trade bloc Economic integration is the unification of economic policies between different states through ... with the goal of increasing the combined economic productivity of the states. The trade stimulation effects intended by means of economic integration are part of the contemporary economic Theory ... certain developed states, economic integration has been thought of as the second best option for global ... was first employed in industrial organisation to refer to combinations of business firms through economic ... sense of combining separate economies into larger economic regions, the use of the word integration ... credits Eli Heckscher, Herbert Gaedicke and Gert von Eyern as the first users of the term economic ... of economic integration. The increase of trade between member states of economic unions is meant ... for the global scale development of economic integration, a phenomenon now realized in continental trade bloc economic blocks such as ASEAN , North American Free Trade Agreement NAFTA , SACN , the European Union , and the Eurasian Economic Community and proposed for intercontinental economic blocks, such as the Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia and the Transatlantic Free Trade Area . The other objective for the states pursuing economic integration is to become or stay regionally and globally competitive, as the goods of the states outside economic blocks become more expensive. Stages File Economic integration stages World .png thumb right 334px Stages of economic integration ... that it participates into. legend 008000 Economic and Monetary Union CARICOM Single Market and Economy CSME Eastern Caribbean Currency Union EC , Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union EU Eurozone legend 00FF00 Economic union CARICOM Single Market and Economy CSME , Single market of the European Union EU legend 00FFFF Customs and Monetary Union Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa CEMAC Central African CFA franc franc , West African Economic and Monetary Union UEMOA West ... more details
Infobox Journal cover discipline Economics abbreviation publisher Wiley Blackwell for the Royal Economic Society country United Kingdom UK frequency 8 issues a year history 1891 present openaccess website http www.blackwellpublishing.com journal.asp?ref 0013 0133&site 1 www.blackwellpublishing.com ISSN 0013 0133 The Economic Journal ref http www.blackwellpublishing.com journal.asp?ref 0013 0133&site 1 Webpage of The Economic Journal , Blackwell Publishing . ref is one of the leading scholarly journals of economics . It is published on behalf of the Royal Economic Society ref http www.res.org.uk Webpage of The Royal Economic Society ref by Wiley Blackwell . ref http www.blackwellpublishing.com Webpage of Wiley Blackwell Publishing . ref The journal is one of the oldest journals of economics. It was first published in 1891 with a view of promoting the advancement of economic knowledge . ref http www.jstor.org journals 00130133.html Journal information , JSTOR . ref John Maynard Keynes edited the journal from 1911 to 1946. John Flemming of the University of Oxford was the managing editor from 1976 80. Presently, when date January 2011 the journal is edited by Antonio Ciccone of Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Leonardo Felli of London School of Economics , Steve Machin Feature Editor of University College London , J rn Steffen Pischke of London School of Economics, and Andrew Scott Managing Editor of London Business School . ref http www.blackwellpublishing.com editors.asp?ref 0013 0133&site 1 Economic Journal Editorial Board , Blackwell Publishing. ref References reflist DEFAULTSORT Economic Journal Category Publications established in 1891 Category Economics journals nl The Economic Journal ... more details
History of war Economic warfare is the term for economic policy economic policies followed as a part of military operation s during war time. The purpose of economic warfare is to capture critical economic resources so that the military can operate at full efficiency and or deprive the Enemy military enemy forces of those resources so that they cannot fight the war properly. The concept of economic warfare is most applicable to conflict between nation states , especially in times of total war which involves not only the armed forces of a nation, but mobilization of the nation s entire economy towards the war effort . In such a situation, causing damage to the economy of the enemy directly damages the enemy s ability to fight the war. Some of the types or policies followed in economic warfare include Blockade Blacklist ing Preclusive purchasing Rewards Capturing of enemy assets Clear examples of economic warfare could be seen during World War II when the Allies of World War II Allied powers followed these policies to deprive the Axis powers Axis economies of critical resources. In turn, the Axis powers attempted to damage the Allied war effort via submarine warfare , and the sinking of supply ships carrying supplies, raw materials, and war related equipment. See also Commerce raiding Industrial warfare Lend Lease Merchant raider Strategic bombing Tonnage war Total war War economy Notes reflist Unreferenced date August 2008 mil stub Category Economic warfare Category Military economics ar bg de Wirtschaftskrieg fr Guerre conomique fi Taloudellinen sodank ynti he zh ... more details
