QM may refer to Quantum mechanics , in physics Quizmania , an ITV s Quiz game show The Quiz Masters , a Dunedin based secret society Quartermaster Queen Mother , in a monarchy RMS Queen Mary , a Cunard ocean liner Quality management Quantitative Methods Queen s Men Queensland Museum collection code Queen Margaret Union , at the University of Glasgow Air Malawi IATA airline designator OpenQM , referred to as QM , a commercial multi value database system Quest Master in the fantasy world of Neverwinter Nights Quadratic mean Quadratic Mean , in mathematics Question Manager , Knowledge management sharing application ATCvet code QM Musculo skeletal system , a section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System for veterinary medicinal products Quine McCluskey , an algorithm for minimizing two level logic QP Modeler , a graphical UML modeling tool disambig Category Initialisms de QM fa QM fr QM ko QM it QM sw QM ja QM sk QM sv QM zh QM ... more details
The hybrid QM MM quantum mechanics molecular mechanics approach is a molecular simulation method that combines the strength of both QM accuracy and MM speed calculations, thus allowing for the study of chemical processes in solution and in proteins. The QM MM approach was introduced in the 1976 paper of Warshel and Levitt ref cite journal last1 Warshel first1 A last2 Levitt first2 M title Theoretical studies of enzymic reactions Dielectric, electrostatic and steric stabilization of the carbonium ion in the reaction of lysozyme journal Journal of Molecular Biology volume 103 issue 2 pages 227 49 year 1976 pmid 985660 doi 10.1016 0022 2836 76 90311 9 ref . An important advantage of QM MM methods is the efficiency. The cost of doing classical molecular mechanics MM simulations in the most straight forward case scales O N sup 2 sup , where N is the number of atoms in the system. This is mainly due to electrostatic interactions term every particle interacts with everything else . However, use of cutoff radius, periodic pair list updates and more recently the variations of the particle mesh Ewald PME method has reduced this between O N to O N sup 2 sup . In other words, if a system with twice many atoms is simulated then it would take between twice to four times as much computing power. On the other hand the simplest ab initio calculations formally scale as O N sup 3 sup or worse Restricted Hartree&ndash Fock calculations have been suggested to scale O N sup 2.7 sup . To overcome the limitation, a small part of the system that is of major interest is treated quantum mechanically for instance, the active site of an enzyme and the remaining system is treated classically. See also ONIOM List of quantum chemistry and solid state physics software List of software for molecular mechanics modeling References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Qm Mm Category Computational chemistry Category Molecular dynamics ... more details
multiple issues refimprove May 2010 orphan April 2010 Infobox company company name QingMa Investment LLC company logo Image QM Investment Logo.png QingMa Investment LLC 80px company type Private company Private foundation 2004, Shanghai location Shanghai , People s Republic of China key people Ma Mingchao , Director, President and CEO industry Investment Management homepage http www.hedging.com.cn QM Investment Qing Ma means green steed in Chinese is a private hedge fund located in Shanghai China ,specialized in agriculture commodity investment. The Founder, Ma Mingchao was voted as one of the top 10 most prominent persons in China Futures Industry. ref cite web url http money.business.sohu.com 2004 06 20 95 article220729529.shtml title http money.business.sohu.com 2004 06 20 95 article220729529.shtml publisher Money.business.sohu.com date 2004 06 20 accessdate 2010 08 13 ref Though focused mainly on agri products, energy Futures contract futures and option finance option s, QM Investment also invests in China Stock Index Futures after it s launched on April 16, 2010. ref cite web url http www.eeo.com.cn eeo jjgcb 2010 04 19 167835.shtml title 2010 04 16 publisher Eeo.com.cn date 2010 04 16 accessdate 2010 08 13 ref The main strategies the company uses are convergence arbitrage and statistical arbitrage . Company Address Hankou Road 650 Huangpu District, Shanghai China References Reflist External links official http www.hedging.com.cn index.html Category Financial services companies of the People s Republic of China Category Hedge funds Category Companies established in 2004 Category Article Feedback 5 China company stub zh ... more details
