Unreferenced date December 2009 Ectosymbiosis is symbiosis in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host biology host , including internal surfaces such as the lining of the digestive tube and the ducts of glands. Category Symbiosis Ecology stub cs Ektosymbi za de Ektosymbiose pl Ektosymbioza ... more details
Taxobox name Chonotrichia domain Eukaryote Eukaryota regnum Chromalveolata superphylum Alveolata phylum Ciliate Ciliophora classis Phyllopharyngea subclassis Chonotrichia subclassis authority Wallengren, 1895 Ref cite web author Alan Warren year 2010 title Chonotrichia work World Ciliophora Database publisher World Register of Marine Species url http www.marinespecies.org aphia.php?p taxdetails&id 22575 accessdate January 23, 2011 ref Chonotrichia is a subclass of Phyllopharyngea phyllopharyngeid ciliate s. These single celled organisms are sessility zoology sessile at maturity and usually live on crustacean s as ectosymbiosis ectosymbionts . ref EOL 2909374 &thinsp Chonotrichia ref References Reflist Category Ciliates chromalveolate stub ... more details
The term mycangium is used in biology for special structures on the body of an animal that are adapted for the transport of symbiosis symbiotic fungi usually in spore form . This is seen in many xylophagy xylophagous insects e.g. horntail s and bark beetle s , which apparently derive much of their nutrition from the digestion of various fungi that are growing amidst the wood fibers. In some cases, as in ambrosia beetle s, the fungi are the sole food, and the excavations in the wood are simply to make a suitable microenvironment for the fungus to grow. In other cases e.g., the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis , there are mite s which have their own type of mycangium for historical reasons, mite taxonomists use the term sporotheca , and the mites ride on the beetles. Mycangium in bark and ambrosia beetles Mycangia of bark beetle bark and ambrosia beetles Curculionidae Scolytinae and Platypodinae are often complex cuticular invaginations for transport of symbiotic fungi. Several types exist. Phloem feeding bark beetles Coleoptera Curculionidae Scolytinae have usually numerous small pits on the surface of their body, while ambrosia beetles many Scolytinae and all Platypodinae , which are completely dependent on their fungal symbiont, have deep and complicated pouches. These mycangia are often equipped with gland s secreting substances to support fungal spores and perhaps to nourish mycelium during transport. In many cases, the entrance to a mycangium is surrounded by tufts of seta e, aiding in scraping mycelium and spores from walls of the tunnels and directing the spores into the mycangium. References Francke Grossmann H. 1967 . Ectosymbiosis in wood inhabiting insects . In M. Henry ed. Symbiosis , Vol. 2. Academic Press, NewYork. pp.141 205 Category Symbiosis Category Insect anatomy ... more details
Multiple issues orphan February 2012 notability September 2011 one source September 2011 The word ecology refers to the relationship between an organism and its environment, which may include other organisms. A device ecology refers to a collection of devices with relationships among each other, that is, these devices can communicate with one another and are aware of each others presence Harv Loke 2003 . Devices in a future living room, devices in a kitchen, or devices in a factory might collectively form device ecologies a living room device ecology, a kitchen device ecology, etc to cooperatively perform tasks for a user. Imagine a user introducing a new device to the living room device ecology i.e., bringing home a new device . Ideally, the user simply places the device in the living room, and there is an automatic orientation of the new device with subsequent integration into the living room device ecology. It is possible that devices have different roles within a device ecology. The word ecology is used as a metaphor but also emphasises the idea of devices in relationship. We may even speak of devices in symbiotic relationships, where devices are somehow helping each other in their goals. The notions of mutualism biology mutualism , commensalism , endosymbiosis and ectosymbiosis may then be interpreted for a device ecology with devices of different forms, functionalities and sizes other relationships can be defined Harv Seera 2007 . This also means that devices within a device ecology can affect each other through their behavior. Device ecology relates to the notion of social devices, using the word social to describe devices that are capable of interacting with one another, and relates to smart devices , which refers to devices with capabilities to interact with one another and with users in an intelligent context aware manner. Typically, with a user in an environment, the devices in the environment and on the user can form a device ecology. A research problem ... more details