Refimprove date June 2009 The term economic oppression , sometimes misunderstood in the sense of economic sanction , embargo or Boycott economic boycott , has a different meaning and significance, and its meaning as well as its significance has been changing over a period of time, and its contextual application. A form of economic oppression is mentioned in a verse of the Hebrew Bible http freebooks.entrewave.com freebooks docs html gnbd Chapter26.htm And if thou sell ought unto thy neighbour, or buyest ought of thy neighbour s hand, ye shall not oppress one another . ref Leviticus 25 14 ref On the other hand, in today s context, economic oppression may take several forms, including the practice of bonded labour in some parts of India serfdom forced labour low wages denial of equal opportunity practicing employment discrimination and economic discrimination based on gender sex , nationality , Race classification of human beings race , and religion . ref citebook title Analyzing oppression first Ann E. last Cudd publisher Oxford University Press US year 2006 ISBN 019518744X ref References refs Category Political economy Category Injustice ... more details
The economic problem , sometimes called the basic, central or fundamental economic problem, is one of the fundamental economic theory economic theories in the operation of any economy . It asserts that there is scarcity , or that the finite resources available are insufficient to satisfy all human wants ... revolves around methods and possibilities of solving the economic problem. In short, the economic ... The economic problem is most simply explained by the question how do we satisfy unlimited wants with limited resources? The premise of the economic problem model is that human wants are constant and infinite ... or human resources available. The economic problem, and methods to curb it, revolve around ... for economy Concepts in the economic problem Needs Human needs are material items people need for survival ... stimulates demand for goods and services. In order to curb the economic problem, economists must ... and the methods which attempt to solve the economic problem is that humans inherently pursue ... which can only be obtained by working for it. Choice The economic problem fundamentally revolves ... s and purchasing power parity . Different economic models place choice in different hands. Socialism ... in the workplace and on the governmental level, which cooperatively formulates economic plans for economic decisions regarding the allocation and use of capital goods. Socialist systems that utilize ... or all major economic choices regarding production, allocation of inputs and distribution of output ... forces are advanced to such a degree that it solves the economic problem, insofar as needs are concerned ... businesses and some state owned enterprises, in the case of mixed economies make economic decisions ... rights of individuals and companies so that they can have the confidence to undertake the economic ... i.e., the price is too high , the economic surplus surplus will force providers of the good or service ... DEFAULTSORT Economic Problem Category Economic theories ar hi pt ... more details
otheruses In the law of the Soviet Union legal system of the Soviet Union , economic law was the legal theory and system under which economic relations were a legal discipline independent of criminal law and civil law common law civil law . ref name encyc Ferdinand Joseph Maria Feldbrugge, Gerard Pieter van den Berg, William B. Simons 1985 Encyclopedia of Soviet Law , BRILL , ISBN 9024730759 ref ref name ij O. S. Olimpiad Solomonovich Ioffe, Mark W. Janis 1987 Soviet Law and Economy , Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, ISBN 9024732654 ref In the Law of the United States and some other legal systems this approximately corresponds to the commercial law business law . Economic law In the Soviet legal system, the purpose of the economic law is to regulate the relations arising from the economic activities. The theory of the independence of the economic law was pursued after the 21st Congress of the CPSU of 1959, with the principal proponent being V.V. Laptev . After debate, this position was codified by the decrees of the CPSU and the USSR Council of Ministers during 1970 1975 and finalized in the 1977 Soviet Constitution . ref name encyc See also Constitutional economics Law and economics Political economy References references Category Law and economics Category Economic systems Category Economic law Category Soviet law Category Economy of the Soviet Union Category Law of the People s Republic of China soviet stub economics stub de Wirtschaftsrecht es Derecho econ mico lt kin teis ja pl Prawo gospodarcze ru fi Talousoikeus uk zh ... more details
one source date November 2011 Economic welfare broadly refers to the level of prosperity and living standards in an individual or group of persons. In the field of economics , it specifically refers to utility gained through the achievement of material goods and services. In other words, it refers to that part of social welfare that can be fulfilled through economic activity. ref Cite book first Paul A. last Samuelson authorlink2 William Nordhaus last2 William D. Nordhaus year 2004 title Economics textbook Economics nopp yes publisher McGraw Hill ref Measurement Economic welfare is measured in different ways, depending on the preferences of those measuring it. Factors used to measure the economic welfare of a population, include GDP , literacy , access to health care, and assessments of Environment biophysical environmental quality. References reflist See also Utility Welfare definition of economics economics stub Category Welfare et Majanduslik heaolu ... more details
