalsanitation ... be found in EcologicalSanitation by Winblad et al., ref Winblad, Uno and Simpson H bert, Mayling. 2004 . EcologicalSanitation revised and enlarged edition ref in Toilets that make compost by Peter ... SOIL ecologicalsanitation toilets and SOIL has produced over 400,000 liters of compost as a result ... for the use of ecologicalsanitation Often, water used in flush toilets is of drinking quality. Only ... Sustainability DEFAULTSORT EcologicalSanitation Category Sanitation Category Sewerage Category ... risks related to sanitation, contaminated water and waste To prevent the pollution of surface ... oriented sanitation approaches The recovery and use of urine and feces has been practiced by almost ... were rapidly urbanizing and sanitation was becoming an increasingly serious problem, whilst at the same ... more details
Infobox Organization name EcologicalSanitation Research Programme image Ecosanres logo small.png image border size caption EcoSanRes logo map msize mcaption abbreviation EcoSanRes motto formation 2001 extinction type Non profit status purpose Sustainable sanitation headquarters Stockholm, Sweden location region served International membership language English leader title Programme Director leader name Gunilla Brattberg main organ parent organization Stockholm Environment Institute affiliations num staff 12 num volunteers budget website http www.ecosanres.org remarks The EcologicalSanitation Research Programme EcoSanRes is a research and capacity development program that aims to develop and promote sustainable sanitation in the developing world through capacity development and knowledge management as a contribution to equity, health, poverty alleviation, and improved environmental quality. EcoSanRes is funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency Sida and its current phase of funding is from 2006 2010. EcoSanRes is hosted by the Stockholm Environment Institute in Stockholm , Sweden . EcoSanRes is a member of SuSanA Sustainable Sanitation Alliance . See also sanitationecologicalsanitation sustainable sanitation External links http www.ecosanres.org EcoSanRes programme website http www.sei.se Stockholm Environment Institute website Sustainability Category Sustainability organisations ... more details
, industrial waste treatment and noise and pollution control. Ecologicalsanitation an approach that tries ... is becoming increasingly widespread. Ecologicalsanitation Details EcologicalsanitationEcologicalsanitation is sometimes presented as a radical alternative to conventional sanitation systems. Ecological ... 230px Escherichia coli E. coli bacteria under magnification Sanitation is the Hygiene hygienic means ... washing handwashing with soap . The World Health Organization states that quote Sanitation generally .... Inadequate sanitation is a major cause of disease world wide and improving sanitation is known to have a significant beneficial impact on health both in households and across communities. The word sanitation ... and wastewater disposal. ref http www.who.int topics sanitation en who.int ref The term sanitation can be applied to a specific aspect, concept, location or strategy, such as Basic sanitation ... to describe the target of the Millennium Development Goal on sanitation. On site sanitation the collection ... s, septic tank s, and Imhoff tank s. Food sanitation refers to the hygienic measures for ensuring food safety . Environmental sanitation the control of environmental factors that form links in disease ... safe manner. History See History of water supply and sanitation The earliest evidence of urban sanitation was seen in Harappa , Mohenjo daro and the recently discovered Rakhigarhi of Indus Valley civilization . This urban plan included the world s first urban sanitation systems. Within ... the major streets. Ancient Rome Roman cities and Roman villa s had elements of sanitation systems ... Tiber in Rome. But there is little record of other sanitation in most of Europe until the High Middle ... prevailed in Europe throughout medieval times, due not only to deficiencies in sanitation but to an insufficient ... date September 2009 The standard sanitation technology in urban areas is the collection of wastewater .... For example, in Latin America only about 15 of collected sewerage is being treated see water and sanitation ... more details