Expand German topic culture date October 2011 Infobox film name 40 qm Deutschland image 40qmDeutschland1986Cover.jpg caption director Tevfik Ba er producer Tevfik Ba er writer Tevfik Ba er starring music Claus Bantzer studio Studio Hamburg cinematography zzet Akay editing Renate Merck distributor released Film date df y 1986 7 31 runtime 80 minutes country Film West Germany language German budget gross 40 qm Deutschland lang en 40 Square Meters of Germany is a 1986 German film directed by Tevfik Ba er . External links IMDb title 0090566 40 qm Deutschland Category 1985 films Category German language films 1980s Germany film stub de 40 qm Deutschland ... more details
24650 1986 QM is a asteroid belt main belt minor planet . It was discovered by Henri Debehogne at the La Silla Observatory in Chile on August 25, 1986. ref http ssd.jpl.nasa.gov sbdb.cgi?sstr 24650 JPL Small Body Database Browser ref See also List of minor planets 24001 25000 References reflist beltasteroid stub MinorPlanets Navigator 24649 Balaklava 24651 1986 QU Small Solar System bodies DEFAULTSORT 1986 QM Category Astronomical objects discovered in 1986 Category Discoveries by Henri Debehogne Category Main Belt asteroids vi 24650 1986 QM ... more details
Hatnote This article is about the social science. For other uses, see Economics disambiguation . Outline Outline of economics pp semi small yes Economics sidebar Economics is the science which studies ... analyses center on those issues. From this perspective, Economics study how individuals and society ..., and consumption by whom and in which quantities of the production pie. The term economics ... 19th century suggested economics as a shorter term for economic science that also avoided a narrow ... name MarshallJevons Alfred Marshall Marshall, Alfred , and Mary Paley Marshall 1879 . The Economics ... Agent economics economic agents behave or interact and how economy economies work. Consistent with this, a primary ... and fiscal policy. Other broad distinctions include those between positive economics describing what is and normative economics advocating what ought to be between economic theory and applied economics between Rational choice theory rational and behavioral economics and between mainstream economics more orthodox dealing with the rationality individualism equilibrium nexus and heterodox economics .... 2006 . Heterodox Economics, the Fragmentation of the Mainstream, and Embedded Individual Analysis, in Future Directions in Heterodox Economics . Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press. ref Economic analysis may be applied throughout society, as in business economics business , financial economics finance , Health economics health care , and government, but also to such diverse subjects as crime ... Encyclopedia of Economics. . Retrieved October 21, 2007. ref education economics education , ref The World Bank 2007 . http go.worldbank.org 78EK1G87M0 Economics of Education. . Retrieved October 21, 2007. ref the Family economics family , Law and economics law , public choice politics , Economics of religion religion , ref Iannaccone, Laurence R. 1998 . Introduction to the Economics of Religion ... 2520of 2520Religion.pdf 22Introduction to the Economics of Religion 22&hl en&ct clnk&cd 1&gl us ... more details
saved book title Economics subtitle cover image Supply demand right shift demand.svg cover color LightGrey Economics Main article Economics History of economic thought History of economic thought Schools of economic thought Classical economics Marxian economics Neoclassical economics Keynesian economics Post Keynesian economics Chicago school of economics Microeconomics Microeconomics Production possibility frontier Opportunity cost Production theory basics Division of labour Comparative advantage Gains from trade Supply and demand Market failure Government failure Information economics Environmental economics Agricultural economics Theory of the firm Industrial organization Labour economics Financial economics Business economics Managerial economics Public economics Public finance Welfare economics factors of production Macroeconomics Macroeconomics Economic growth Gross domestic product General equilibrium theory Circular flow of income Aggregate supply Aggregate demand Great Depression Unemployment Inflation Monetary policy Money Quantity theory of money History of money Fiscal policy Government spending Regulation National accounts International economics International economics Economic system Economics in practice Mathematical economics Economic methodology Econometrics Game theory Economist Economics and other subjects Law and economics Philosophy and economics Natural resource economics Thermoeconomics Category Wikipedia books on economicsEconomics ... more details
wiktionary economicsEconomics is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Economics may also refer to Economics textbook Economics textbook , an influential and well known introductory economics textbook by American economist Paul Samuelson and later, also with William Nordhaus Economics Aristotle Economics Aristotle sometimes referred to as The Economics , a work traditionally ascribed to Aristotle disambig pl Ekonomia ujednoznacznienie ... more details
