Economy 10 is the name of a tariff provided by United Kingdom electricity suppliers created in 2004. ref http www.electric connections.com kalirel economy10.html ref Similar to the Economy 7 this is designed to be used with high thermal mass heating such as storage heater s, underfloor heating , and is also used with electrical boilers driving radiators or water based heat stores. In contrast to Economy 7, which only provides off peak electricity during night time hours, Economy 10 tariffs provide 10 hours of off peak heating split between night, afternoon and evening. The advantage of this scheme is that by matching the storage periods better to the times when heat is required, less heat needs to be stored during the day, when there may be no demand for heating. The afternoon and evening periods also provide a top up to heating systems at off peak prices. Off peak electricity costs can be half of peak prices, but many Economy 10 tariffs levy an increased standing daily charge. The structure of the 10 off peak hours is as follows 3 hours in the afternoon 1pm 4pm 2 hours in the evening 8pm 10pm 5 hours overnight Midnight 5am Times vary across suppliers, and are switched automatically. It s common for the switching times to be locked to either GMT or BST when the meter is installed. Some metering systems use a radio teleswitch controlled by the supplier to vary switching times, and effect the Daylight Saving Time switchover twice a year. Economy 10 thus requires a special multi tariff meter, different from an Economy 7 meter. See also portal Energy Load balancing electrical power References Reflist External links http www.ukpower.co.uk economy 2010.asp UK Power information on Economy 10 tariffs Energy in the United Kingdom sources Category Energy in the United Kingdom Category Electric power in the United Kingdom energy stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 File Economy rice dishes.jpg thumb right Economy rice dishes Economy rice , found in Singapore , Malaysia and Thailand , refers not to a specific dish in the Singaporean, Malaysian and Thai pantheon of cuisine, but rather to a type of food or a food stall commonly found in hawker centre s , street vendors or food courts in these countries. Economy rice is also commonly referred to as chap fan or mixed rice. Economy rice stalls typically consist of a glass case containing anywhere from 10 15 troughs of cooked food, including meat, vegetables, eggs and tofu. Customers select any combination of these dishes, which are served accompanied by a portion of steamed white rice. In Malaysia, it is more common to find the food on open troughs kept warm by hot water and an electric heater below. Better quality economy rice stalls have warmers beneath the troughs of food which ensure that food is served hot. However, the vast majority simply allow the food to cool and serve it to customers at room temperature. It is necessary to patronize these stalls early when they have just opened for business if one is determined to consume only fresh, hot food. However, a plate of lukewarm food is accepted as the de facto standard. Origins Economy rice is thought of as a predominantly ... and accompanied by various cooked dishes. http www.penangfaces.chanlilian.net chinese economy rice Economy rice stalls thus evolved as a way for the general public to obtain a quick, and most importantly, cheap meal option outside of home. An Economy Rice meal is usually one of the cheapest ... at an economy rice stall can include sweet and sour pork, braised tofu, braised cabbage, steamed ... Other names Economy rice is known by several other names, and in general conversation it is rare for anyone to refer to it as such, even though many stalls tend to proclaim Economy rice on their signboards. Other names for economy rice include Chap Chye Png , mixed vegetable rice in the local ... more details
no footnotes date March 2012 POV date December 2008 The network economy is the emerging economic order within the information society . The name stems from a key attribute products and services are created and value is added through social networks operating on large or global scales. This is in sharp contrast to industrial era economies, in which ownership of physical or intellectual property stems from its development by a single enterprise. Business models for capturing ownership rights for value embedded in products and services created by social networks are being explored. Network economy The network economy may be viewed from a number of perspectives transition from the industrial economy , digital and information infrastructure, global scale, value networks, and intellectual property rights. From a transitional point of view, Malone and Laubacher 1998 indicate that the Information ... economy to highways and the power grid of the industrial economy. He suggests that no country .... In a networked economy, success begets more success. Kelly 1998 states that in a network economy .... A network economy raises important issues with respect to intellectual property. Shapiro and Varian ... and economic progress. See also Digital revolution Digital economy Electronic business Electronic commerce Information economy Information highway Information market Information Revolution information society Intellectual property Internet economy Knowledge economy Knowledge market Social networking Social peer to peer processes Virtual economy References Boyett, Joseph H. And Jimmie T. Boyett. 2001. The Guru Guide to the Knowledge Economy . John Wiley& Sons. pp. 46, 47 Brand, Stewart. The Clock of the Long Now . Basic Books. p. 37 Kelly, Kevin. 1998. New Rules for the Wired Economy . p. 26 Malone, Thomas W. And Robert J. Laubacher. 1998. The Dawn of the E Lance Economy , in Harvard Business ... Business School Press. p. 21 Tapscott, Donald. 1996. The Digital Economy . McGraw Hill. p. 15 ... more details