and flooding. See also Millennium Development Goals sanitationecologicalsanitation Sustainable Sanitation ... en ecosan capacity building 2006.pdf UNESCO GTZ 2006 Capacity building for ecologicalsanitation. http ...Cleanup date March 2008 Background for the sanitation dilemma The urgency for action in the sanitation ... kind of improved sanitation, and the 2.2 million annual deaths mostly children under the age of 5 caused mainly by sanitation related diseases and poor hygienic conditions. The United Nations , during ... and sustainable development. The specific target set for the provision of water supply and sanitation ... sanitation by 2015. The Joint Monitoring Programme 99 JMP of the WHO and UNICEF reported in 2004 that the number of people lacking basic sanitation services rose from 2.1 billion in 2001 to 2.6 ... meeting the MDG sanitation target is however much too slow, with an enormous gap existing between ... of improved sanitation installations until 2015. The reasons for this are numerous. A major issue is the fact that sanitation rarely benefits from the political attention given to other topics despite ... when it comes to placing sanitation high on the international development agenda. This has pushed sanitation into the shadows of water supply projects for example, and limited innovation in the sector. Map showing the relative size of the MDG sanitation target for each country based on the number of installations required through to 2015 Criteria for improved sanitation according to the JMP Improved sanitation facilities These are facilities which are not shared or public Flush or pour flush ... with slab Composting toilet Unimproved sanitation facilities Flush or pour flush to elsewhere ... or field Concepts of sustainability in sanitation The main objective of a sanitation system is to protect .... In order to be sustainable a sanitation system has to be not only economically viable, socially acceptable ... and the natural resources . When improving an existing and or designing a new sanitation system, sustainability ... more details
According to the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation by the World Health Organization and UNICEF the following are considered as improved sanitation connection to a public sanitary sewer sewer connection to a Septic tank septic system pour flush latrine access to a Pit toilet pit latrine ventilated improved pit latrine Sanitation solutions that are not considered as improved are public or shared latrine open pit latrine bucket latrines Excreta disposal systems are considered adequate if they are private and if they separate human excreta from human contact. The above mentioned definition of an improved source is used to measure the achievement of the Millennium Development Goal related to sanitation in developing countries. In practice, it is often hard to ascertain during a survey or a census which type of sanitation solution is considered improved or not, thus leading to difficulties in comparing data on the access to sanitation from various sources over the years. Source http www.wssinfo.org en 122 definitions.html WHO UNICEF JMP Definitions Category Sewerage ... more details
In forestry and silviculture , a sanitation harvest or sanitation cutting is a harvest of trees for the purpose of removing insects or diseases from a stand of trees. ref cite book title Forestry Merit Badge Booklet year 2005 publisher Boy Scouts of America location Irving, Texas isbn 0 8395 3302 0 page 67 ref Sanitation harvesting is used to prevent the diseases or pests from spreading to other nearby trees. ref cite web url http www1.agric.gov.ab.ca department deptdocs.nsf all apa3316 title Woodlot Harvest author Government of Alberta Department of Agriculture and Rural Development date September 14, 2009 accessdate 2010 04 04 ref It is a form of Intermediate management silviculture intermediate management , and is used in order to improve an already existing stand of trees. ref cite web url http www.forestencyclopedia.net p p1731 title Sanitation Cuttings work Forest Encyclopedia Network accessdate 2010 04 04 ref See also Silviculture References references Forestry stub Category Forestry ... more details
Sanitation in Dubai involves planning and managing Dubai s waste and sewage management infrastructure. Dubai s rapid growth means that it is stretching its limited sewage treatment sewage treatment infrastructure to its limits. Currently, human waste from Dubai s 1.3 million inhabitants is collected daily from thousands of Septic tanks septic tanks across the city and driven by tankers to the city s only sewage treatment plant at Al Awir. Because of the long queues and delays, some tanker drivers resort to illegally dumping the effluent into storm drain s or behind dunes in the desert. The result of sewage dumped into storm drains is that it flows directly into sea of the Persian Gulf, near to the city s prime swimming beaches. Doctors have warned that tourists using the beaches run the risk of contracting serious illnesses like typhoid and hepatitis ref http www.timesonline.co.uk tol travel news article5207225.ece Poo bai floods of sewage threaten Dubai beaches ref . Dubai s municipality says that it is committed to trying to catch the culprits and has imposed fines of up to 25,000 as well as threatening to confiscate tankers if dumping persists. The municipality maintains that test results show samples of the water are within the standard ref http news.bbc.co.uk 1 hi world middle east 7663883.stm Raw sewage threat to booming Dubai ref . UAE geo stub References references coord missing United Arab Emirates Category Water supply and sanitation in the United Arab Emirates ... more details