Health Economics is a journal published by John Wiley & Sons , covering the subject of health economics . It was established in 1992, and is published monthly. See also Health economics Journal of Health Economics List of scholarly journals in economics External links http www3.interscience.wiley.com cgi bin jhome 5749 Health Economics at Wiley Interscience Category Economics journals Category Health economics Category Public health journals Category Publications established in 1992 health mag stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date August 2008 In economics , entry into a market means becoming a supplier of good economics goods or services. Monopolies have an incentive to create barriers to entry . DEFAULTSORT Entry Economics Category Wholesale markets Econ stub ... more details
Infobox Journal cover File Economics Letters.gif discipline Economics abbreviation publisher Elsevier country Netherlands frequency Monthly history 1978 present openaccess website http www.elsevier.com locate ecolet ISSN 0165 1765 Economics Letters is a scholarly peer reviewed journal of economics that publishes concise communications letters that provide a means of rapid and efficient dissemination of new results, models and methods in all fields of economic research. Published by Elsevier . The current editor of the journal is Eric Maskin . Category Economics journals Category Elsevier academic journals Category Publications established in 1978 Category English language journals Category Monthly journals Economics stub socialscience journal stub de Economics Letters ru Economics Letters ... more details
New Economics may refer to New classical macroeconomics New Keynesian economics disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
unreferenced date February 2011 Infobox Journal title Economics Bulletin discipline Economics publisher country USA history 2001 openaccess immediate website http www.economicsbulletin.com ISSN 1545 2921 OCLC 49242773 Economics Bulletin is a scholarly peer reviewed Open access journal open access journal of economics that publishes concise notes, comments, and preliminary results in all areas of economics. The journal s mission is to provide free and rapid scientific communication. The journal was founded in 2001 by Myrna Wooders . The current when date February 2011 editor is John P. Conley . Category Economics journals Category Open access journals Economics stub socialscience journal stub de Economics Bulletin ... more details
Distinguish Education economicsEconomics education or economic education is a field within economics that focuses on two main themes 1 the current state of, and efforts to improve, the economics curriculum, materials and pedagogical techniques used to teach economics at all educational levels and 2 research into the effectiveness of alternative instructional techniques in economics, the level of economic ... Abstract. ref ref http www.economicsnetwork.ac.uk cheer Computers in Higher Education Economics Review ref Economics education is distinct from economics of education , which focuses on the economics of the institution of education. Numerous organizations devote resources toward economics education. In the United States, organizations whose primary purpose is the advancement of economics education ..., the Foundation for Teaching Economics and Junior Achievement . The U.S. National Center for Research in Economic Education is a resource for research and Educational assessment assessment in economics education. Among broader U.S. organizations that devote significant resources toward economics education is the Federal Reserve System . In the United Kingdom there is The Economics Network, a government funded national project to support economics education in Higher education contexts, and the non profit Economics & Business Education Association EBEA for secondary education . Journals devoted to the topic of economics education include the Journal of Economic Education , ref http www.indiana.edu econed Journal of Economic Education ref International Review of Economics Education , ref http www.economicsnetwork.ac.uk iree International Review of Economics Education ref Australasian Journal of Economics Education , ref http www.uq.edu.au economics ajee Australasian Journal of Economics Education ref and Computers in Higher Education Economics Review . See also Education economics Simulations and games in economics education References reflist External links http www.economicsnetwork.ac.uk ... more details
