Other uses Economics sidebar An economy consists of the economic system of a country or other area the Wage ... of goods economics goods and services of that area. A given economy is the end result of a process ..., and set the conditions and parameters in which an economy functions. A market based economy may be described ... this generally fixed resource among competing users. Capitalism is a market economy in which ... hand, Socialism is a command based economy in which markets and the free exchange of goods and services ... central planning and state owned enterprises. In this economy all private owners of capital called ... are decided by central planners. Finally, a Mixed economy contains elements of both capitalism and socialism which means a market based economy with a varied degree of government central planning and state owned enterprises. Range Today the range of fields of study examining the economy revolve ... . All profession s, occupations, economic agent s or economic activities, contribute to the economy ... in the economy that determine macroeconomic equilibrium. There are three main sectors of economic activity Primary sector of the economy primary , Secondary sector of the economy secondary , and Tertiary sector of the economy tertiary . Due to the growing importance of the financial sector in modern times, ref The volume of financial transactions in the 2008 global economy was 73.5 times higher ... real economy is used by analysts ref http blogs.wsj.com marketbeat 2009 07 23 meanwhile in the real economy Meanwhile, in the Real Economy , Wall Street Journal , July 23, 2009 ref ref http blogs.wsj.com economics 2011 10 24 boes haldane bank regulation should serve real economy Bank Regulation Should Serve Real Economy , Wall Street Journal , October 24, 2011 ref as well as politicians ref http blogs.wsj.com washwire 2011 08 15 perry and romney trade swipes over real economy Perry and Romney Trade Swipes Over Real Economy , Wall Street Journal , August 15, 2011 ref to denote the part of the economy ... more details
disambig Economy of Czechoslovakia can refer to Economy of Czechoslovakia pre WWII 1918 1939 Economy of communist Czechoslovakia 1945 1989 See also Economy of the Czech Republic , Economy of Slovakia , Economy of the Austro Hungary ... more details
The Economy of Yugoslavia may refer to Economy of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1943 1992 Economy of Serbia and Montenegro 1992 2003 disambig ... more details
Economy of Korea may refer to Economy of South Korea Economy of North Korea Asia in topic Economy of disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
The economy of China may include or exclude, depending on context or point of view The Economy of the People s Republic of China mainland China The Economy of Taiwan Economy of the Republic of China Taiwan For the Economic history of China , see Economic history of China pre 1911 Economic history of Modern China Economy of the Han Dynasty Economy of the Song Dynasty Economy of the Ming Dynasty See also The Economy of Hong Kong The Economy of Macau disambig Category Economies by region China he ... more details
Wiktionary economyEconomy is the human activity that consists in producing, exchanging, distributing, and consuming goods and services, studied by economics and realised inside an economic system. OR It is responsible for human being activities and institutions for satisfying human needs of the society. Economy may also refer to The quality of being efficient or frugal in using resources see energy conservation World economy , the economy of the world Virtual economy , an economy simulated in a virtual world Economy Eastern Christianity , a bishop s discretionary power to relax rules Economy Thoreau , a chapter from Walden , by Henry David Thoreau Economy class , a class of seating in airline travel Jazz ist anders Economy , Economy version of Die rzte s album Jazz ist anders The economy of Salvation is that part of divine revelation that deals with God s creation and management of the world, particularly His plan for salvation accomplished through the Church Places Economy, Indiana , United States Economy, Pennsylvania , United States Old Economy Village , Pennsylvania, United States Economy, Nova Scotia , an unincorporated community in Maritime Canada disambiguation de konomie Begriffskl rung es Economy fr conomie homonymie it Economy nl Economy pl Economy pt Economy ru sq Ekonomia kthjellim uk vo Economy ... more details
Economy of America or American Economy may refer to Economy of North America , comprises the economies of all sovereign countries geographically located in North America , Central America , and the Caribbean . Economy of South America , comprises the economies of all sovereign countries geographically located in South America . It may also refer to Economy of the United States disambig ... more details
Church economy is either An Eastern Orthodoxy Eastern Orthodox bishop s discretionary power to dispense with rules that parish priests must otherwise rigidly follow see economy Eastern Orthodoxy or Church economic s. disambig ... more details