Other uses Plug disambiguation Plug Multiple issues wikify February 2012 unreferenced April 2009 cleanup April 2009 merge to Bung date March 2011 Image Gootsteenstop.png thumb plug for the sink A plug in sanitation is an object that is used to close a drainage outlet firmly. The insertion of a plug into a drainage outlet allows the container to be filled with water or other fluids. In contrast to caps, plugs are pressed into the hole and are not put over the hole. Plugs are most commonly encountered in the bathroom or kitchen, for use in bathtub s, washbasins or sinks. Traditional plugs Typically plugs are made from a soft material, such as rubber, or have a soft outer ring, so that they can be fitted to holes slightly smaller than their diameter this ensures a tight seal. Pop up plugs File Ablaufventil mit Exzenter offen nummeriert.png thumb 300px 1. Valve plate with gasket br 2. Inlet from basin overflow br 3. Sealing ring br 4. Screw for height adjustment br 5. Ball joint br 6. Actuator arm br 7. Joint br 8. Control arm Some modern plugholes dispense with the need for a separate plug, having instead a built in pop up plug operated by a handle on the sink, that can move up or down to open or close the plughole. DEFAULTSORT Plug Category Sewerage Category Bathrooms cs Z tka de St psel gd Plucan la Obturamentum nl Gootsteenstop ... more details
Ecological region may refer to Ecoregion , a geographically defined area that is smaller than an ecozone and larger than an ecosystem A collection of ecological districts of New Zealand dab ... more details
Ecological Deficit is the level of resource Consumption economics consumption and waste discharge by a population in excess of locally sustainability sustainable natural production and assimilative capacity . In spatial terms, the ecological deficit is the difference between that species population s effective ecological footprint and the geographic area it actually occupies. It what? date April 2012 basically promotes overall resource efficiency to reduce our Footprint. Quotation The difference between the biocapacity and Ecological Footprint of a region or country. An ecological deficit occurs when the Footprint of a population exceeds the biocapacity of the area available to that population. Conversely, an ecological reserve exists when the biocapacity of a region exceeds its population s Footprint. If there is a regional or national ecological deficit, it means that the region is either importing biocapacity through trade or liquidating regional ecological assets. In contrast, the global ecological deficit cannot be compensated through trade, and is therefore equal to overshoot. ref cite web title Global Footprint Network Glossary url http www.footprintnetwork.org gfn sub.php?content glossary accessdate 2008 11 02 ref See also Carrying capacity Ecological debt Greenhouse debt Material efficiency Natural capital References reflist modelling ecosystems expanded other Category Biogeography Category Environment Category Sustainability et koloogiline defitsiit eu Defizit ekologiko ... more details
Ecological engineering is an emerging study of integrating ecology and engineering , concerned with the design ... . ref name Mi 98 W.J. Mitsch & S.E. Jorgensen 1989 , Introduction to Ecological Engineering , In W.J. Mitsch and S.E. Jorgensen Editors , Ecological Engineering An Introduction to Ecotechnology . John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 3 12. ref Overview Ecological engineering emerged as a new idea in the early ... undergoing adjustment, and its broader recognition as a new paradigm is relatively recent. Ecological ... 89 W.J. Mitsch and S.E. Jorgensen 1989 , Introduction to Ecological Engineering In W.J. Mitsch and S.E. Jorgensen Editors , Ecological Engineering An Introduction to Ecotechnology . John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 3 12. ref wrote that ecological engineering is designing societal services such that they benefit society and nature, and later noted ref W.J. Mitsch 1993 , Ecological Engineering A Cooperative ... 