multiple issues orphan August 2008 unreferenced August 2008 In an economy , Production, costs, and pricing production , Consumption economics consumption and Trade exchange are carried out by two basic economic units the firm and the household. Firm The firm makes production decisions. These include what product business goods to produce, how these goods are to be produced and what prices to charge. It employs the various factors in production, and it sells the finished goods to the household for consumption. Household The household is responsible for making consumption decisions and owns factors of production . It provides the firm with factor services in production, and buys the finished goods from the firm for consumption. Government Financial Overseas See also Agent economics DEFAULTSORT Economic Unit Category Economics terminology Economic term stub el sk Ekonomick subjekt ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2009 A puzzle in macroeconomics is a situation where the outcome of theory is inconsistent with observed macroeconomic data. An example might be the Equity premium puzzle which relates to the fact that over the last two hundred years, the risk premium of stocks over bonds has been around 5.5 , much larger than expected from theory. Equity Premium Puzzle was first documented by Mehra and Prescot 1985 . List of puzzles see also Category Economic puzzles Equity premium puzzle home bias in trade puzzle equity home bias puzzle consumption correlations puzzle Feldstein Horioka puzzle Real exchange rate puzzles Retirement consumption puzzle Missing trade puzzle, also known as Border puzzle DEFAULTSORT Economic Puzzle Category Economics terminology Economic term stub ... more details
Economic activism involves using economic power for change. Both conservative and liberal groups use economic activism to boycott companies and organizations that do not agree with their particular political, religious, or social values. Conversely, it also means purchasing from those companies and organizations that do. The idea behind the concept is two fold. First, you will reinforce good behavior and allow those companies that think like you to succeed. Second, you will punish bad behavior and hope that those companies that do not think like you do will fail or will adopt your correct way of thinking. See also Civil disobedience Direct democracy Divestment Dual power General strike Greenpeace Nonviolence Tax resistance econ stub Category Environmentalism Category Labor Category Community organizing ... more details
Not to be confused with financial centre Finance and Economics In financial services firms, economic capital can be thought of as the capital level shareholders would choose in absence of capital regulation. More specifically, it is the amount of risk capital , assessed on a realistic basis, which a firm requires to cover the risks that it is running or collecting as a going concern , such as market risk , credit risk , and operational risk . Firms and financial services regulators should then aim to hold risk capital of an amount equal at least to economic capital. Typically, economic capital is calculated by determining the amount of capital that the firm needs to ensure that its realistic balance sheet stays solvency solvent over a certain time period with a pre specified probability. Therefore, economic capital is often calculated as value at risk . The balance sheet, in this case, would ... of economic capital date back to the ancient Phoenicians , who took rudimentary tallies of frequency ... outbreak, and birth rate change. The concept of economic capital differs from regulatory capital ... while economic capital is the best estimate of required capital that financial institutions use internally ... units within the organization. Social science In social science , economic capital is distinguished ... or through social ties. Non economic forms of capital have been variously discussed most famously by sociologist Pierre Bourdieu . Economic capital might also be understood in the social sciences and social ... Solvency II References cite book last Porteous first Bruce coauthors Pradip Tapadar title Economic ... pdf accessdate October 11, 2011 title The Impact of Capital Structure on Economic Capital and Risk ... Annuity Firm Economic Capital and Risk Adjusted Performance journal Annals of Actuarial Science volume ... economic capital.html FDIC.gov , Economic Capital and the Assessment of Capital Adequacy Federal ... Economic Capital A Preamble http www.ceiops.org CEIOPS Category Actuarial science Category Financial ... more details