Refimprove date August 2008 Cleanup date August 2008 Image Trinity Coecke van Aelst.jpg thumb Holy Trinity, Pieter van Aelst , 16th century The Economy of Salvation is that part of divine revelation that deals with God s creation and management of the world, particularly His plan for salvation accomplished through the Church. From the Greek language Greek oikonomia economy , literally, management of a household or stewardship . ref Mcgrath, Alister Christian Theology An Introduction Blackwell Publishing , 2006 p. 267 ISBN 9781405153607 ref Also called the Divine Economy . It is the elements and resources revealed by God as necessary for salvation through special revelation , scripture s of the Old Testament and New Testaments . The ultimate expression of this in Christian theology according to Catholic Church teachings would be the work of salvation achieved by Jesus Christ on the cross. His sacrifice paid for our debts and therefore has made payment for our sin s and therefore we are seen as not guilty before God for our sins committed. ref http www.vatican.va archive catechism p2s2c1a2.htm I Confirmation in the Economy of Salvation Catechism of the Catholic Church ref This economy is related to a transaction God gives the means of salvation through Jesus sacrifice. We accept it through faith and allegiance to him. References reflist Further reading Conrad, A.C. The Divine Economy . Grand Rapids, Michigan Grand Rapids Eerdmans, 1954. Category Eastern Catholicism Category Eastern Orthodoxy Category Oriental Orthodoxy Category Catholic theology and doctrine Christian theology stub ... more details
Refimprove date December 2008 FORCETOC Image Pelni Economy Class.jpg thumb Economy class on the KM Awu Pelni in Indonesia Economy class , also called coach class or just coach , steerage , or standard ... thumb Economy class seats of Kintetsu 16000 series train Japan In North America, it is known as coach ... to avoid its former segregationist connotations. Today Indian Railways offers Economy AC 3 also in the same class. Generally economy class seats consists of a seat, sometimes with a fold down tray ... coach classes by the type of car e.g., sleepers . Economy seating on North American passenger ... thumb Economy Class on an Emirates Airline Airbus A380 800 . Image Economy Seat.JPG thumb An economy seat on an aircraft. Image LufthansaItalia A319 D AKNH MXP 2010 04 06.jpg thumb Economy class on a Lufthansa Italia Airbus A319 . Economy class seats usually recline and include a fold down table ... 30 to 36 in cm abbr on for international economy class seats. Domestic economy classes ... date accessdate 2010 06 24 ref in economy class is either a mainscreen mounted to the aircraft ... show Video on demand . Some low cost carrier s can charge a fee for headphones. But economy ... in economy. Availability of food depends on the airline. Some major carriers no longer serve meals in economy for short haul flights. ref cite news url http query.nytimes.com gst fullpage.html?res 9C07EEDF1431F937A15753C1A9679C8B63 ... packaged meals to economy travellers that can be carried on to flights. ref cite news url http ... hours long. In addition, many carriers also make economy passengers pay for airport check in, checked bags, pillows, blankets and headphones. Some airlines have remarketed economy class because of its poor reputation with customers. Economy has been referred to as cattle class or sardine class . ref cite web url http www.smarttravelasia.com economy.htm title Economy class seat survey publisher ... , and Air France s Voyageur. Premium Economy class see also Premium Economy Increasingly, airlines ... more details
for the design theory The Blue Economy Design Theory Infobox book name The Blue Economy 10 years 100 innovations 100 million jobs title orig translator image image caption author Gunter Pauli illustrator cover artist country United States language series subject genre green economy , environmentalism publisher Paradigm Publications pub date 2010 english pub date media type Print Softcover pages 336 isbn 978 0912111902 oclc dewey congress preceded by followed by The Blue Economy 10 years 100 innovations 100 million jobs is a book by Gunter Pauli . The book expresses the ultimate aim that a Blue Economy business model will shift society from scarcity to abundance with what we have , by tackling issues that cause environmental and related problems in new ways. The book highlights potential benefits in connecting and combining seemingly disparate environmental problems with open source scientific solutions based upon physical processes common in the natural world, to create solutions that are both environmentally beneficial and which have financial and wider social benefits. The book suggests ... the communities involved. The Blue Economy is presented in 14 chapters, each of which investigates an aspect ... economies sustainable. ref name Paradigm Publications cite news title The Blue Economy on Paradigm ... date April, 2010 ref ref name The Blue Economy on Google Books cite news title The Blue Economy on Google ... Zero Emissions Research and Initiatives http zeri.org url publisher ZERI ref The Blue Economy began ... the list to one hundred. These are listed in an appendix of The Blue Economy. ref name Paradigm Publications ref See also The Blue Economy Green economy Upcycling Circular Economy References reflist ... at next Conference http www.paradigm pubs.com Publisher Paradigm Publications de The Blue Economy 10 Jahre 100 Innovationen 100 Millionen Jobs DEFAULTSORT Blue Economy Category 2010 books Category Sustainability ... Economy ... more details