Unreferenced date September 2009 Cleanup date September 2009 Economic systems sidebar A Digital Economy refers to an economy that is based on digital technologies. The digital economy is also sometimes called the Internet Economy , the New Economy , or Web Economy . Digital economy The concept of a digital economy emerged in the last decade of the 20th century. Nicholas Negroponte 1995 used a metaphor of shifting from processing atoms to processing bits. He discussed the disadvantages of the former e.g., mass, materials, transport and advantages of the latter e.g., weightlessness, virtual, instant global movement . In this new economy, digital networking and communication infrastructures provide a global platform over which people and organizations devise strategies, interact, communicate, collaborate and search for information. For example A vast array of digitizable products databases, news and information, books, magazines, etc which are delivered over the digital infrastructure any time, anywhere in the world. Digital economy in eGovernment With growing population and resource mobilisation, digital economy is not limited to business trading and services only but, it encompasses every aspect of life from health to education and from business to banking. Further while everything is happening on digital medium then why not communication with government. eGovernment is already playing its part in this digital economy by providing eservices through various ministry department to its eCitizen. See also Canada 3.0 Electronic business Electronic commerce Information economy Internet economy information society Knowledge economy Knowledge management Knowledge market Network economy Virtual economy DEFAULTSORT Digital Economy Category Economic systems ru sr Digitalna ekonomija uk ... more details
Economic systems sidebar Information economy is a term that characterizes an Economics economy with an increased emphasis on information al activities and information industry . The vagueness of the term has three major sources. First, not surprisingly, there is no agreed upon definition regarding the threshold of when an economy is information economy and when it is not, just as there is no agreed threshold for an agricultural or industrial economy . This is partly because research has been focused on various increases in informational activities, rather than the level it has achieved. It is rare to see research seriously discussing whether a certain level of informatization in an economy is enough to label it as information economy. Second, there are many different kinds of measurements of information ... notably by Manuel Castells , that information economy is not mutually exclusive with manufacturing economy. Citation needed date October 2007 He finds that some countries such as Germany and Japan ... economy is considered a stage or phase of an economy, coming after stages of hunting, agriculture ... some economies have undergone. Service economy , high tech economy , late capitalism , post fordism , and economic globalization global economy are among the most frequently used terms, having some overlaps and contradictions among themselves. Closer terms to information economy would include knowledge economy and post industrial economy . See also precarity Digital economy Electronic business ... society Intellectual property Creative industry Knowledge economy Knowledge market Knowledge policy Virtual economy Also, see The Effective Executive by Peter Drucker 1966 Drucker describes the manual ... Economy. John Wiley& Sons. John Wiley & Sons Cozel, Diane. 1997. The Weightless World. MIT Press. Evans ... Rules A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy. Harvard Business School Press. Tapscott, Donald. 1996. The Digital Economy. McGraw Hill. DEFAULTSORT Information Economy Category Information economy ... more details
Quotefarm date March 2008 Economic systems sidebar Natural economy refers to a type of economy in which money is not used in the transfer of resources among people. It is a system of allocating resources through direct bartering, entitlement by law, or sharing out according to traditional custom. In the more complex forms of natural economy, some goods may act as a referent for fair bartering, but generally currency plays only a small role in allocating resources. As a corollary, the majority of goods produced in a system of natural economy are not produced for the purpose of exchanging them, but for direct ... that Quotation German economists have invented the term Naturalwirtschaft, natural economy, to describe ... of natural economy obviously do not intend the term to be understood in any absolute sense. They are well .... Thus when the early Middle Ages are described as a period of natural economy, all that is meant ... and Das Kapital Capital . Marx comments as follows Quotation Natural economy, money economy, and credit economy have ... been placed in opposition to one another as being the three characteristic economic ... equivalent phases of development. The so called credit economy is merely a form of the money economy ... capitalist production, the money economy appears only as the basis of the credit economy. The money economy and credit economy thus correspond only to different stages in the development of capitalist production, but they are by no means independent forms of exchange vis vis natural economy. With the same justification one might contrapose as equivalents the very different forms of natural economy to those two economies. In the second place, since it is not the economy, i.e., the process of production itself that is emphasised as the distinguishing mark of the two categories, money economy and credit economy, but rather the mode of exchange corresponding to that economy between the various ... economy instead of natural economy. A completely isolated natural economy, such as the Inca state of Peru ... more details