Economic credentialing is a term of disapproval used by the American Medical Association AMA . The association defines the term as the use of economic criteria unrelated to quality of health care care or professional competence in determining a physician physician s qualifications for initial or continuing hospital medical staff membership or privileges. Traditionally, physicians applied for hospital staff membership based on education , medical licensure and a record of quality care. Privileges are requests to perform certain procedures or use certain skills based on training and experience. For example, an obstetrician and a family practitioner might request privileges for both routine childbirth deliveries and caesarean section s. Typically an obstetrician could demonstrate enough experience and be granted those privileges. The FP might obtain both procedures or be restricted to routine deliveries only, or none at all, based on hospital policy. As medical costs have increased and reimbursement has declined or been stagnant, both hopitals and physicians have come under increasing financial pressure. One response by physicians has been the formation of specialty hospitals or diagnostic centers with physician ownership. Some hospitals have seen this as a threat to their economic interests and have denied or revoked membership and privileges of the physician owners. External links http www.ama assn.org ama pub physician resources legal topics medical staff topics economic credentialing.page AMA statement on economic credentialing Category Medical terms ... more details
Economic Simulator is a computer software simulating the economics of a country using the Tamari attractor equations. Using this simulator one can determine the economic situation of a specific country whether it is stable forecastable or not by finding the position of the solution of the country on the Economic Space. Usage of the Economic Simulator The Economic simulator analyses the current economic situation of a country, and forecasts its stability for the following years. Using the simulator one can compare the stability of different countries and forecast their future. The original parameters for each country are taken from the International Financial Statistics IMF , and can be changed or updated manually each year. The equations for a specific country are solved using the economic parameters of the country. The Economic Simulator software http www.bentamari.com simulator.html Eco can also be used to investigate other attractors Ikeda , Lorenz Attractor Lorenz , Pickover and Rossler Attractor Rossler attractors. see Figure 1. File Economic Simulator.png thumb alt Economic Simulator Figure 1 Economic Simulator The Economic Space The economic stability of a country is determined by the position of its solution on the economic space. The Economic Space The Nest is a 3 dimensional space, where the coordinates are the Output the country s output O , Money the country s quantity of money M1 , and Pricing the country s consumer price index CPI . This space includes three 2 dimensions subspaces The Keynes space of Output Money O,M , the Patinkin space of Output Pricing O,P , and the Friedman ... Tamari Nest Figure 2 The Economic Space The Tamari Equations The Economic simulator uses the Tamari ... and 4 show the solution of the Tamari Equations for a few sets of parameters, calculated using the economic simulator. File Tamari Simulator Example01.png thumb alt Economic Simulator Figure 3 Three countries ... Tamari Simulator Example02.png thumb alt Economic Simulator Figure 4 Canada analyses changing printing ... more details
Economic citizenship can be used to represent both the economic contributions requisite to become a citizen as well as the role in which ones economic standing can influence his or her rights as a citizen. The relationship between economic participation and citizenship can be considered contributing factor to increasing inequalities and unequal representation of different socioeconomic classes within the United States. Republican Notions of Citizenship The republican model of citizenship emphasizes ... as the ability to rule and be ruled. In relation to economic citizenship the civil participation discussed by Aristotle can be described as economic participation so critical to the capitalist system. Defining one s ability to be a full citizenship by his or her economic participation will establish ... different levels of rights and privileges 2 . Economic Citizenship in Theory T.H. Marshall acknowledges ... as a citizen 4 . The arguments by both of these theorists contribute to the notion of economic citizenship because they highlight both how economic standing and participation can be linked to one s identity and privileges as a citizen. Economic Citizenship in the United States The ongoing Occupy Movement 2011 has brought to light the issue of economic inequalities within the United States through ... used to describe economic citizenship. Stiglitz also introduces the idea that as economic inequalities ... but lower taxes 6 . small Under economic citizenship the wealthy will continue to receive preferential ... notion of economic citizenship is related to the national policies of states in which one has ... Investor Programs 8 . External Links http www.stkitts citizenship.com St.Kitts & Nevis Economic Citizenship http best citizenships.com austria citizenship.htm Austria Economic Citizenship http www.investbulgaria.eu a en bulgarian immigrant investor program.html Economic Citizenship in Bulgaria ... of Economic Citizenship, Social Politics, vol. 10, no. 2 summer 2003 157 175. 5.Rogers, Simon. Occupy ... more details