This the protozoan phylum Ciliophora the type of ciliate cells in general Ciliate cells For the type of leaf margin Leaf Margins edge Taxobox name Ciliates fossil range fossilrange 630 0 Ediacaran Recent image Haeckel Ciliata.jpg image caption Ciliata from Ernst Haeckel s Kunstformen der Natur , 1904 domain Eukarya regnum Chromalveolata superphylum Alveolata phylum Ciliophora phylum authority Doflein , 1901 emend. subdivision ranks Classes subdivision Karyorelictea br Heterotrich ea br Spirotrich ea br Litostomatea br Phyllopharyngea br Nassophorea br Colpodea br Prostomatea br Oligohymenophorea br Plagiopylid Plagiopylea br See text for subclasses. The ciliates are a group of protozoan s characterized by the presence of hair like organelles called cilium cilia , which are identical in structure to flagellum eukaryotic flagella , but typically shorter and present in much larger numbers with a different wiktionary undulating undulating pattern than flagella. Cilia occur in all members of the group although the peculiar Suctoria only have them for part of the biological life cycle life cycle and are variously used in swimming, crawling, attachment, feeding, and sensation. Ciliates are one of the most important groups of protist s, common almost everywhere there is water in lakes, ponds, oceans, rivers, and soils. Ciliates have many Ectosymbiosis ectosymbiotic and endosymbiotic members, as well as some obligate and opportunistic parasites. Ciliates are large single cell biology cells , a few reaching 2 mm in length, and are some of the most complex protozoans in structure. The term Ciliophora is used in classification as a phylum . ref name urlCiliophora Definition from Merriam Websters Medical Dictionary cite web url http medical.merriam webster.com medical Ciliophora title Ciliophora Definition from Merriam Webster s Medical Dictionary format work accessdate 2009 01 16 ref Ciliophora can be classified under Protista ref name pmid19121402 cite journal author Yi Z ... more details
Other uses Ant disambiguation pp semi protected small yes Taxobox name Ants fossil range fossilrange 130 0 Cretaceous Recent image Meat eater ant feeding on honey02.jpg image caption Meat ant Meat eater ant feeding on honey regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Hymenoptera subordo Apocrita superfamilia Vespoidea familia Formicidae familia authority Pierre Andr Latreille Latreille , 1809 subdivision ranks Subfamilies subdivision Aenictogitoninae Agroecomyrmecinae Amblyoponinae incl. Apomyrminae Aneuretinae Cerapachyinae Dolichoderinae Ecitoninae incl. Dorylinae and Aenictinae Ectatomminae Formicinae Heteroponerinae Leptanillinae Leptanilloidinae Martialinae Myrmeciinae incl. Nothomyrmeciinae Myrmicinae Paraponerinae Ponerinae Proceratiinae Pseudomyrmecinae hidden headerstyle background D3D3A4 text size 90 Cladogram of ant subfamily subfamilies clade style font size 75 line height 75 1 clade 1 Martialinae 2 Leptanillinae 3 Amblyoponinae 4 Paraponerinae 5 Agroecomyrmecinae 6 Ponerinae 7 Proceratiinae 8 clade 1 clade 1 clade 1 Ecitoninae 2 Aenictinae 3 clade 1 Dorylini 2 Aenictogitoninae 2 Cerapachyinae 3 Leptanilloidinae 2 clade 1 clade 1 clade 1 Dolichoderinae 2 Aneuretinae 2 clade 1 Pseudomyrmecinae 2 Myrmeciinae 2 clade 1 clade 1 Ectatomminae 2 Heteroponerinae 2 Myrmicinae 3 Formicinae small A phylogeny of the extant ant subfamily subfamilies . ref cite journal last Ward first Philip S title Phylogeny, classification, and species level taxonomy of ants Hymenoptera Formicidae journal Zootaxa volume 1668 year 2007 pages 549 563 url http www.mapress.com zootaxa 2007f zt01668p563.pdf format PDF ref ref name martialis cite journal author Rabeling C, Brown JM & Verhaagh M year 2008 title Newly discovered sister lineage sheds light on early ant evolution journal PNAS doi 10.1073 pnas.0806187105 volume 105 page 14913 pmid 18794530 issue 39 pmc 2567467 bibcode 2008PNAS..10514913R pages 14913 7 ref br nowiki nowiki Cerapachyinae is paraphyletic small Ants ... more details
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