45. ref ref W.J. Mitsch 1996 , Ecological Engineering a new paradigm for engineers and ecologists , In P.C. Schulze Editor , Engineering Within Ecological Constraints . National Academy Press, Washington ... with its natural environment. Odum ref name Od 89 H.T. Odum 1989 , Ecological Engineering and Self Organization In W.J. Mitsch and S.E. J rgensen Editors , Ecological Engineering An Introduction to Ecotechnology ... were a central feature to ecological engineering. Mitsch and J rgensen ref name MJ 89 were the first to define ecological engineering and provide ecological engineering principles. Later they refined ... 2003 , Ecological engineering A field whose time has come , in Ecological Engineering , 20 5 363 377. ref They defined and characterized ecological engineering in a 1989 book and clarified it further in their 2004 book see Literature . They suggest the goal of ecological engineering is a the restoration ... human and ecological values. They summarized the five concepts key to ecological engineering as it is based on the self designing capacity of ecosystems, it can be a field test of ecological theory ... more details
Orphan date September 2008 Ecological competence is the ability of an organism , often a pathogen , to survive and compete in new habitats. In the case of plant pathogens, it is also their ability to survive between growing seasons. For example, peanut clump virus can survive in the spores of its fungal vector epidemiology vector until a new growing season begins and it can proceed to infect its primary host again. If a pathogen does not have ecological competence it will likely become extinct. See also Ecological relationship Category Ecology ecology stub ... more details
no footnotes date June 2010 An ecological study is an epidemiological study in which the unit of analysis is a population rather than an individual. For instance, an ecological study may look at the association between smoking and lung cancer deaths in different countries. An ecological study is normally regarded as inferior to non ecological designs such as cohort study cohort and case control study case control studies because it is susceptible to the ecological fallacy . An example of an ecological study is the analysis of the effects of disinfection byproducts on newborn babies, using 109 Massachusetts towns as units of analysis Wright et al. 2004 . For an environmental definition of this term see Ecology . Ecological studies can be easily confused with cohort studies, especially if different cohorts are located in different places. The difference is that in the case of ecological studies there is no information available about the individual members of the populations compared e.g. comparing several states based on state wide average air pollution and state wide average prevalence of respiratory diseases whereas in a cohort study the data pair exposure health is known for each individual. In spite of their weaknesses, ecological studies are useful because they can be carried out easily, quickly and inexpensively using data that are generally already available. If interesting and strong associations are observed, the results of ecological studies can provide the opportunity for later, more carefully designed studies though more expensive and time consuming to build on the initial observations. References http bmj.bmjjournals.com epidem epid.6.html Coggon D et al. Epidemiology for the Uninitiated. Fourth Edition. 6. Ecological studies. BMJ Publishing Group 1997. http www.cambridgeecology.com Wildlife Ecology Services. http ehp03.niehs.nih.gov article fetchArticle.action ... Health Perspect 112 920 925. doi 10.1289 ehp.6779 Medical research studies DEFAULTSORT Ecological Study ... more details
Ecological farming is recognised as the high end objective among the proponents of sustainable agriculture . ref http www.greenpeace.to publications Defining Ecological Farming 2009.pdf Greenpeace Report ref The goal of ecological farming is not only sustainable food production, but is to optimise the provision of ecosystem services ref http www.rand.org scitech stpi ourfuture NaturesServices section1.html Rand Report on protecting ecosystems ref , both in the design of the farm and by significant reduction of the ecological footprint made by the post harvest consumers of the farm produce. Benefits Ecological farming involves the introduction of symbiotic species, where possible, to support the ecological sustainability of the farm. Associated benefits include a reduction in ecological debt and elimination of dead zones ref http www.scientificamerican.com article.cfm?id oceanic dead zones spread Scientific American report on dead zones in the sea ref . Ecological farming is a pioneering ... ref http news.bbc.co.uk 2 hi science nature 7795652.stm Nature report on traditional farming ecological ... to ecological farming may best utilize the information age, and become recognised as a primary user ... . Challenges The challenge for ecological farming science, is to be able to achieve a mainstream productive food system that is sustainable. To enter the field of ecological farming, location relative ... of the ecological farm is initially constrained by the same limitations as traditional farming ... by ecological farming methods is likely to conserve and increase water availability for the location.. Principles Certain principles unique to ecological farming need to be considered. Food production should be ecological in both origin and destiny ref group Notes Here, the term destiny refers to the post harvest ecological footprint which results in getting produce to the consumer. ref Integration ... group Notes DEFAULTSORT Ecological Farming Category Sustainable agriculture Agri stub ... more details