Tort law Economic torts are tort s that provide the common law rules on liability for the infliction of pure economic loss , such as interference with economic or business relationships. Economic torts protect people from interference with their trade or business. The area includes the doctrine of restraint of trade and has largely been submerged in the twentieth century by statutory interventions on collective labour law , modern antitrust or competition law , and certain laws governing intellectual property , particularly unfair competition law. The absence of any unifying principle drawing together the different heads of economic tort liability has often been remarked upon. ref p.509 Markesinis and Deakin s Tort Law 2003 5th Ed. OUP ref The principal torts can be listed as passing off , injurious falsehood and trade libel see also Food libel laws , Conspiracy civil conspiracy , inducement of breach of contract , tortious interference such as interference with economic relations or unlawful interference with trade , and watching and besetting. These torts represent the common law s historical attempt to balance the need to protect claimants against those who inflict economic harm and the wider need to allow effective, even aggressive, competition including competition between employers and their workers . Two cases demonstrated economic tort s affinity to competition and labour law. In Mogul Steamship Co Ltd ref Mogul Steamship Co Ltd v McGregor, Gow & Co 1889 LR 23 QBD 598 ref the plaintiffs argued they had been driven from the Chinese tea market by a shipping conference , that had acted together to underprice them. But this cartel was ruled lawful and nothing more than ... v Barnard 1964 AC 1129 ref . Recent developments Several of the economic torts in English law, in particular ... v Allan . ref 2008 1 AC 1, 2007 UKHL 21. ref See also Economic torts in English law Notes reflist 2 DEFAULTSORT Economic Torts Category Tort law Category Business law ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2010 About economic appraisal other uses Appraisal disambiguation Economic appraisal is a type of decision method applied to a project, programme or policy that takes into account a wide range of costs and benefits, denominated in monetary terms or for which a monetary equivalent can be estimated. Economic Appraisal is a key tool for achieving value for money and satisfying requirements for decision accountability. It is a systematic process for examining alternative uses of resources, focusing on assessment of needs, objectives, options, costs, benefits, risks, funding, affordability and other factors relevant to decisions. The main types of economic appraisal are Cost benefit analysis Cost effectiveness analysis Scoring and weighting Economic appraisal is a methodology designed to assist in defining problems and finding solutions that offer the best value for money VFM . This is especially important in relation to public expenditure and is often used as a vehicle for planning and approval of public investment relating to policies, programmes and projects. The principles of appraisal are applicable to all decisions, even those concerned with small expenditures. However, the scope of appraisal can also be very wide. Good economic appraisal leads to better decisions and VFM. It facilitates good project management and project evaluation. Appraisal is an essential part of good financial management, and it is vital to decision making and accountability. References Reflist External links http greenbook.treasury.gov.uk UK Treasury Green Book http eag.dfpni.gov.uk what is.htm Department of Finance & Personnel Economic Appraisal what is it? Category Evaluation methods Category Decision theory Category Finance de Appraisal ko ... more details
Economic interdependence is a consequence of specialization, or the division of labor, and is almost universal. The participants in an economic system are dependent on others for the products they cannot produce efficiently for themselves. This physical interdependence implies corresponding linkages in the demands for products and the incomes of the participants. Economic interdependence was described as early as 1838, when A. A. Cournot wrote ...but in reality the economic system is a whole for which the parts are connected and react on each other. An increase in the incomes of the producers of commodity A will affect the demand for commodities B, C, etc., and the incomes of their producers, and, by its reaction will change the demand for commodity A. ref From the beginning of Chapter XI of The Mathematical Principles of the Theory of Wealth , 1838, as translated from the French by Nathaniel Bacon . ref Interdependence is not rigid because firms, individuals and nations may change from the production of one set of products to that of another. Its effects are evident in most general equilibrium theory models which usually require a computer to sort out the complex interactions. Economic interdependence may be a source of the aggregation problem . The economic interdependence of nations and groups of nations is of special importance. It describes countries nation states and or supranational states such as the European Union EU or North American Free Trade Agreement NAFTA that are specialized because of climate, the availability of labor and capital, and a variety of historical and cultural factors. Such nations or groups may be dependent on one another for any or all of the following food energy minerals manufactured goods multinational transnational corporations financial institutions foreign debt Notes Reflist DEFAULTSORT Economic Interdependence Category Macroeconomics macroeconomics stub pt Interdepend ncia econ mica ... more details