Or date April 2011 Unreferenced date April 2011 Notability date April 2011 The lithium economy is a concept analogous to the hydrogen economy , methanol economy , ethanol economy , electron economy, vegetable oil economy , or liquid nitrogen economy but where the energy vector is lithium . Analogous economies are the aluminium economy where the energy vector fuel is aluminium typically aluminium gallium . The hydrogen economy as a low carbon solution to land transport has problems in generation, distribution infrastructure , on board storage and cost of power converter fuel cell . The lithium economy has analogous problems in all four areas, but considered separately, the routes to their solution have different absolute limits and different timescales for their solutions. The lithium economy concept is used primarily as a political argument to prevent over domination of the post carbon energy future by oil companies and as a post carbon economy on which action can be taken now instead of deferred to some future date see FreedomCAR project . The lithium economy differs from the other proposed future fuel economies in that the transition roadmap begins with conventional rechargeable batteries using conventional Lithium ion battery Li ion or Lithium ion polymer battery Lithium polymer cell batteries and progressing to chemistries such as Lithium sulfur battery Li S and Lithium iron phosphate battery Li iron phosphate and cell types with higher energy densities. Eventually, anode replacement Li air or Li water cells are envisaged where only anodes lithium metal are replaced. The energy is stored in unoxidised lithium atoms, which release energy when oxidised. A lithium atom is seven times as heavy as a hydrogen atom, and at room temperature, hydrogen is a gas, while lithium is solid. This means energy per mass is much worse, but since lithium is much more compact , it has more energy per volume. In fact, storing hydrogen requires so much ancillary equipment or material that lithium ... more details
Fuel economy may refer to Fuel economy in automobiles , refers to the fuel efficiency relationship between distance traveled by an automobile and the amount of fuel consumed Fuel efficiency in general disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it from being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Long comment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Atom economy atom efficiency describes the conversion chemistry conversion efficiency of a chemical process in terms of all atom s involved desired products produced . In an ideal chemical process, the amount of starting materials or reactant s equals the amount of all products generated see stoichiometry and no atom is wasted. Recent developments like high raw material such as petroleum petrochemicals costs and increased sensitivity to environmental concerns have made atom economical approaches more popular. Atom economy is an important concept of green chemistry philosophy, ref cite journal title Atom Economy. A Challenge for Organic Synthesis author Barry Trost Trost B. M. journal Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. volume 34 issue 3 pages 259 281 year 1995 doi 10.1002 anie.199502591 ref ref cite ... pdf gcn atomeff.ppt Atom Economy A Green Chemistry Module . ref and one of the most widely used Green chemistry metrics ways to measure the greenness of a process or synthesis . Atom economy can be written as atom economy math frac Molecular ,Weight ,of , desired ,product Molecular ,Weight ,of , all ,products times 100 math Note that atom economy can be poor even when chemical yield is near 100 ... the reaction needs to be sufficiently stereoselective even when atom economy is 100 . A Diels ... low atom economy, as stochiometry stochiometric quantities of phthalic acid derivatives are formed. In most cases, the atom economy of the Gabriel synthesis is 50 . Atom economy can also be adjusted ... it is more desirable, as recovery processes will never be 100 . Atom economy can be improved upon by careful selection of starting materials and a catalyst system. Atom economy is just one way to evaluate .... Poor atom economy is common in fine chemicals or pharmaceuticals synthesis, and especially in research .... Catalytic hydrogenolysis of an ester is the analogous reaction with a high atom economy, but it requires ... reactions utilizing atom economy It is fundamental in chemical reactions of the form A B C D that two ... more details