A Goldilocks economy is a not too overheating economics hot or cold economy , sustaining moderate economic growth and a low inflation allowing for a market friendly monetary policy. The name comes from the children s literature children s story The Three Bears . The first use of this phrase is credited to David Shulman of Salomon Brothers who wrote The Goldilocks Economy Keeping the Bears at Bay in March 1992. http blogs.marketwatch.com greenberg 2008 01 11 . External links http www.commondreams.org views01 0305 05.htm Example usage Category Economies economy stub ko tr T rk e ... more details
File JAL Premium Economy.jpg thumb Premium economy shell seats on Japan Airlines. Premium economy is a travel class offered on some airlines, positioned in price, comfort, and amenities between economy ... http www.cnn.com 2011 TRAVEL 02 14 premium.economy.class title The long and short of premium economy ... Premium economy is sometimes limited to just a bit more seat pitch leg room , but at its most comprehensive ... cnn2011 File EVA Air s 777 Elite Class.jpg thumb right Elite cass, premium economy on EVA Air alt Airline premium economy cabin. Rows of seats arranged between aisles. TOC For example, in the United States ... America have an upgraded Economy class with convert 2 5 inch cm more leg room as the only difference they market the class as economy plus , economy comfort , even more legroom or main cabin ... feature a premium economy includes premium check in, large customized seats some for couples ... mask s, earplug s, and toothbrush. ref http www.airnewzealand.com premium economy class premium economy from the Air New Zealand website ref Service codes used by airlines vary for example, Virgin Atlantic Airways Virgin Atlantic denotes premium economy as W . ref http www.virginatlantic.com en ... of differences Premium economy can encompass differences from economy class such as Citation needed ... flying full fare economy, a separate section of the economy coach cabin with more legroom 36 38 ... increased luggage allowance div col end Some airlines may designate an entire economy class as premium ... Economy tickets also normally earn more mileage in an airline s frequent flyer program, attracting a bonus between Economy and Business. Citation needed date December 2007 Airlines Airlines offering this service ... and adjustable leather headrests. Air Austral Classe Confort Air France Premium Voyageur Economy Plus ... New Zealand Long haul flights on Boeing 747 s and Boeing 777 , feature Pacific Premium Economy ... flying full fare economy on space available basis. Alitalia Classica Plus Premium Economy Class on the new ... more details
Hydrocarbon economy is a term referencing the global hydrocarbon industry and its relationship to world markets. world energy resources and consumption energy used mostly comes from three hydrocarbon s petroleum , coal , and natural gas . Hydrocarbon economy is often used when talking about possible alternatives like the hydrogen economy . ref http scholar.google.com scholar?q 22hydrocarbon economy 22&hl en&lr &start 30&sa N ref ref http www.google.com search?tab sw&sa N&q 22hydrocarbon economy 22&hl en&lr &sa N ref References reflist Category Energy economics Category Economies ... more details
no footnotes date January 2011 original research date January 2011 The definition of solidarity economy ... for humanizing the capitalist economy seeking to supplement capitalist globalization with community based social safety net s . The solidarity economy can be seen a as part of the third sector in which ... at public policy objectives, or b as a struggle seeking to build an economy and culture of solidarity beyond capitalism in the present. The still evolving term solidarity economy is an English ... languages. As such it is sometimes translated by other expressions such as solidarity based economy . Social and solidarity economy The solidarity economy is often considered part of the social economy , forming what might be termed the social and solidarity economy from the French conomie sociale ... is gradually being clarified. An organisation seeing itself as part of the solidarity economy generally ... economy, but would not normally be considered part of the solidarity economy except in special circumstances ... economy organisations Fair trade organisations form part of the solidarity economy as their aim .... Self help organisations also form part of the solidarity economy as members support ... Worker cooperative s form part of the solidarity economy if their aims include a commitment to solidarity in some form. Trade unions are often considered a key part of the solidarity economy as they are based ... of commons based peer production . Social center Give away shop s and other forms of Gift economy ... Elements of a Solidarity Economy , GEO Euclides Andr Mance. http www.turbulence.org.uk solidarityeconom.html ...?id home&lang engl German Conference on Solidarity Economy held in Berlin on 24 26 November 2006 ... www.populareconomics.org ussen The U.S. Solidarity Economy Network http www.economiasolidaria.org ... and Spanish MIJARC http en.solecopedia.org SOLECOPEDIA online encyclopaedia on solidarity economy, in English, French, Spanish etc. DEFAULTSORT Solidarity Economy Category Social economy de Solidarische ... more details