Libertarianism sidebar Anarchism sidebar Economic secession has been variously defined by sources. In its narrowest sense, it is abstention from the state s economic system for instance by replacing the use of government money with barter , Local Exchange Trading Systems , or commodity money such as gold . Wendell Berry may have coined the term economic secession. He promoted his own version in his 1991 essay Conservation and Local Economy . John T. Kennedy used the term to refer to all human action that is forbidden by the State. ref Kennedy, John T. Economic Secession anti state.com 18 March 2003 ref Counter economics Samuel Edward Konkin III used the term counter economics to refer to a similar concept. ref The Agorist Institute Report to Supporters, Vol. 2, No. 1, Winter 1996 ref Notes reflist See also Agorism Alternative currency Anarcho capitalism Anonymous Internet banking Bitcoin Complementary currency Digital gold currency eCache Local currency Pecunix Ripple monetary system Tax avoidance and tax evasion Tax resistance Underground economy Ven currency External links http www.anti state.com article.php?article id 395 Economic Secession by John T. Kennedy http www.mises.org story 1204 Economic Secession Won t Succeed by Gene Callahan economist Gene Callahan http web.archive.org web 20070927225114 http www.sierratimes.com 03 04 18 guestoped cw.htm Economic Secession A Rebuttal by Claire Wolfe http www.blackcrayon.com library nlm nlm5.html Counter Economics Our Means by Samuel Edward Konkin III , chapter three of http www.blackcrayon.com library mll nlm New Libertarian Manifesto Abstract http www.css.cornell.edu courses 190 abstr rose1.htm Wendell Berry s Conservation and Local Economy Category Anarcho capitalism Category Anarchist theory Category Secession Category Tax resistance es Secesi n econ mica pt Secess o econ mica ... more details
Infobox journal title Economic Inquiry cover editor R. Preston McAfee discipline Economics former names Western Economic Journal abbreviation Econ. Inq. publisher Wiley Blackwell on behalf of the Western Economic Association International country frequency Quarterly history 1962 present openaccess license impact 0.796 impact year 2010 website http onlinelibrary.wiley.com journal 10.1111 ISSN 1465 7295 link1 http onlinelibrary.wiley.com journal 10.1111 ISSN 1465 7295 currentissue link1 name Online access link2 http onlinelibrary.wiley.com journal 10.1111 ISSN 1465 7295 issues link2 name Online archive ISSN 0095 2583 eISSN 1465 7295 OCLC 48954233 LCCN 74645463 CODEN ECIND6 Economic Inquiry is a Peer review peer reviewed academic journal published by Wiley Blackwell on behalf of the Western Economic Association International . The current editor in chief is Preston McAfee . The journal was established in 1962 as the Western Economic Journal . It covers research on all aspects of economics. According to the Journal Citation Reports , its 2010 impact factor is 0.796, ranking it 141 out of 304 journals in the category Economics . ref name WoS cite book year 2011 chapter Journals Ranked by Impact Economics title 2010 Journal Citation Reports publisher Thomson Reuters edition Social Sciences accessdate 2011 09 30 series Web of Science postscript . ref References reflist External links Official website 1 http onlinelibrary.wiley.com journal 10.1111 ISSN 1465 7295 http www.weai.org index.html Official website of the Western Economic Association International Category Wiley Blackwell academic journals Category English language journals Category Quarterly journals Category Economics journals Category Publications established in 1962 ... more details
For the statistical analysis of economic data and problems Economic statistics Economic data or economic ... C8&result number 2 Abstract. br C. Hsiao, 2008. Economic Panel Data, International ... a data set . Economic methodology Methodological economic and statistical elements of the subject .... ref Referred to in the Journal of Economic Literature JEL classification codes classification codes ...& userid 10&md5 ca21bd9f0990f078143dcbf9ca76bb8f Abstract. ref Economic statistics may also refer to a subtopic ..., etc. . Economic data provide an empirical basis for economic research, whether descriptive ... Code Archives in the Future of Economic Research, Journal of Economic Methodology , 15 1 , pp. http www.pages.drexel.edu bdm25 agmv.pdf 99 115. ref and for use in decision making as to economic policy ... Accounts , and also the capital stock and national Economic wealth wealth . In these examples ... or inflation adjusted terms. Other economic indicator s include a variety of alternative measures ... data, ref Vernon L. Smith , 1976. Experimental Economics Induced Value Theory, American Economic ... from several series . Econometrics econometricians , economic statistician s, and financial analysts formulate statistical model models , whether for past relationships or for economic forecasting ... a whole economic system, as in general equilibrium theory or and in macroeconomics . Economists ... www.sciencedirect.com science article pii S1573441283010156 651 698. br Zvi Griliches Economic ... Economy , 97 1 , pp. http www.jstor.org pss 1831054 1 37. ref Economic data issues Good economic data ... be done without economic data that is complete, accurate and timely. Increasingly, the availability of good economic data is coming to be seen by international markets as an indicator of a country ... economic data is necessary for a country to effectively manage its affairs and, other things ... and up to date economic data also reassures international investors by allowing them to monitor ... more details