Economic systems sidebar Traditional economy is a catch all term used to describe economic systems in place in societies with extensive subsistence agriculture . The term may also be used for any economy which falls outside the definitions of market economy market or Planned economy planned economies. It is sometimes used synonymously with primitive . ref http www.webcitation.org 66r1QuYW6 Definition of term Archived from http www.investorwords.com 6709 traditional economy.html the original 2012 04 10. ref For this reason and because the term has many shades of meaning, it is used less by scholars in economics or anthropology than in popular discourse. Attempts to give traditional economy a more specific meaning present it as an economy based on custom and tradition or command. ref http www.jstor.org stable 30302530 David Alexander, Newfoundland s Traditional Economy and Development to 1934 . Acadiensis Journal of the History of the Atlantic Region , vol. 5, No. 2 Spring 1976 , pp. 56 78. ref Economic decisions are based on the traditions of community, family or religion ref http www.emeraldinsight.com journals.htm?articleid 1502492&show abstract Marina V. Rosser et al. , The new traditional economy A new perspective for comparative economics? MCB UP Ltd doi 10.1108 03068299910227318 ref examples of a traditional economy would be those of the Inuit or the tea plantations in south India . ref http sih.sagepub.com content 2 2 199.extract George K. Tharian and P. K. Michael Tharakan, Penetration of Capital into a Traditional Economy the Case of Tea Plantations in Kerala, 1880 1950 . Studies in History , August 1986 vol. 2 no. 2, pp. 199 229. doi 10.1177 025764308600200204 ref This type of economy ensures that every member of society has a purpose and, as well, a participatory function in society in other words, each person has a certain activity, or job. This brand of economics ... in many other economic systems. References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Traditional Economy Category Other economic ... more details
Expert subject Economics date November 2008 land economics Land Economics economy is the study of law , economics , and the Environmental science environment . The University of Cambridge and Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology are currently the only universities in the world offering such a degree at undergraduate level. Land Economy at the University of Cambridge Land Economy is offered as a three year undergraduate degree course as part of the Cambridge Tripos . Students studying for Land Economy must apply to a college of the University of Cambridge in order to be considered for admission as with any other degree program at Cambridge . No specific A Level subjects are required, although applicants who have studied Geography, Maths and or Economics may have an advantage. The standard offer is A AA, although some colleges make offers of A A AA. IB offers are usually around 42 points. In the first year, students study courses in public and administrative law , macroeconomics , microeconomics , welfare economics , accounting , statistics and a topic on land, environment and structural change. In the second and third year, students have the opportunity to select papers ... ref . Many Land Economy graduates enter the workforce as commercial lawyers, property professionals, economists, or as advisers for national and international organisations. In 2008 2009, Land Economy ... links http www.landecon.cam.ac.uk Land Economy Faculty at the University of Cambridge http www.culandsoc.com CULS Alumni society for the Department of Land Economy at the University of Cambridge http ... Economy http www.rics.org Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors http www.tcpa.org.uk Town and Country Planning Association Former Land Economy Department Aberdeen University Now separate Departments http www.abdn.ac.uk landeconomy Masters Of Land Economy University of Aberdeen http www.abdn.ac.uk ... Aberdeen http www.landeasy.co.uk Aberdeen University Land Economy Society Category Environmental ... more details
Unreferenced date April 2007 Judicial economy refers broadly to the principle that the limited resources of the legal system or a given court should be conserved. Multiple causes of action in a given case Judicial economy most commonly refers to the refusal of a court to decide one or more claims raised in a case, on the grounds that it has decided other claims in the case and that its decision on those claims should satisfy the parties. For example, the plaintiff may claim that the defendant s actions violated three distinct laws. Having found for the plaintiff for a violation of the first law, the court then has the discretion to exercise judicial economy and refuse to make a decision on the remaining two claims, on the grounds that the finding of one violation should be sufficient to satisfy the plaintiff. Threshold issue in a given case In the presence of a threshold issue that will ultimately decide a case, a court may elect to hear that issue rather than proceeding with a full blown trial. Class action lawsuits Class action lawsuit s are another example of judicial economy in action, as they are often tried as a single case, yet involve many cases with similar facts. Rather than trying each case individually, which would unduly burden the judicial system, the cases can be consolidated into a class action. issue preclusion Empty section date July 2010 claim preclusion DEFAULTSORT Judicial Economy Category Legal procedure Category Law and economics law term stub de Konzentrationsgrundsatz lt Proceso koncentracija pt Princ pio da concentra o ... more details