Ecological energetics is the quantitative study of the flow of energy through ecological systems. It aims to uncover the principles which describe the propensity of such energy flows through the trophic, or energy availing levels of ecological networks. In systems ecology the principles of ecosystem energy flows or ecosystem laws i.e. principles of ecological energetics are considered formally analogous to the principles of energetics . History Ecological energetics appears to have grown out of the Age of enlightenment and the concerns of the physiocrats . It began in the works of Podolinksy in the late 1800s, and subsequently was developed by the Soviet ecologist Stanchinskii, the Austro American Lotka , and American limnologists, Lindeman and Hutchenson. It underwent substantial development by H.T.Odum and was applied by systems ecology systems ecologists , and radiation ecologists . References S.Podolinsky 2004 Socialism And The Unity Of Physical Forces , Organization & Environment, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 61 75. D.R.Weiner 2000 Models of Nature Ecology, Conservation and Cultural Revolution in Soviet Russia, University of Pittsburgh Press, U.S.A. modelling ecosystems expanded other Category Energy Category Environmental science ... more details
unreferenced date February 2009 Ecological yield is the harvestable population growth of an ecosystem . It is most commonly measured in forestry sustainable forestry is defined as that which does not logging harvest more wood in a year than has grown in that year, within a given patch of forest . However, the concept is also applicable to water , soil , and any other aspect of an ecosystem which can be both harvested and renewed the so called renewable resource s. The carrying capacity of an ecosystem is reduced over time if more than the amount which is renewed refreshed or regrown or rebuilt is consumed. Ecosystem services analysis calculates the global yield of the Earth s biosphere to humans as a whole. This is said to be greater in size than the entire human economy. However, it is more than just yield, but also the natural processes that increase biodiversity and conserve habitat which result in the total value of these services. Yield of Forest product ecological commodities like wood or water, useful to humans, is only a part of it. Very often an ecological yield in one place offsets an ecological load in another. Greenhouse gas released in one place, for instance, is fairly evenly distributed in the earth s atmosphere atmosphere , and so greenhouse gas control can be achieved by creating a carbon sink literally anywhere else. Ecocide is thought by some green economists to be accelerated by debt instruments which demand a yield economics yield greater than the ecological capacity to renew. This is a major question in monetary reform . See also Portal box Environment Ecology Earth sciences Sustainable development Maximum sustainable yield Full cost accounting Comprehensive outcome Sustainability Uneconomic growth References Reflist modelling ecosystems expanded other modelling ecosystems DEFAULTSORT Ecological Yield Category Ecological processes Category Ecological metrics Category Forestry forestry stub simple Ecological yield ... more details
for the ecological validity of a cue in perception ecological validity perception Ecological validity is a form of Validity statistics validity in a research study. For a research study to possess ecological validity, the methods, materials and setting of the study must approximate the real life situation that is under investigation. ref name Brewer2000 Brewer, M. 2000 . Research Design and Issues of Validity. In Reis, H. and Judd, C. eds Handbook of Research Methods in Social and Personality Psychology. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. ref Unlike Internal validity internal and external validity , ecological validity is not necessary to the overall validity of a study. ref name Shadish2002 Shadish, W., Cook, T., and Campbell, D. 2002 . Experimental and Quasi Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference Boston Houghton Mifflin. ref nonspecific date October 2011 External vs. ecological validity Ecological validity is often confused with external validity which deals with the ability of a study s results to generalize . While these forms of validity are closely related, they are independent a study may possess external validity but not ecological validity, and vice versa . ref name Brewer2000 ref name Shadish2002 For example, mock jury research is designed to study how people might act if they were jurors during a trial, but many mock jury studies simply provide written transcripts or summaries of trials, and do so in classroom or office settings. Such experiments do ... ecological validity. However, the more important concern is that of external validity if the results ... its ecological shortcomings. Nonetheless, improving the ecological validity of an experiment typically ... be impossible to refer to a study s ecological validity since this can only be a property of stimuli ... feel correct use see the entry on ecological validity perception and especially the paper by Hammond ... essay2.html Brunwick s term which is closer to the current pop meaning of ecological validity is representative ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced December 2009 original research September 2007 Ecological selection or environmental ... selection minus sexual selection , i.e. strictly ecological processes that operate on a species ... suppressed as a mating factor. Citation needed date February 2007 Circumstances in which it occurs Ecological ... is strictly ecological or economic, there is little or no mate choice, females do not resist any ... is hermaphroditic or asexually reproducing, an ecological selection is taking place. In sexual reproduction sexually reproducing species, it is applicable mostly to situations where ecological pressures ... unless wholly based on an ecological factor such as control of land which is held by their own force. Ecological selection vs sexual selection In cases where ecological and sexual selection factors ... longer and longer horns, that seemed to be unrelated or maladaptive to its ecological niche. Some ... no longer run or evade predators thus ecological selection seems to have ultimately trumped sexual. It is also important to distinguish ecological selection in cases of extreme ecological abundance, e.g. ..., as there is no threat of the species or individuals losing their ecological niche . Even in these situations ... e.g. the mail order bride who primarily mates for economic advantage. Differentiating ecological ... rather than a typical selection in the wild. In general, ecological selection is assumed to be the dominant ... to lack of males, sexual selection has been suppressed by an ecological selection the disaster . Such situations ... such catastrophic events where ecological selection predominates can lead to a population with specific ... the potential controversy, it may be better to consider all examples of colonist borne diseases to be ecological ... ecological selection factor, although it is neither natural selection natural nor sexual. Some would call this too artificial selection , not natural or ecological, as the radiation does not enter the ecology as a factor save due to man s effort. Ambiguous artificial plus ecological factors ... more details
Multiple issues original research August 2007 NPOV July 2008 Ecological debt is a term used since 1992 ..., 1992 . J.M. Borrero, from Colombia, a lawyer, wrote a book on the ecological debt in 1994 J.M.Borrero .... Campaigns on the Ecological Debt were launched since 1997 by Accion Ecologica of Ecuador and Friends of the Earth as documented in www.deudaecologica.org Academic work on calculations of the Ecological ... of ecological impacts from human activities was published by U. Thara Srinivasan et al. from Berkeley ..., the ecological debt movement raised the slogan, we are creditors, not debtors . Studies were produced at regional level also. For instance, S. Khatua and W. Stanley, Ecological Debt a case study ... and make reparations that recognize their Ecological Debt for excessive emissions over several decades ... the notion of the Ecological Debt pointing out that the U.S. in addressing domestic pollution created ... approach to tackling... Ecological Debt has been applied to highlight the disparity between industrialized ... waste. As described by J. Martinez Alier The Environmentalism of the Poor, 2002, p. 213 , the Ecological ... free use of the oceans and atmosphere to diposit carbon dioxide . Ecological Debt has been ... capacity. ref Andrew Simms. Ecological Debt. London Pluto Press, 2009 p.200. ref This is seen ... through measuring ecological footprints human society can determine the rate at which ... to live within the means of the ecological system to support life over the long term. Ecological debt is a feature of unsustainable economic systems. The concept of ecological debt is the basis for Ecological ... resources has been consumed for the year. This is calculated using the global ecological footprint the total ... Ecological Debt Day occurred in 1987, and has steadily been moving earlier into the year, being October 9 in 2006, and September 23 in 2008. Resources Books http www.amazon.co.uk dp 0745324045 Ecological ... J. Timmons Roberts and Bradley C. Parks, 2009, Ecologically Unequal Exchange, Ecological Debt ... more details