Freedom Economic freedom is a term used in economic and policy debate s. As with wikt freedom freedom generally, there are various definitions, but no universally accepted concept of economic freedom. ref ... Martin Bronfenbrenner year 1955 journal Ethics journal Ethics title Two Concepts of Economic ... Amartya authorlink Amartya Sen title Rationality and Freedom page 9 ref One major approach to economic ... choice, with greater economic freedom coming from a larger in some technical sense set of possible choices. ref name EncyclopediaPubChoice cite encyclopedia title Economic Freedom and its Measurement ... University Press. ref Other conceptions of economic freedom include Four Freedoms freedom from want ... market viewpoint understands economic liberty as the freedom to produce, trade and consume any goods ..., the protection of property rights and freedom of economic initiative. ref name EncyclopediaPubChoice ref Surjit S. Bhalla. Freedom and economic growth a virtuous cycle? . Published in Democracy ... A. Harper. Foundations of Entrepreneurship and Economic Development . 1999 . Routledge. ISBN 0415153425 p.57, 64 ref There are several indices of economic freedom that attempt to measure free market economic freedom. Empirical studies based on these rankings have found higher living standards, economic ... Michael A. title Income, growth, and economic freedom journal American Economic Review volume 87 issue 2 pages 328 332 publisher American Economic Association date May 1997 ref ref Cite journal last1 Ayal first1 Eliezer B. last2 Karras first2 Georgios title Components of economic freedom and growth ... Western Illinois University date Spring 1998 ref ref Cite journal last Scully first Gerald title Economic Freedom, Government Policy, and the Trade Off Between Equity and Economic Growth journal Public ... A 1020308831424 ref ref Cite journal last Berggren first Niclas title Economic Freedom and Equality .... 2003 . ISBN 0582438268 p.1 ref Institutions of economic freedom Rule of law Free market advocates ... more details
citations missing date November 2007 Economic Reconstruction refers to a process for creating a proactive vision of economic change. The most basic idea is that problems in the economy such as deindustrialization ... war economy are based on the design and organization of economic institutions. ref See Melman, 2001. ref Economic reconstruction builds on the ideas of various institutional economists and thinkers whose work both critiques existing economic institutions and suggests modes of organizing society differently cf. Veblen, 1998 . Economic reconstruction, however, places much more emphasis on the idea ... of the economic, political, and even oppositional spheres, such as the contemporary organization ..., democracy and critical alternatives are not linked. In contrast to this state of affairs, economic ... than against peoples interests and needs. ref Feldman, 2007, Feldman, 2008. ref Advocates of economic ... is to support a demilitarized society through economic conversion , disarmament , alternative ... and depressed living standards, a key challenge is to promote economic democracy, through concrete ... local cooperatives or networks of such firms may prove essential to move beyond the problem of economic democracy in one firm. ref See Melman, 2001. ref Economic reconstruction also extends to the ways ..., 2005 Goodman and Goodman, 1960 Luccarelli, 1995 Raskin, 1986. ref Some may argue that economic reconstruction can be reduced to socialism or economic democracy itself or perhaps principles found ... are essential for creating operational plans and actions. In addition, economic reconstruction is not limited ..., environmental decay, the sexual and ethnic division of labor, etc. A goal of economic reconstruction ..., 2007 Raskin, 1986. ref The first generation of economic reconstructionists included Thorstein ... society found in the work of economic reconstructionists include Stanley Aronowitz in his ... resonate with an economic reconstruction agenda. See also Economic development Notes reflist 2 References ... more details
For related topics Forecasting Refimprove date December 2009 Economic forecasting is the process of making predictions about the economy. Forecasts can be carried out at a high level of aggregation for example for Gross domestic product GDP , inflation , unemployment or the fiscal deficit or at a more disaggregated level, for specific sectors of the economy or even specific firms. Many institutions engage in forecasting, including international organisations such as the http www.imf.org external index.htm IMF or the http www.oecd.org OECD , national governments and central banks, and private sector entities, be they think tanks, banks or others. Some forecasts are produced annually, but many are updated more frequently. http www.consensuseconomics.com Consensus Economics Inc ., among others, compiles the macroeconomic forecasts prepared by a variety of forecasters, and publishes them every month. http www.economist.com The Economist magazine regularly provides such a snapshot as well, for a broad range of countries a recent example is provided http www.economist.com node 18959289?story id 18959289 here . The financial and economic crisis that erupted in 2007 arguably the worst since the Great Depression Great Depression of the 1930s was not foreseen by most of the forecasters, even ... 