Economic systems sidebar Mixed economy is an economic system in which both the State polity state and private sector direct the economy , reflecting characteristics of both Market economy market economies and Planned economy planned economies . ref NB Schiller, Bradley. The Micro Economy Today , McGraw Hill Irwin, 2010, p. 15. Mixed economy An economy that uses both market signals and government directives ... and market mechanism . Stilwell, Frank. Political Economy The Contest of Economic Ideas , 2nd ... Economics , The MIT Press, 2006, p. 4 the mixed economy where individual decisions are respected but the government ... Idiots Guide to Economics , Alpha Books 2003 , p. 9 In a market economy, the private sector businesses .......In a command economy, also known as a planned economy, the government largely determines what is produced and in what amounts. In a mixed economy, both market forces and government decisions determine ... be described as market economy market economies with strong regulation regulatory oversight, in addition to having a variety of government sponsored aspects. See Elements of a mixed economy Elements of a mixed economy . The basic plan of the mixed economy is that the means of production are mainly ... influence over the economy through Fiscal policy fiscal and Monetary policy monetary policies designed ... other publication types NLR28008.pdf, p. 141 142 The underlying premise behind the mixed economy ... two of its basic features that ownership and control of the economy s means of production .... More specifically, the driving force of the mixed economy, as with free market capitalism, should ... for a mixed economy, ref http www.google.com search?hl en&lr &oi defmore&q define mixed economy A variety of definitions for mixed economy. ref but the definitions always involve a degree of private ... of each component in the national economy can vary greatly between countries. Economies ranging ... Economy 2 How the U.S. Economy Works U.S. Embassy Information Resource Center. Accessed 24 October ... more details
Economic systems sidebar A subsistence economy is an economy which refers simply to the gathering or amassment of objects of value the increase in wealth or the creation of wealth. Capital can be generally defined as assets invested with the expectation that their value will increase, usually because there is the expectation of profit, rent, interest, royalties, capital gain or some other kind of return. However, this type of economy cannot usually become wealthy by virtue of the system, and instead requires further investments to stimulate economic growth. In other words, a subsistence economy only possesses enough goods to be used by a particular nation to maintain its existence and provides little to no surplus for other investments. Therefore, this type of economy aims to create economic stability so that capital can be accumulated and the inevitable economic surplus can be invested in other potentially lucrative business ventures. See also Hunter gatherer Subsistence farming References http www1.umn.edu humanrts edumat sustecon others subsistence.htm Chief Seattle to President Pierce regarding sale of land External links http www.appropriate economics.org Appropriate Economic Systems in Asia, Africa & Latin America Category Economic theories Category Economies ar bg ca Economia de subsist ncia de Subsistenzwirtschaft et Elatusmajandus es Econom a de subsistencia fr conomie de subsistance lt Nat rinis kis nl Bestaanseconomie ru uk ... more details
Moral economy is a phrase used in a number of contexts to describe the interplay between moral or cultural beliefs and economic activities. A just economy A moral economy , in one interpretation, is an economy that is based on goodness, fairness, and justice. Such an economy is generally only stable ... network, the free rider problem lacks a solution and a moral economy becomes harder to maintain. In traditional ... acquire the force of law . The Efficient Society by Joseph Heath discusses the nature of a moral economy ... freedom , and as such comes close to being a moral economy. Other economists such as John P. Powelson relate the concept of a moral economy to the balance of economic power in their view, a moral economy is an economy in which economic factors are balanced against ethical norms in the name ... an economy that is recognized to be a subsidiary of the overall ecosystem of the planet. They address ... economic system and propose new ideas to place our economy in correct relationship with the Earth s ecosystem. They argue that such a moral economy is essential if we are to avoid systemic collapse as our growth economy outstrips the Earth s limited ability to recycle our waste, and as the Earth ... economy is also a name given in economics , sociology and anthropology to the interplay between culture ... of the moral economy. Law s that determine what sort of contract s will be given effect by the judiciary ... economy in many jurisdictions, traditionally a contract involving gambling was considered void ... of moral economy. According to the beliefs which inspired these laws, economic transactions ... Horwitz, Transformations in American Law , p. 173 ref . Other forms of moral economy are more informal ..., the tradition of a pre capitalist moral economy was used to justify popular action against unscrupulous ... Thompson, Moral Economy of the English Crowd Randall and Charlesworth, Moral Economy and Popular Protest ... force of this tradition in his pioneering article on The Moral Economy of the English Crowd ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2009 Neutron economy is defined as the ratio of an adjoint