Mexican secretariats name Secretariat of Economy br small Secretar a de Econom a small address telephone image SE logo.svg imagesize 195px established 1917 command structure headquarters Mexico City, Federal District operational center area current secretary Bruno Ferrari Garc a de Alba director budget website http www.economia.gob.mx www.economia.gob.mx footnotes In Mexico , the Secretariat of Economy Spanish Language Spanish Secretar a de Econom a abbreviated SE is the Ministry government department government department in charge of economy economic affairs . The Secretary of Economy is a member of the Mexican Executive Cabinet federal executive cabinet appointed by the President of Mexico President of the Republic . Until 2000 the name of the Department of Economy was Secretar a de Comercio y Fomento Industrial Secretariat of Commerce and Industrial Development abbreviated SECOFI but that name was changed when Vicente Fox took over the presidency of the republic. The As of 2010 alt current Secretary of Economy is Bruno Ferrari Garc a de Alba . External links http www.economia.gob.mx SE website Mexico stub Category Cabinet of Mexico Economy Category Mexican Secretaries of Economy de Secretar a de Econom a es Secretar a de Econom a M xico fr Secr tariat de l conomie du Mexique ... more details
Brazilian economy may refer to Economy of Brazil Economic history of Brazil disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Austrian economy may refer to Economy of Austria Austrian School of economics disambiguation Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it from being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Long comment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
forms of planning Decentrally planned economy Economic systems sidebar A planned economy is an economic ... by a central authority, usually by a government agency. ref Alec Nove 1987 , planned economy, The New ... authorlink Martin Myant coauthors Jan Drahokoupil title Transition Economies Political Economy ... planning is that the consolidation of economic resources can allow for the economy to take advantage ... centralized economy, a universal survey of human needs and consumer wants is required before ... of the economy. The most extensive form of a planned economy is referred to as a command economy , ref http www.britannica.com eb article 9024945 Command Economy. Encyclop dia Britannica . 2007. Encyclop dia Britannica Online. 11 June 2007. ref centrally planned economy , or command and control economy . ref James R. Barth and Gerard Caprio, Jr. China s Changing Financial System Can It Catch Up ... sectors of the economy and formulates all decisions about the use of resources. ref Myers, Danny ... ref Planned economies are in contrast to unplanned economies , i.e. the market economy and proposed self managed economy , where production, distribution, pricing, and investment decisions are made ... 1987 , Planned Economy, The New Palgrave A Dictionary of Economics , v. 3, p. 879. ref This latter is sometimes referred to as a planned market economy . ref Cite document author John Barkley title Comparative Economics in Transforming World Economy publisher MIT page 10 date 1991 postscript None ref A planned economy may consist of state owned enterprises, cooperative enterprises, private enterprises directed by the state, or a combination of different enterprise types. Though planned economy and command economy are often used as synonyms, some make the distinction that under a command economy, enterprises need not follow a comprehensive plan of production. That is, a planned economy is an economic .... ref http dictionary.reference.com browse planned 20economy planned economy . Dictionary.com Unabridged ... more details
A tiger economy is the economy of a country which undergoes rapid economic growth , usually accompanied by an increase in the standard of living. The term was initially used for Japan , South Korea , Singapore , Hong Kong , and Taiwan the Four Asian Tigers East Asian Tigers or Four Little Tigers , and in the 1990s it was applied to the Republic of Ireland the Celtic Tiger . Later on Gulf Tiger Dubai , Tatra Tiger Slovakia and the Baltic tiger Baltic countries developed a tiger economy as well. See also Economic miracle Tiger Cub Economies References unreferenced date August 2007 economy stub http www.salon.eu.sk article.php?article 1147 the end of the economic miracle The End of the Economic Miracle essay by Michal Hvoreck , English, about the end of tiger economy in Slovakia Category Economic booms bg cs Ekonomick tygr ko no Tiger konomi pt Economias tigre ru sk Ekonomick tiger sv Tigerekonomi ... more details
A consumer economy describes an Economic system economy driven by consumer spending as a percent of its gross domestic product , as opposed to the other major components of GDP gross private domestic investment , government spending , and imports netted against exports . ref http student.education2020.com activities vocab.aspx?keystr 11899&order 08060205&stbl 1368449 Education 2020 Homeschool Console, section Vocabluarly of Unit on Economic Boom of the 1920s , quote CONSUMER ECONOMY Definition An economy that depends on a large amount of spending by comsumers. school login required, accessed 12 21 PM, December 1st, 2009. ref The often quoted statistic for the United States, for instance, is that consumer spending amounts to 70 of GDP since 2001 ref http economix.blogs.nytimes.com 2010 05 03 big spenders the consumer economy ref ref http www.wbur.org 2011 01 28 stronger consumer spending ref . References Reflist Category Business economics econ stub ... more details