Positive economics as opposed to normative economics is the branch of economics that concerns the description and explanation of economic phenomena. ref name Wong Stanley Wong 1987 . positive economics, The New Palgrave A Dictionary of Economics , v. 3, pp. 920 21 ref It focuses on facts and cause and effect behavioral relationships and includes the development and testing of economic theory economics theories . ref Richard Lipsey Richard G. Lipsey 2008 . positive economics. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics . Second Edition. http www.dictionaryofeconomics.com article?id pde2008 P000130&q positive 20economics&topicid &result number 1 Abstract. ref Earlier terms were value free economics and its German language German counterpart wertfrei economics. Positive economics as science , concerns ... of Economic Science . ref A standard theoretical statement of positive economics as Falsifiability ... economics as such avoids economic Value theory value judgements. For example, a positive economic ... instruction on what policy ought to be followed. Still, positive economics is commonly deemed necessary ... economics . Positive economics is sometimes defined as the economics of what is , whereas normative economics discusses what ought to be . The distinction was exposited by John Neville Keynes ... in Positive Economics essay . ref Milton Friedman 1953 . Essays in Positive Economics The Methodology of Positive Economics The Methodology of Positive Economics , Essays in Positive Economics . ref .... Such debates are reflected in discussion of positive science and specifically in economics, where critics, such as Gunnar Myrdal 1954 dispute the idea that economics can be completely neutral and agenda free. Positive economics usually answers the question why . To illustrate, an example of a positive ... on facts. See also MultiCol Normative economics Philosophy of economics Consumer theory ColBreak Production possibilities frontier Supply and demand Distribution economics ColBreak Economic methodology ... more details
unreferenced date September 2009 Mineral economics is the study of the business and economic aspects of natural resource extraction and use. Mineral economics involves studying topics in economic and financial analysis that are developed to meet the special needs of the natural resource industries. All participants in the industry use mineral economics, including national and local governments, corporations, banks and financial companies, and consulting firms. See also Economic geology Category Mining engineering Category Mineral economics ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Cleanup date February 2008 Recursive economics is a branch of modern economics based on highly complex mathematical function . The mathematical model model s are based on dynamical system dynamic differential equation s. This approach has been popularised by Robert Lucas, Jr. and Edward Prescott . Books Recursive Methods in Economic Dynamics by Nancy L. Stokey, Robert E. Lucas, Jr., Edward C. Prescott, Harvard 1989 economics stub Category Mathematical economics ... more details
Economics sidebar Orphan date February 2011 In economics, a trough is a low turning point or a Maxima and minima local minimum of a business cycle . The time evolution of many parameters of economics exhibit a wave like behavior with local maxima peaks followed by local minima troughs . A business cycle may be defined as the period between two consecutive peaks. DEFAULTSORT Trough Economics Category Business cycle Business stub ... more details
Orphan date September 2011 Folk economics is the intuitive economics of Training untrained people. ref cite journal last Rubin first Paul H. title Folk Economics journal Southern Economic Journal year 2003 month July volume 70 issue 1 pages 157 171 jstor 1061637 ref References reflist Category Economics terminology economy stub ... more details
Please do not remove or change this AfD message until the issue is settled Article for deletion dated page Economics of Development timestamp 20120228160525 year 2012 month February day 28 substed yes help off For administrator use only Old AfD multi page Economics of Development date 28 February 2012 result keep End of AfD message, feel free to edit beyond this point Infobox journal title Economics of Development cover editor Volodymyr S. Ponomarenko discipline Economics language English, Russian, Ukrainian former names abbreviation publisher Kharkiv National University of Economics country Ukraine frequency Quarterly history 2002 present openaccess Yes license impact impact year website http www.ed.ksue.edu.ua link1 link1 name link2 link2 name JSTOR OCLC 774086872 LCCN CODEN ISSN 1683 1942 eISSN Economics of Development lang uk i is a quarterly Peer review peer reviewed academic journal that was established in 2002 by the Kharkiv National University of