weighted average of the excess neutron production divided by an adjoint weighted average of the Nuclear fission fission production. The distribution of neutron energies in a nuclear reactor differs from the fission neutron spectrum due to the slowing down of neutrons in elastic and inelastic collisions with fuel, coolant and construction material. Neutrons slow down in elastic and inelastic collisions, until they are absorbed via Neutron capture or lost by leakage. Neutron economy is the balanced account, in a reactor, of the neutrons created and the neutrons lost through absorption by non fuel elements, resonance absorption by fuel, and leakage while fast and thermal energy ranges. The quantity that indicates how much the neutron economy is out of balance is given the term Reactivity . If a reactor is exactly critical mass nuclear critical that is, the neutron production is exactly equal to neutron destruction then the reactivity is zero. If the reactivity is positive then the reactor is critical mass nuclear supercritical . If the reactivity is negative then the reactor is critical mass nuclear subcritical . However the term neutron economy is used not just for the instantaneous reactivity of a reactor but also to describe the overall efficiency of a nuclear reactor design. Category Neutron Economy Category Nuclear technology nuclear stub ... more details
A regular economy is an economy characterized by an excess demand function which has the property that its slope at any equilibrium price vector is non zero. In other words, if we graph the excess demand function against prices, then the excess demand function cuts the x axis assuring that each equilibrium is locally unique. Local uniqueness in turn permits the use of comparative statics an analysis of how the economy responds to external shocks as long as these shocks are not too large. An important result due to G rard Debreu Debreu 1970 states that almost any economy, defined by an initial distribution of consumer s endowments, is regular. In technical terms, the set of nonregular economies is of Lebesgue measure zero. Combined with the Hopf index theorem index theorem this result implies that almost any economy will have a finite and odd number of equilibria. Image Regular economy.JPG thumb 300px Regular and nonregular economies References Debreu, G. 1970 Economies with a finite set of equilibria , Econometrica , 38 . Andreu Mas Colell Mas Colell, A. , Whinston, M. and Green, J. 1995 . Microeconomic Theory , Oxford University Press Category General equilibrium and disequilibrium ... more details
The Economy of Affection is term introduced by G ran Hyd n to describe a network of interactions, communications and support among certain peasant groups in parts of East Africa. These groups, identified in terms of their relationship to structure,are united by kinship, community, religion or other affinities. The functional purposes of this economy of affection invovles survival, social maintenance and development. The kind of relationships and values which form the basis for subsistence in East Africa have been destroyed in most of the world by the emergence of capitalism. But in such subsaharan African village, as studied by Hyden, their economies have not yet been captured by the capitalism and their peasantry remains unproletarianised. The key issue here for Hyden is that the social values of the market are still underdeveloped. The East African peasantry still is able to choose to operate at least parially in the traditional morality based economy and the true market system. This then explains why a rational response to market incentives might be strnethen his position in the economy of affection ref Hyden, G. 1980 Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania underdevelopment and an uncaptured peasantry, London ref ref Hyden, G. 1983 No Shortcut to Progress African development in perspective, London ref ref Waters, Tony 1992 A Cultural Analysis of the Economy of Affection and the Uncaptured Peasantry in Tanzania, The Journal of Modern African Studies , Vol. 30, No. 1 Mar., pp. 163 175 http www.jstor.org stable 161051 ref References Reflist Category Rural community development Category International development Category Rural economics ... more details
Idea Economy , sometimes also called Ideas Economy , refers to the concept that increasingly, a new economy is emerging that is being driven by ideas that are being created, transacted, implemented and used to create wealth. Origins The concept that ideas were becoming a currency by themselves, in contrast with economies which dealt with products and services has been put forth by several commentators ref http www.nytimes.com 2005 10 02 technology 02iht IPRpatents.html? r 1&pagewanted all ref , ref ideas.economist.com ref . As the value attributed to innovation in the socio technical environment increases, ideas also become valuable as precursors to innovation that eventually get realized as goods and services. Technological and Social Aspects The Idea Economy is most easily visualized in its technological form, which deal with ideas in technological realms such as Internet, web and mobile apps. The increasing penetration of the Internet and mobile phones has resulted in a multi billion customer global market, and the wealth generation potential for such technological ideas is clear. An equally important side of the idea economy is within the social sector, where related concepts such as frugal engineering , polycentric innovation and jugaad highlight the possibilities of ideas in addressing issues ranging from poverty alleviation to climate change. References reflist Category Economics terminology ... more details