distinguish Economic policy Politics Political Economy originally was the term for studying Production ... wealth wealth , including through the budget process . Political economy originated in moral philosophy ... political economy. In the late nineteenth century, the term economics came to replace political economy , coinciding with publication of an influential textbook by Alfred Marshall in 1890. ref Alfred ... 1879, 2nd ed. The Theory of Political Economy , http books.google.com books?id aYcBAAAAQAAJ&printsec ... 1987 The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics 2008 . political economy and economics , The New Palgrave A Dictionary of Economics , v. 3, pp. 905 06. Pp. 904 07. ref Today, political economy ... Chicago school and the Virginia school of political economy Virginia School , or simply the advice ... F. Alesina 2007 3 Political Economy, NBER Reporter , pp. http www.nber.org reporter 2007number3 2007number3.pdf ... as an area of study in certain colleges and universities. Etymology Originally, political economy ... was organized in the nation states. In this way, political economy expanded the emphasis of economics ... economy was meant to express the laws of production of wealth at the state level, just as economics was the ordering of the home. The phrase conomie politique translated in English as political economy ... theorist Karl Marx were some of the exponents of political economy. The world s first professorship in political economy was established in 1754 at the University of Naples Federico II , Italy then capital ... professor in 1763 Joseph von Sonnenfels was appointed a Political Economy chair at the University of Vienna , Austria. In 1805, Thomas Malthus became England s first professor of political economy, at the East India Company College , Haileybury, Hertfordshire . In the United States, political economy ..., changed the name of its Department of Political Economy to the Department of Economics ostensibly ... the last to be graduated with a Scottish Master of Arts degree in Political Economy. Current approaches ... more details
Modern economies can be characterised as learning economies in which knowledge is the crucial resource and learning is the most important process. Different kinds of learning and economically relevant types of knowledge can likewise be identified. It is argued that pure Market economy market economies , if such existed, would have severe problems in terms of learning and innovation. The learning economy is a mixed economy in a fundamental sense. In the public debate, knowledge is increasingly presented as the crucial factor in the development of both society and the economy. In a growing number of publications from the European Commission and Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development it is emphasised that we currently operate in a knowledge based economy . For several reasons many prefer the term the learning economy in characterising the current phase of socio economic development. ref Lundvall and Johnson 1994, Lundvall 1996 ref Criticism and Scarcity of Empirical Studies Much of the initial theorizing about the advent of a fundamentally new era in which economic activity is increasingly abstract , i.e., disconnected from land, labour, and physical capital machines and industrial infrastructure was associated with the business management literature of the new economy NASDAQ bubble, which collapsed in 2001 but slowly recovered, albeit, in a leaner format, throughout the 2000s . This literature was initially known more for its hyperbole and faddishness than for its academic empirical integrity. More recently 2011 however, empirical research from cross disciplinary fields such as innovation studies are altering that perception. See also Knowledge economy References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Learning Economy Category Business terms Category Economies Category Information, knowledge, and uncertainty Category Information Age ... more details
Economy 10 is the name of a tariff provided by United Kingdom electricity suppliers created in 2004. ref http www.electric connections.com kalirel economy10.html ref Similar to the Economy 7 this is designed to be used with high thermal mass heating such as storage heater s, underfloor heating , and is also used with electrical boilers driving radiators or water based heat stores. In contrast to Economy 7, which only provides off peak electricity during night time hours, Economy 10 tariffs provide 10 hours of off peak heating split between night, afternoon and evening. The advantage of this scheme is that by matching the storage periods better to the times when heat is required, less heat needs to be stored during the day, when there may be no demand for heating. The afternoon and evening periods also provide a top up to heating systems at off peak prices. Off peak electricity costs can be half of peak prices, but many Economy 10 tariffs levy an increased standing daily charge. The structure of the 10 off peak hours is as follows 3 hours in the afternoon 1pm 4pm 2 hours in the evening 8pm 10pm 5 hours overnight Midnight 5am Times vary across suppliers, and are switched automatically. It s common for the switching times to be locked to either GMT or BST when the meter is installed. Some metering systems use a radio teleswitch controlled by the supplier to vary switching times, and effect the Daylight Saving Time switchover twice a year. Economy 10 thus requires a special multi tariff meter, different from an Economy 7 meter. See also portal Energy Load balancing electrical power References Reflist External links http www.ukpower.co.uk economy 2010.asp UK Power information on Economy 10 tariffs Energy in the United Kingdom sources Category Energy in the United Kingdom Category Electric power in the United Kingdom energy stub ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