Economics . It publishes original research papers in all fields of economics . The editor in chief is Volodymyr Ponomarenko Kharkiv National University of Economics . Scope Subjects covered in Economics of Development include economic theory and history of economic thought the world economy and international economic relations economics and management of national economy economics and business management development of productive forces and regional economics demography, labor economics, social economics and politics money, finance and credit accounting, analysis and audit statistics and economic mathematical modeling, information systems and technologies in the economy the theory and mechanisms of government management External links Official http www.ed.ksue.edu.ua ER EER index.html Category Multilingual journals Category Economics journals Category Publications established in 2002 Category Quarterly journals Category Open access journals ... more details
Transformative economics is an alternative theory of socio economics . Transformative economics was derived from Progressive Utilization Theory PROUT a social philosophy developed by India n philosopher Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar in 1959. Proponents of this theory view capitalism traditional capitalism as a system that treats Human nature humanity as an input labour and cost wages , with the result being the accumulation of Capital economics capital . Transformative economics attempts to reverse this and make the outputs of the economic system work for humanity, by placing environmental and local community needs at the foundation of economics. External links http www.prout.org Proutist Universal http www.worldproutassembly.org World Prout Assembly econ stub Category Economic ideologies ... more details
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to economicsEconomics &ndash analyzes the Production theory basics production , Distribution economics distribution , and Consumption economics consumption of Good economics and accounting goods and Service economics services . It aims to explain how economy economies work and how economic Agent economics agents interact. Nature of economicsEconomics can be described as all of the following Academic discipline &ndash body of knowledge ... science &ndash field of academic scholarship that explores aspects of human society. Essence of economics Business Economy Finance Trade Branches of economics Subdisciplines of economics Attention economics Behavioural economics Bioeconomics Contract theory Development economics Econometrics Economic geography Economic history Economic sociology Education economics Energy economics Entrepreneurial economics Environmental economics Feminist economics Financial economics Green economics Industrial organization Information economics International economics Institutional economics Labor economics Law and economics Managerial economics Mathematical economics Monetary economics Public finance Public economics Real estate economics Regional science Resource economics Socialist economics Welfare economics Methodologies or approaches Behavioural economics Computational economics Econometrics Evolutionary economics Experimental economics Praxeology used by the Austrian School Social psychology Multidisciplinary fields involving economics Constitutional economics Econophysics Neuroeconomics Political economy Socioeconomics Thermoeconomics Transport economicsEconomics by region Africa in topic ... Economy of Economy of Europe Oceania in topic Economy of History of economics Main History of economic thought Ancient economic thought Economics of classical antiquity Aristotle Nicomachean Ethics Economics in the Middle Ages Feudalism and Manorialism Economics of the Renaissance Mercantilism Economics ... more details
The economics of language is an emerging field of study concerning a range of topics such as the effect of language on Cultural economics culture , income, markets for language related goods and services, and the costs and benefits of language planning options, preservation of minority languages, etc. ref Edward P. Lazear 1999 . Culture and Language, Journal of Political Economy , 107 6 , Part 2, p http www.jstor.org pss 2990748 p. S95 S126. Complete http www.nber.org papers w5249.pdf abstract. ref ref http www.jstor.org pss 1601229 Grin, Fran ois. 1994. The Economics of Language Match or Mismatch? International Political Science Review 15 1 25 42 ref It is relevant to analysis of language policy . Selected readings http www.pch.gc.ca progs lo ol perspectives english explorer index.html Breton, Albert, ed. 2000. Exploring the Economics of Language . Ottawa Official Languages Support Program, Canadian Heritage. http www.routledgelanguages.com books The Economics of Language isbn9780415771818 Chiswick, Barry R., and Paul W. Miller. 2007. The Economics of Language International Analyses . Routledge. http www1.worldbank.org wbiep decentralization library12 grin.htm Grin, Fran ois, and Fran ois Vaillancourt. n.d. The Economics of Multilingualism Overview of the Literature and Analytical Framework http www.e elgar economics.com Bookentry DESCRIPTION.lasso?id 2520 Lamberton, Donald M., ed. 2002. The Economics of Language . Cheltenham, UK E. Elgar Pub. See also Language tax References Reflist Category Languages Category Cultural economics Language, Economics of econ stub lang stub ... more details