A preorder economy is a type of proposed future economy where the exact demand for goods is known ahead of time, before any material production takes place. It has been discussed within the framework of ecological economics . Just in time manufacturing Creating a preorder economy has recently been proposed Citation needed date December 2011 as an economic efficiency solution to the environmental problems facing modern society. These environmental challenges are believed by whom? date December 2011 to be caused in part by unsustainable levels of production, consumption and advertising related to the imperfect exchange of information in market economies. Therefore preorder economy theory advocates using the Internet as the means to coordinate all production with existing consumer desires, so that almost nothing is made which does not have someone ready to buy it. This is the idea of Just In Time business just in time manufacturing taken to its logical end. Environmental benefits Significant environmental benefits are argued to come from the elimination of wasteful overproduction Citation needed date December 2011 . Consumers could potentially benefit from the preorder economy because their preferences could be met much more accurately and they could gain direct input into the invention and design of the products they buy. Since manufacturers would no longer need to try to persuade people to buy what had already been made, advertising would supposedly decline in a preorder system. This might mean consumers would be satisfied with a lower level of total consumption, which is good for the environment. Finally, companies could benefit from a dramatic reduction in the risk of doing business, since they would know their product lines would always sell out. editorializing date December 2011 See also Assurance contract References Stanley, C. 2006 The Preorder Economy Coordinating ... and Employment, Vol. 2, Nos. 2 3, pp. 180 205. Category Environmental economics economy stub ... more details
cleanup date July 2010 The internet economy conducts business through markets whose infrastructure is based on the Internet and World Wide Web. An Internet economy differs from a traditional economy in a number of ways, including communication, market segmentation, distribution costs, and price. Internet economy Ghosh 1998 states that businesses cannot avoid the internet economy. They must recognize and understand that there are both global opportunities available as well as risks of not participating. They note that through the internet , any participant in a value chain can usurp the role of any other participant. Due to the enormous quantity of connected users, the incredible speed that information travels, and the irrelevance of distance, firms can offer goods and services not locally, but to potential customers across the entire globe. As stated by Gregory Mankiw 2003 Advances in information technology, such as the Internet, have been profound and have influenced many parts of the economy . As an example of a business segment which can dramatically benefit from this new Internet economy is a university. Besides being able to provide education to on campus students, it is now possible to provide online classes across the world, using streaming media technology to deliver the very same class to anyone plugged to the Internet, with lower costs. Image Table inet econ.jpg In an early article, Iain Vallance 1993 sees communication between businesses and their customers as the key to success in the Internet economy. This results from integrating computer network networks , software ... in the Internet Economy. He also notes that businesses are likely to adjust their prices more frequently in response to Internet competition. See also Digital economy Electronic business Electronic commerce Information economy information society Knowledge economy Knowledge market Virtual economy ... of Economics. p. 784 Category Economic systems Category Internet Economy ar bg ... more details
The term Experience Economy was first described in an article published in 1998 by B. Joseph Pine II and James H. Gilmore , titled The Experience Economy . In it they described the experience economy as the next economy following the agrarian economy, the industrial economy, and the most recent service economy . This concept had been previously researched by many other authors see History of the Concept . Pine and Gilmore argue that businesses must orchestrate memorable events for their customers, and that memory itself becomes the product the experience . More advanced experience businesses can begin charging for the value of the transformation that an experience offers, e.g., as education offerings might do if they were able to participate in the value that is created by the educated individual ... its inputs. ref Pine, J. and Gilmore, J. 1999 The Experience Economy , Harvard Business School Press, Boston, 1999. ref Although the concept of the Experience Economy was born in the business field, it has ... Economy is also considered to be the main underpinning for customer experience management . Within the hospitality management academic programs in the US and Europe, Experience Economy is often ... only envision the