Ecological Counseling offers an approach to the conceptualization of human issues that integrates personal and environmental factors through focusing on their interaction. By doing so, the widely divergent forces that converge through the development of a human life may be organized into a logical and coherent narrative. This process is invaluable when attempting to assist people in the recreation of their lives, as is the case with the various forms of counseling. The theoretical structure of this approach emerges from the integration of Field theory psychology field theory , Phenomenology philosophy phenomenology , and Constructivism psychological school constructivism . In 1935, Kurt Lewin , a German Gestalt psychologist, articulated that human behavior is a product of personal and environmental factors and formulated the equation B PxE . Urie Bronfenbrenner expanded Lewin s work in 1979 into Ecological Systems Theory . Ecological Counseling posits that the person is inextricably situated within radically specific and interdependent ecological systems. Additionally, the individual carries particular capacities, limitations, temperaments, preferences, symbolic representation systems and personal historicity through the varying environmental settings in which the person lives. The interactions between the person and environment result in the construction of the individual ecological niches. These niches are what we experience as our world. Ecological counseling seeks to understand people s ecological niches and assist them to live a satisfying life. This is accomplished by improving one s interactional quality, or concordance, through counseling intervention at both the personal and environmental levels. Ecological Counseling has implications for clinical counseling practice, counselor training, group work, career counseling, social service delivery, research, social justice initiatives, community intervention, consultation, supervision, and human growth & development ... more details
Unreferenced date June 2008 Ecological collapse refers to a situation where an ecosystem suffers a drastic, if not permanent, reduction in carrying capacity for all organisms, often resulting in mass extinction . Usually, an ecological collapse can be precipitated by a disastrous event occurring on a small time scale, such as the Cretaceous Paleogene extinction event which was an ecological collapse widely believed to be caused by an asteroid impact event . Ecosystems have the ability to rebound from a disruptive agent. The difference between collapse or a gentle rebound is determined by two factors the toxicity of the introduced element and the resiliency of the original ecosystem. Through natural selection the planet s species have continuously adapted to change through variation in their biological composition and distribution. Mathematically it can be demonstrated that greater numbers of different biological factors tend to dampen fluctuations in each of the individual factors. See also Environmental degradation Arctic shrinkage Risks to civilization, humans and planet Earth Ecological disaster modelling ecosystems expanded other Category Biological systems Category Eschatology fr Collapsus cologique ... more details
According to the National System of Conservation Units SNUC in Brazil an ecological station is an area set up for environmental protection ref http www.unep wcmc.org sites wh se atlan.html UNEP ref . The stations have been active in the country particularly as a result of the widespread threats to biodiversity and forest caused by Deforestation in Brazil . In coordination with environmental groups, the Brazilian government has established an increased number of protective stations in areas under serious threat in an effort to curb rapid deforestation and protest its ecosystems in the country. References reflist Link http www.jureia.com.br mostramateria.asp?idmateria 230 JUR IA ITATINS ECOLOGICAL STATION South eastern Brazil DEFAULTSORT Ecological Station Category Environment Category Environment of Brazil environment stub pt Esta o ecol gica sv Ekologisk station ... more details