The pluralism in economics movement is a campaign to eliminate monism in economics. The movement s adherents have stated that substantive and methodological monism currently dominates mainstream economics . In the past, economics had greater scientific pluralism , according to Dalen. ref name dalen cite journal author Hendrik P. Dalen title Pluralism in Economics A Public Good or a Public Bad? version ... name paecon cite web last first authorlink coauthors title Policy Implications of Post Autistic Economics work publisher Post Autistic Economics Network date 2006 10 09 url http www.paecon.net PolicyImplications.htm ... ref A confederation for pluralism has encouraged the inclusion of a wide variety of Neoclassical economics neoclassical and heterodox economics heterodox economic theories including Austrian economics Austrian , feminist economics feminist , Marxian economics Marxian , institutional economics institutional , social, and evolutionary economics , stating that each tradition of thought adds something ... title ICAPE home work publisher International Confederation of Associations for Pluralism in Economics ... Economic Review . This petition described itself as a plea for a pluralistic and rigorous economics Citation needed date June 2007 . Many critics of mainstream economics began to describe themselves as proponents ... of Associations for Reform in Economics ICARE . ref name icapehist cite web last first authorlink ... in Economics date url http www.icape.org history.htm doi accessdate 2007 05 25 ref Later, French students announced a post autistic economics movement. A rebellion of students at the cole Normale ..., not all critics of mainstream economics favored pluralistic practice, often calling for reform instead ... dedicated to the movement for pluralism in economics are http www.icape.org The International Confederation of Associations for Pluralism in Economics ICAPE ... seeks to foster intellectual pluralism ... icapehist http www.open.ac.uk socialsciences hetecon The Association for Heterodox Economics themes ... more details
Economics sidebar Agricultural economics originally applied the principles of economics to the production of crops and livestock a discipline known as agronomics. Agronomics was a branch of economics that specifically ... scope of the discipline is much broader. Agricultural economics today includes a variety of applied areas, having considerable overlap with conventional economics. ref Karl A. Fox 1987 . agricultural economics, The New Palgrave A Dictionary of Economics , v. 1, pp. 55 62. ref ref B.L. Gardner 2001 , Agriculture, Economics of, International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences ... Abstract & outline. ref ref C. Ford Runge 2008 . agricultural economics, The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics , 2nd Ed., http www.dictionaryofeconomics.com article?id pde2008 A000243&q agricultural 20&topicid &result number 4 Abstract. ref Origins Economics is the study of resource ... of agricultural economics can be traced out to works on land economics. Henry Charles Taylor was the greatest contributor with the establishment of the Department of Agricultural Economics at Wisconsin in 1909. ref cite web title The Story of The Department of Agricultural Economics 1909 1972 ... 2009 09 17 ref Another contributor, Theodore Schultz was among the first to examine development economics ... instrumental in establishing econometrics as a tool for use in analyzing agricultural economics ... Journal of Farm Economics volume 38 issue 3 pages 748 762 jstor 1234459 ref Development One scholar summarizes the development of agricultural economics as follows Agricultural economics arose in the late ... throughout the 20th century largely as an empirical branch of general economics. The discipline ..., Agricultural Economics A Brief Intellectual History, page 1 abstract , University of Minnesota Working ... economists have made many well known contributions to the economics field with such models as the cobweb ... Theorem jstor 1881734 journal Quarterly Journal of Economics volume 52 issue 2 pages 255 80 ref ... more details
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