economy in the terms of scarcity of resources. He talked about the upcoming experiential ..., it was published at the same time a twin book of The Experience Economy , that is The Dream ... or in the dot com bubble dot com boom and a rising economy in the United States U.S. that was tolerant ... it with other service economy theses such as Natural Capitalism , in which there is a clear focus on making ... where theories as to the role of experiences in the economy were already well established prior ..., J. and Gilmore, J. 1999 The Experience Economy , Harvard Business School Press, Boston, 1999. Schmitt ... link to DMOZ instead. DEFAULTSORT Experience Economy Category Services management and marketing Category ... simple Experience economy sv Upplevelseindustri tr Hayat Bir Tiyatro ve de Her irket Bir Sahne ... more details
Multiple issues refimprove March 2007 introrewrite October 2009 Start with the definition Running economy is a measure of how efficiently a person uses oxygen while running at a given pace. Expressed as the rate of oxygen consumption per distance covered ml kg km , running economy is the energy required running submaximally at a given velocity. Those who are able to consume less oxygen while running at a given velocity are said to have a better running economy. Running economy takes into consideration one s body mass and oxygen consumption at a steady state within his aerobic range. In distance running , an athlete may attempt to improve performance through training designed to improve running economy. Running economy has been found to be a good predictor of race performance it has been found to be a stronger correlate of performance than maximal oxygen uptake VO2max VO sub 2 sub max in trained runners with the same values Saunders, 2004 . The literature relating to RE is vast and the determinants of RE supported by empirical data. Factors affecting running economy In The Lore of Running , Tim Noakes , a professor of exercise and sports science at the University of Cape Town , describes a number of variables that may affect running economy vertical motion while running, the ability of the muscles to absorb energy during the shock of landing and transfer it to push off, biomechanics biomechanical factors , technique and type of activity, fitness and training, age, fatigue medical fatigue , gender , Race classification of human beings race , weight of clothing and shoes, and environmental conditions. ref name Noakes Noakes, Tim. 2003. The Lore of Running. 4th edition Oxford University Press ISBN 0 87322 959 2 ref Athletes notable for having good running economy Joan Benoit, 1984 Olympic Women s Marathon Gold Medalist Alberto Salazar, 3 time winner of the NYC Marathon Zersenay ... References reflist See also Jack Daniels coach VDOT VDOT DEFAULTSORT Running Economy Category Exercise ... more details
url http books.simonandschuster.com Impulse Economy Gary Schwartz 9781451671865 publisher Simon & Schuster ... 2011 11 02 book excerpt the impulse economy Book excerpt The Impulse Economy http www.theimpulseeconomy.com Author s website http books.simonandschuster.com Impulse Economy ... gschwartz 1364849.html Author interview on retail and The Impulse Economy http video.ca.msn.com watch video mobile consumer 11 16 11 4 35 pm jvruy70v MSN interview on The Impulse Economy Category Economics ... more details
Refimprove date November 2008 Economic systems sidebar The knowledge economy is a term that refers either to an economy of knowledge focused on the production and management of knowledge in the frame of economy economic constraints, or to a knowledge based economy. In the second meaning, more frequently ... difference is that in a knowledge economy, knowledge is a product, while in a knowledge based economy, knowledge is a tool. This difference is not yet well distinguished in the subject matter ..., psychologists and sociologists. Various observers describe today s global economy as one in transition to a knowledge economy, as an extension of an information society . The transition requires that the rules and practices that determined success in the industrial economy need rewriting in an interconnected, globalized economy where knowledge resources such as trade secret know how and expertise are as critical as other economic resources. According to analysts of the knowledge economy, these rules ... May 2008 Concepts A key concept of the knowledge economy is that knowledge and education often referred ... with company organization goals The initial foundation for the Knowledge Economy was first introduced ... problem in the formalization and Scientific modelling modeling of knowledge economy, is a vague definition ... model which are economy dependent . ref Terry Flew 2008 , New Media An Introduction ref Definition To participate in the knowledge economy trade ref http go.worldbank.org 94MMDLIVF0 Knowledge for Development ... The Four Pillars of The Knowledge Economy ref in their Knowledge Assessment Methodology that a country ... Benchmarking countries in the knowledge economy presentation of the Knowledge Assessment ... The knowledge economy is also seen as the latest stage of development in global economic restructuring . Thus far, the developed world has transitioned from an agricultural economy pre Industrial Age, largely the agrarian sector to industrial economy with the Industrial Age , largely the manufacturing ... more details
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