00144feabdc0.pdf ref Methods of forecasting include Econometric model s, Economic base analysis , Shift ...?id 29 IMF World Economic Outlook and OECD forecasts here http www.oecd.org document 18 0,3343,en 2649 34573 20347538 1 1 1 1,00.html OECD Economic Outlook Two of the leading journals in the field of economic forecasting are the http onlinelibrary.wiley.com journal 10.1002 ISSN 1099 131X Journal ... www.elsevier.com wps find bookdescription.cws home 672846 description description Handbook of Economic ... and accessible guide to forecasting is http us.macmillan.com economicforecastingandpolicy Economic ... Institute of Forecasters Note references DEFAULTSORT Economic Forecasting Category Economic ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Social democracy sidebar Progressivism Economic progressivism is the name given to the economic views of Social democracy social democrats and Progressivism progressives . These views are often rooted in a strong sense of social justice . At its most basic, economic progressivism supports a mixed economy spaced ndash an economy that features both a significant public sector and a strong Private sector private one. Specific policies that fall under the category of economic socialism include progressive tax es and income redistribution aimed at reducing inequalities of wealth, a comprehensive package of public services , universal health care , public education , social security , minimum wage laws, antitrust anti trust laws , legislation protecting workers rights and the rights of trade union s, and a welfare state . Economic progressivism is based on the idea of free and fair markets. In particular, progressives believe that current markets are unfair because they have large corporation and the wealthy. Most human characteristics e.g., personality, IQ, physical traits and abilities follow a normal distribution which suggests that a fair market should create ... socioeconomic status. Economic progressives believe that fair markets must allow upward mobility ... etc. ... . Progressives believe in using economic innovation that history or science has demonstrated .... The economic theory that underpins most of the policies listed above is Keynesian economics . However, many organizations that promote economic progressivism can be characterized as anti capitalist ... of socio economic thought. The Transformative Studies Institute is an example of a leftwing US educational think tank that is based on the principles of economic progressivism. ref http www.transformativestudies.org ... and Policy Positions ref See also Economics References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Economic Progressivism Category Progressivism Category Economic ideologies Econ stub it Interventismo economia Interventismo ... more details
Weasel date August 2011 The Economic Observer zh s t p j ngj gu nch b o is an independent ... 2001. The newspaper is considered by many to be one of the top three economic focused newspapers in China ref http www.danwei.org media guide newspapers the economic observer.php The Economic Observer ... and commentary. ref http www.danwei.org media guide newspapers the economic observer.php The Economic ... 2001, the Economic Observer has also been printed on salmon peach colored paper. Although the newspaper ..., the capital of Shandong province. ref http jmsc.no ip.org maps cmp na 31646 The Economic Observer ... or other unconfirmed news that is affecting markets in the region. The Economic Observer Online ... publishes original reporting and interviews. Brief Description The Economic Observer is a Beijing based weekly newspaper that publishes news and commentary related to China s economic and political ... jmsc.no ip.org maps cmp na 31646 The Economic Observer , China Media Project , Retrieved on 2010 ... maps cmp na 31646 The Economic Observer , China Media Project , Retrieved on 2010 06 16. ref The paper ... Founded in August 2000, the Economic Observer began as a small news publication dedicated to supporting .... By December 2006, the newspaper had expanded to the current 56 pages. Sections The Economic Observer ..., Lifestyle Business Review. Style The Economic Observer is considered to take a noticeably independent ... On December 7, 2009, The Economic Observer was one of only two Chinese newspapers to publish a common ... , London, 6 December 2009. Retrieved on 2010 06 16. ref Hukou Editorial In March 2010, The Economic ... that one of the editors involved, Deputy Editor of the Economic Observer Online Zhang Hong, was removed ... has full control of the Economic Observer. See also List of newspapers in the People s Republic ... The Economic Observer Website zh icon http www.eeo.com.cn ens The Economic Observer Website en http www.facebook.com pages Economic Observer 115469851827059 The Economic Observer on Facebook http ... more details
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