Ecological triage is an approach to decision making and prioritization of ecological restoration using the concepts of triage in medical situations. Basic principles An underlying assumption behind prioritization is that not all areas can be saved, making decision making necessary. The two key paramaters of this triage model are the level of threat and the probability of recovery Priorities can thereby be categorised into various options, such as urgent intervention to halt an imminent decline lost causes threat prevention References Reflist 2 Hobbs, Richard J. and Kristjanson, Linda J. 2003 . Triage How do we prioritize health care for landscapes? , Ecological management and restoration , 4 39 45 . Portal Ecology Category Ecology ecology stub ... more details
Ecological literacy also referred to as ecoliteracy is the ability to understand the systems ecology ... of organization of ecological communities i.e. ecosystem s and using those principles for creating ... list of educators educator David W. Orr and physicist Fritjof Capra in the 1990s ref David W. Orr , Ecological .... Ecological literacy is a powerful concept as it creates a foundation for an integrated approach ... in isolation. Ecological literacy and systems thinking implies a recognition of the manner in which ... to understand complex interdependence of ecological systems , social systems and other systems ... on our ecological literacy our ability to understand the basic principles of ecology and to live ... publications fritjof capra facts.html ref David W. Orr has stated that the goal of ecological ..., the ecological crisis is in every way a crisis of education.... All education is environmental education ... and Zenobia Barlow , eds., Ecological Literacy Educating Our Children for a Sustainable World, Sierra Club Books 2005 ref Others have reiterated the urgent importance of ecological literacy in today ... , Smart by Nature Schooling for Sustainability, Watershed Media 2009 ref With an understanding of ecological ... system , the explicit declaration of the principles of ecological literacy and the resulting awareness of the importance of living within the ecological carrying capacity of the earth, is increasingly ... David title Ecological Literacy Education and the Transition to a Postmodern World publisher S.U.N.Y. ...&type printable Teaching kids to take care of the Earth, SFGate.com review of Ecological Literacy Educating Our Children for a Sustainable World, Edited by Michael K. Stone and Zenobia Barlow. BASIC ECOLOGICAL ... PA 18766 Published in the Ecological Society of America Education Section Newsletter. June 1991 ... . The Trumpeter, Vol. 18, No. 1 2002 . Further Reading Hoelscher, David W. Cultivating the Ecological Conscience Smith, Orr, and Bowers on Ecological Education. M.A. thesis, University of North Texas ... more details
Ecological threshold can be described as the point at which a relatively small change in external conditions causes a rapid change in an ecosystem . When an ecological threshold has been passed, the ecosystem may no longer be able to return to its state. The trespassing of ecological threshold often leads to rapid change of ecosystem health . Definitions There are several definitions for the concept of ecological threshold. The common feature of most definitions is the non linearity of the responses in ecological or biological systems to pressures caused by human activities or natural processes. Groffman and others ref Groffman, P., Baron, J., Blett, T., Gold, A., Goodman, I., Gunderson, L., Levinson, B., Palmer, M., Paerl, H., Peterson, G., LeRoy Poff, N., Rejeski, D., Reynolds, J., Turner, M., Weathers, K., & Wiens, J. 2006. Ecological thresholds the key to successful environmental management or an important concept with no practical application? Ecosystems 9 1 1 13. http landscape.zoology.wisc.edu People Turner groffman2006ecosys.pdf pdf ref define ecological thresholds as the points at which there is an abrupt change in an ecosystem quality, property or phenomenon, or where small changes in an environmental driver produce large responses in the ecosystem. On a general level, ecological ... point ref Huggett, A. 2005. The concept and utility of ecological thresholds in biodiversity conservation. Biological Conservation 124 3 301 310 ref . Ecological thresholds have caught attention ... impossible to remedy also known as points of no return . Ecological extinction is an example of a definitive point of no return. Ecological thresholds are often characterised by hysteresis , which ... the jumps ref http ifisc.uib.es ThEnhancer Thresholds enhancer ref . Examples Some examples of ecological ... sustainability A research project focusing on ecological thresholds modelling ecosystems expanded other DEFAULTSORT Ecological Threshold Category Environmental economics Category Ecology ... more details
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